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West Point (New York, United States) (search for this): chapter 16
ered. Iron parrals are now in common use. The parral is connected to sling-cleats on the yard, and has strung upon it parral-trucks, that is, small wooden globes to prevent friction or binding against the mast, in hoisting or lowering. Par′ral-rope. （Nautical.) A single rope, well served, and formed into a collar around a mast for slinging an upper yard. Par′rott-gun. （Ordnance.) A kind of rifled cannon invented by Captain R. G. Parrott of the Cold Spring Foundry, West Point, N. Y., and much employed in the United States service during the late civil war. The body of the gun is of cast-iron, and is reinforced at the breech by shrinking on a ring of wrought-iron. The calibers are, 10-pounder, 2.9 inches bore; 20-pounder, 3.67 inches bore; 30-pounder, 4.2 inches bore; 100-pounder, 6.4 inches bore; 200-pounder, 8 inches bore: corresponding respectively to 3, 6, 9, 32, and 64 pounder smooth bores. The number of grooves increased with the caliber of the gun, the
Manila (Philippines) (search for this): chapter 16
n (Sisulhemp, Sosquil), e, VI. 247, XVII. 171.Madder, a. Maize, a; e, IX. 184, x. 358, XI. 10, XIII. 117, XIV. 33, XV. 31, 49, XVII. 171. Ferns, a; f, III. 100, XIII. 117; g, II. 80, 81, 84. Fibrilia, e, XIII. 117.Maize husks, b. Fir, c.Mallow, d; e, XIII. 117. Flags, a.Malpighiaceae, a. Flax, a; e, VI. 236, XIII. 117, XIV. 17; f, XIV. 354, XVI. 17, 119.Malva, a. Malvaceae, a. Flax, New Zealand. XIII. 126, XVI. 17, 282, XVII. 171.Mandioca. a. Mangel-wurzel, a. Flax, hemp, etc., b.Manila, a; b. Floss silk, c.Manispernum, a. Fourdrini, a.Manure, c. Frog spittle, c.Maple, a. Furze, a.Marzi, a. Galeg officinalis, b.Masse-d'eau, c. Galega orientalis, b.Medichey, a. Galingale, a.Melastomaceae, a. Genista, a; d.Mineral fiber, b. Genista after extracting dye, d.Moorva, e, XIII. 126. Geld (Marsdenia tenacissima), e, XIII. 126.Morus bark, a. Mosses, a; d; e, XVII. 171. Gnaphalium, c.Mothwort, c. Gramina, a.Mudar (Calotropis gigantea), e, XIII. 126, XVIII. 5. Gramineae,
Providence, R. I. (Rhode Island, United States) (search for this): chapter 16
orge Dickenson patented an improvement in papermachines, consisting in giving an up-and-down movement to the paper instead of the shaking lateral movement imparted to the wire web of the Fourdrinier machine, which tended to form longitudinal streaks or ribs in the paper. A similar contrivance was also introduced by Donkin. 1828. Professor Cowper patented in England a paper-cutting machine which served as a basis for subsequent improvements. Richard Waterman and G. W. Annis, of Providence, R. I., patented a method for making double paper by bringing a sheet previously formed in contact with the stuff on the belt and passing both between press-rollers; any number of thicknesses, it was claimed, might be combined in this way. Crompton and Miller patented a method of cutting an endless web of paper lengthwise by means of revolving blades on a rotary shaft. Mason Hunting, of Watertown, Mass., patented an improved top press roller, adjustable so as to form paper of any desire
Atlantic Ocean (search for this): chapter 16
ntensities of the electric currents developed was constructed by comparison with an air pyrometer, each division of the scale corresponding to 10° Centigrade. Pyrometers. 11. Siemens invented a pyrometer of the eleventh class, depending on the increased resistance offered by an iron or platinum wire to the passage of electricity. This may be adapted to measuring either high or low temperatures, and was used by Dr. Carpenter for ascertaining the temperature at great depths in the Atlantic Ocean. That for high temperatures (B, Fig. 4058) consists of a coil of fine platinum wire, about 3 yards in length, wound around the circumference of a grooved clay cylinder. The ends of the coil are connected with two thicker platinum wires, which are in turn connected with copper conducting-wires; the whole are protected by clay pipes and inclosed in an iron tube. The end at which is the platinum spiral is closed, and the other end is provided with a wooden cap containing two contact scre
Napoleon (Ohio, United States) (search for this): chapter 16
hot through the breaking-down rolls, is passed cold between the planishing-rollers, which bring the strips to a given thickness. Plan′ish-ing-stake. （Coppersmithing.) A bench stake or small anvil for holding the plate when under the action of a planishing-hammer. Plan′i-sphere. The representation upon a plane of the circles of the zodiac. The zodiac represented on the ceiling of the temple of Dendera was discovered in 1799 by the French savans, during their researches under Napoleon's orders. A periodical work of 1801 thus describes this work in connection with a similar work at the base of a peristyle at Esne:— That at Esne indicates the solstice in the sign of Virgo, and that of Dendera, which is of later date, shows the sun in Leo. The intention of the founders of these monuments was certainly to represent the present state of the heavens when these were constructed. A comparison of these two zodiacs, which may now be instituted, throws back to the most remote
