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Gottingen (Lower Saxony, Germany) (search for this): chapter 16
he eye to the prism, and bisecting any object with the wire in the sight-vane, the division on the card coinciding with the thread and reflected to the eye of the observer will show the angle formed by the object with the meridian. Prism-mi-crom′e-ter. An instrument invented by the Abbe Rochon, in which the principle of double refraction is applied to micrometrical measurement. See double-refraction micrometer. Prism-sphe-rom′e-ter. An instrument invented by Dr. Meyerstein of Gottingen, for ascertaining the curvature of a sphere or the deviation of the surface of any object from a plane. See Poggendorf Ann., Vol. 126, p. 589. Pritch. An eel-spear with several prongs. Pritch′el. （Forging.) The punch employed by horse-shoers for punching out or enlarging the nailholes in a horseshoe. Also being temporarily inserted into a nail-hole in the shoe, it forms a means of handling the latter. Priva-teer′. （Vessel.) A vessel belonging to private parties
Turquie (Turkey) (search for this): chapter 16
according to material and quality, may be, — Uncut velvet.Brussels carpet. Beaverteen. When cut, it may be, — Turkey, Persian, or Wilton carpet.Velveteen. Cut velvet.Plush. In pile-weaving, in addition to the usual warp and weft thren, Syrian, and Greek plows were equal to the modern plows of the South of France, part of Austria, Poland, Sweden, Spain, Turkey, Persia, Arabia, India, Ceylon, and China. The last thirty years may have worked a partial change, but not sufficient toy of England, and the poor-laws of that country perpetuate it to a great extent. Excepting as to Russia, and to parts of Turkey, — the latter might as well be counted out as an anachronism on the face of Europe, — slavery survived longest in Scotlan University press in 1709. A printing-press was established in New London, Conn., in 1709; the first printing-press in Turkey was brought from Paris by Mohammed Effendi, in 1721; the first press in Annapolis, Md., was in 1726; Williamsburg, Va.,
Derbyshire (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 16
r and embossing it during the process of making by passing it between engraved rollers, also surfacing paper with silk, velvet, or other fabric. 1830. A sheet of paper 13,800 feet long and 4 feet wide was manufactured at Whitehall Mill, Derbyshire, England. Richard Ibotson patented a device for separating from the stuff the knots which had passed the strainer. These had previously been picked out by hand. In England, John Hall patented a mode of introducing water to the vat, by which by the number of boats engage I in the traffic, their usual load, and the time occupied in an average trip. He puts it at 46,556,400 pounds per annum. James Young, of Glasgow, undertook the refining of a mineral oil found in a coal-mine in Derbyshire in 1847. Having exhausted his supply, he turned his attention to the distillation of a sort of bituminous shale, known as boghead cannel, from which he extracted an oil which was an excellent lubricant and quite well adapted to illuminating pu
Connecticut (Connecticut, United States) (search for this): chapter 16
ing spiral tubular heater, non-conducting cylinder, and exterior metallic casing. V. O. Balcom, Bedford, Mass. Revolving pulp-tub with grooved grinding roller rotated therein at a different rate of speed. Thomas Lindsay and Wm. Geddes of Connecticut. Varying the width of paper while the machine is in operation by forming the trough which delivers pulp to the web in two parts, sliding one over the other and varying the distance apart of the decklestraps. 1859. M. L. Keen, Roger's Ford,7/832.85235.24740.46951.678 15/1635.19937.76443.35955.37 137.54540.28246.2559.061 note. The wrought-iron is that of hard-rolled Pennsylvania plates, and the copper that of hard-rolled plates from the works of Messrs. Phelps, Dodge, & Co., Conn. 4. (Steam-engine.) To plate a port is to close it by the land or unperforated portion of the plate of a slide-valve. 5. (Horology.) One of the parallel sheets of metal in a watch or clock into which the principal wheels are pivoted.
West Indies (search for this): chapter 16
elf a good stomach, could not make a shift with fasting and hunger only? Capsicum (red-pepper) appears to have been unknown to the ancients. It is probably a West India production. Per-am′bu-lator. 1. A machine for measuring a distance traveled. It usually consists of a wheel of known circumference, say 99 inches or halfan orchid), chiefly from Java, but from other places too in the Indian Archipelago; frangipanni (Plumeria alba, one of the Apocyanaceae), from both the East and West Indies. The French are the greatest producers of perfumes; there are two notable exceptions, attar gul, or attar of roses, and eau-de-cologne. See Morfit's Perfume prepared in this way are afterward compressed into a small bulk. Buccaning consists in drying and smoking meat cut into thin slices. From this practice the West India Buccaneers of the seventeenth century are said to have derived their name. Jerked beef is prepared by dipping thinly sliced meat into water and afterward dry
Milan, Sullivan County, Missouri (Missouri, United States) (search for this): chapter 16
roll, volumen, upon which the matter was written. Skins of animals, parchment, fish-skins, and bones have been used, as existing specimens testify. Puricelli mentions a grant by the Italian kings Hugo and Lotharis to the Ambrosian church of Milan written on the skin of a fish. In the history of Mahomet it is recorded that his disciples wrote parts of the Koran on the shoulderblades of sheep, which they strung together. Arab poetry was not unfrequently inscribed on these scapuloe, probted but few copies at once, for 200 or 300 were then esteemed a large edition. Catchwords at the foot of pages were first used at Venice by Vindeline de Spori. They have but lately been abolished. Signatures to sheets were used by Zorat in Milan in 1470. The first press in America was in Mexico. The Manual for adults was printed on it in 1550 by Juan Cromberger, who was probably the first printer in America. The second press was at Lima, in 1586. The press at Cambridge, Massachuset
Lisbon, Grafton County, New Hampshire (New Hampshire, United States) (search for this): chapter 16
ppi was made in 1840 by the skill and patience of the painter Banvard, who floated down the river and took the sketches of prominent points and expressive features of the riverbanks. It gave rise to a host of similar productions : oceans and river routes, pilgrims' progresses, paradises lost, funerals of Napoleon, moral, immoral, and temperance serials, trades, arts, politics, overland routes to India, emigration to Australia and New Zealand, and, to cap the climax, a cyclorama of the great Lisbon earthquake, which happened about one hundred years previously. Pan-o-ram′ic Cam′e-ra. （Photography.) One in which pictures may be taken on one flat plate, including an angle of 90°, more or less, as required, without introducing defects due to oblique pencils of light. Invented by Sutton. The lens-tube is turned about its axis and directed in succession to the different portions of the field, the dark slide moves with it and presents the proper portion of the sensitized plate oppos
Sonora (California, United States) (search for this): chapter 16
hborne. Hans Holbein drew portraits in crayon in 1540. Sir Thomas Lawrence excelled in crayon-drawing during the early part of the present century. Crayous and pencils are used by painters in designing and sketching — in on canvas. The imitation of the chalk-drawing has given rise to one style of plateengraving, known as the stipple or chalk engraving. When Cortez landed in Mexico in 1520, he found the Aztecs using graphite crayons, which were probably made from the mineral found in Sonora. As has been said, the mounting of the small graphite bars in wood originated in England. The block of graphite was sawed into prisms of the required shape, and of such length as the lump admitted. Each slip of graphite was laid in a groove made in a slip of cedar, a little glue causing it to adhere; another slip of cedar was laid over it, and the pencil was shaped by a round-soled plane. Several lengths of graphite filling were required for the length of a pencil, as the lumps were us
Israel (Israel) (search for this): chapter 16
to say. They made a fire under it and then poured water on it, the villains. Herr Noldeke says: It is the most ancient memorial of pure alphabetical writing, much older than any in the Greek. It is the only original document on the history of Israel before the time of the Maccabees, and throws light on the relations of Israel with a neighbor much spoken of in the Old Testament. Until the discovery of this stone, the sarcophagus of Eshmunazar (about 600 B. C.) was considered the most ancieIsrael with a neighbor much spoken of in the Old Testament. Until the discovery of this stone, the sarcophagus of Eshmunazar (about 600 B. C.) was considered the most ancient inscription of any length. Here we have a long specimen of the earliest Phoenician character, — the alphabet from which the Greek, the Roman, and all our European alphabets are derived. As Count de Vogue says, these are the very characters which, before 700 B. C., were common to all the races of Western Asia, from Egypt to the foot of the Taurus, and from the Mediterranean to Nineveh; which were used in Nineveh itself, in Phoenicia, Jerusalem, Samaria, the land of Moab, Cilicia, and Cyprus.
Radnor (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 16
ched up two or three paces apart, remind one of the practice not yet quite exploded in England, of hitching three horses, tandem fashion, to a plow, which was universal till Dawson of Frogden, Scotland, about 1770, showed how to place them abreast, for which the British farmers owe him a debt of gratitude, and after trying it fifty years to make sure it was all right, are prepared to pay on demand. At the latter end of the eighteenth century, the level lands of Herefordshire and Radnorshire, Great Britain, were turned by plows which were rigged with wheels to obviate the necessity of a plowman. As usual at that time, the horses were hitched tandem, one ahead of the other, to the extent of three or four. A publication of that day (Housman's Travels, 1799) compares it with the superior husbandry of Norfolk. where horses were hitched abreast. The same writer states as follows:--- I to-day observed a farmer sowing wheat near Abergavenny; a yoke of eight oxen were drawing one plow
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