Dutch (West Virginia, United States) (search for this): chapter 16
ds were invented, when the oxen returned close alongside the last furrow made. The laws of Solon were written boustrophedon. The later Greek, long before the Christian era, came to be written from left to right like the Sanscrit and the other languages to which it — not its characters — was allied. The number of letters in the following alphabets is thus given in Ballhorn's Grammatography, Trubner & Co., 1831: — Hebrew22Ethiopic202 Chaldaic22Chinese214 Syriac22Japanese73 Samaritan22Dutch26 Phoenician22Spanish27 Armenian38Irish18 Arabic28Anglo-Saxon25 Persian32Danish28 Turkish33Gothic25 Georgian38French28 Coptic32German26 Greek24Welch4 Latin25Russian35 Sanscrit328 The letter J was introduced into the alphabets by Giles Beye, a printer of Paris, 1660. Short-hand writing was known to the Greeks and Romans. Its invention was ascribed to Xenophon. It was introduced into Rome by Cicero. Pliny employed a short-hand amanuensis. The Chinese dictionary shows 43,<
Vienna (Virginia, United States) (search for this): chapter 16
eavored to obtain half-tones by the interposition of crape, etc. He termed it Photoglyptic engraving. Paul Pretsch of Vienna, working in London, about 1854, established the photo-galvanographic company in that city. His method consisted in prepaeded that of Macpherson of Rome (October 14, 1852) by only a few months; five years later the Imperial printing office in Vienna experimented in the same direction. See Heliotype. 2. Poitevin, of Paris, patented in England, December, 1855, a pronsively used from 1842 for mattresses, coverlets, etc. Five hundred of these coverlets were purchased for the hospital of Vienna in the former year, and shortly afterward at other places. It was particularly useful as stuffing for beds and for uphol master Faust. Faust and Schoeffer printed the Codex Psalmorum (with cut types), in 1457, now in Imperial Library, Vienna. Durandi rationale, 1459, Earl of Pembroke's Library, England. Catholicon Januensis, 1460, Royal Library, France.
Oriental (Paraguay) (search for this): chapter 16
block of wood is prepared as a matrix for a fusible metal by burning away portions of its surface. The burning-tool is a delicate blade heated by a jet of flame, and is thrust down into the wood, making an incision of a given depth. A cast is then taken in type-metal; the lines being salient afford a printing surface. Pyro-tech′nics. Preparations of inflammable material are used in making cascades of fire or explosions for signals or as expressions of rejoicing. Fire-works are of Oriental origin. The Chinese and Japanese still excel in their production. The Yokohama Herald describes the effects produced at an exhibition of Japanese daylight fire-works These consisted principally of bombs which, exploding high in the air, discharged variously colored jets of smoke, and sometimes large parachutes which assumed the figures of fishes, snakes, or birds, which hovered kite-like and motionless in the air for an incredibly long time. Occasionally they took the shape of cottages,
Islington (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 16
pipe is reached by a turn-key introduced at an opening in the pavement. Fire-plugs were first laid down in London in 1710. London was first supplied with water by leaden pipes in 1237. The water was brought from the Springs of Tyburn, a district long since included in the city, — not the city proper, but the metropolis as outsiders understand it. In 1613 Sir Hugh Middleton finished his aqueduct from Ware to London. This is yet called the New River, and discharges into a reservoir at Islington, a northern suburb of London. The water was distributed by wooden mains and lead-pipe branches. Water-carriers still plied their trade in the reign of Queen Anne, supplying households from the public pumps, which were and are yet numerous, and yield abundant and excellent water. 9. (Ordnance.) The wooden stopper in the vent of a petard. 10. a. A small tompion in the muzzle of a musket-barrel. b. The nipple of a gun. 11. (Dentistry.) A filling for a carious tooth. Plug-
Mount Sinai (Egypt) (search for this): chapter 16
lars. Previous to the tenth century, the manuscripts were written in capital letters, and without a space between the words. The three most important and valuable of them are the Sinaitic, the Vatican, and the Alexandrian, many of whose various readings are given by Tischendorf in his Leipsic edition of the English New Testament. The Sinaitic manuscript, critically marked Aleph, written on parchment, was discovered by Tischendorf, February 4, 1859, in the convent of St. Catharine, on Mount Sinai, in Arabia, and published by him in fac-simile in 1862, and in the common type in 1865. It contains the entire New Testament, and is deposited in the Imperial Library at St. Petersburg. It was printed in Leipsic for the Emperor of Russia, to be a memorial of the thousandth anniversary of his king- dom. It is in uncial characters, apparently of the fourth century. The Vatican manuscript, marked B, also written about the middle of the fourth century, has been published only since 1857.
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