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1178 AD (search for this): chapter 16
e paper made by them was, however, probably of cotton, which was then extensively grown in Sicily. In 1151, we learn from an Arabian author that paper of a superior quality was manufactured at Xativa, in Spain, the Christian Spaniards having improved upon the processes of the Moors, from whom they learned the art, by stamping the raw material, raw cotton and rags, by the aid of a watermill. In 1170, Eustathius, the commentator on Homer, remarks that papyrus had fallen into disuse. In 1178, we find several specimens of flax paper in Spain, and in the University of Riteln in Germany a document is preserved, signed by Adolphus, Count of Schaumberg, made from linen rags. A letter from Joinville to Louis X. of France, dated 1315, and written on paper made from rags, is yet extant. After this period the notices of paper and of paper-making become frequent. Linen paper is found in documents of 1241 (edict of Emperor Fred. II.) and 1300. The Arabian physician Abdollatiph, who vi
1170 AD (search for this): chapter 16
f Sicily, granting a charter to some paper-makers who were then established on that island. The paper made by them was, however, probably of cotton, which was then extensively grown in Sicily. In 1151, we learn from an Arabian author that paper of a superior quality was manufactured at Xativa, in Spain, the Christian Spaniards having improved upon the processes of the Moors, from whom they learned the art, by stamping the raw material, raw cotton and rags, by the aid of a watermill. In 1170, Eustathius, the commentator on Homer, remarks that papyrus had fallen into disuse. In 1178, we find several specimens of flax paper in Spain, and in the University of Riteln in Germany a document is preserved, signed by Adolphus, Count of Schaumberg, made from linen rags. A letter from Joinville to Louis X. of France, dated 1315, and written on paper made from rags, is yet extant. After this period the notices of paper and of paper-making become frequent. Linen paper is found in docu
1700 BC (search for this): chapter 16
aved blocks. The printing-office established by American missionaries in China has 6,000 different characters in its font of type. The types now in use in China are of similar form to our own. The works of Gotama, under the title of Verbal instructions, are published by the Chinese government in four languages, — Thibetan, Mongol, Mantchou, and Chinese, — from the Imperial press at Pekin, in 800 large volumes. The name of this founder of Buddhism was Arddha Chiddi. He was born about 1700 B. C., at Capila, near Nepaul. This religion now embraces Ceylon, Tartary, Thibet, China, Japan, and Burmah. He changed his name to Gotama, one who kills the senses, in allusion to the sublimation of the soul by physical mortifications. It appears that the Venetians introduced blockprinting into Europe, and wood-engraving and printing had long been in use in the time of Charles V., when playing-cards were thus made. The printing from blocks is said to have been practiced at Ravenna in 1289
August 10th, 1858 AD (search for this): chapter 16
econd knife between a second set of foldingrollers, and finally deposited in a trough. Birchall's English patent of 1847 shows mechanism for folding the sheet by a reciprocating knife into folding-rollers. Black (English), 1850, had registering-pins, which were vibrated out of the sheet. See also Smith's patent, November 27, 1849; Snow, October 15, 1850; English patent No. 13,315, for 1850; North's patent, October 15, 1856; Crosby, December 23, 1856; Smith, May 19, 1857; North, August 10, 1858; Endriss, March 8, 1859. Chambers, 1856, had registering-pins to fit the perforations made by the printing-press. (See point.) These pins or points are adjustable, and, as the folding-blade descends, recede by a cam movement. Chambers's machine (Fig. 3531) is adapted to fold large double-sheet papers. The sheet to be folded is spread upon the folding-table, and the register secured by points. The folding-blade overhead falls on the middle of the sheet and carries it down, doubl
July 9th, 1861 AD (search for this): chapter 16
, 1855. 12,982,F. WolleMay 29, 1855. 13,647,E. W. GoodaleOct. 9, 1855. 17,184,B. F. RiceApril 28, 1857. 19,506,Jacob KellerMarch 2, 1858. 20,838,Francis WolleJuly 6, 1858. 21,657,Henry R. DavidOct. 5, 1858. 22,199,S. E. PetteeNov. 30, 1858. 24,734,William GoodaleJuly 12, 1859. 25,191,William GoodaleAug. 23, 1859. 27,959,Louis D. BarrandApril 24, 1860. 28,188,G. F. LufberryMay 8, 1860. 28,537,S. E. PetteeMay 29, 1860. 30,191,H. G. ArmstrongOct. 2, 1860. 32,777,John Miller, Jr.July 9, 1861. 37,573,J. J. GreenoughFeb. 3, 1863. 37,726,C. H. MorganFeb. 17, 1863. 38,253,Joseph WellsApril 21, 1863. 38,452,S. E. PetteeMay 5, 1863. 40,001,Joseph WellsSept. 15, 1863. 42,313,Joseph WellsApril 12, 1864. 43,773,J. M. HurdApril 12, 1864. 45,999,E. A. HollingsworthJan. 24, 1865. 49,454,B. B. TaggartAug. 15, 1865. 49,736,B. F. EllisSept. 5, 1865. 49,951,E. W. GoodaleSept. 12, 1865. 62,342,Kirk and HowlettFeb. 26, 1867. 64,537,G. L. JaegerMay 7, 1867. 70,601,E. B. OlmstedNov
February 25th, 1873 AD (search for this): chapter 16
vement of the lever the box-bottom is pushed into contact with the disk, which, by the same movement, is withdrawn and brings the bottom into contact with the box-body on the expanding head; a slip of prepared paper, pasted on one side, is applied to the junction, the treadle is released, bringing the roller in contact with the side of the box, the rotary movement of which winds the strip around it, where it is fixed by the roller and vibrating fingers on an eccentric. G. L. Jaeger, February 25, 1873. In this machine, an address or label is imprinted and the box cut out and formed at one continuous operation. The paper passes first between the impression-roller a and the type-roller b, which is supplied with ink from the trough c by inking-rollers d. Circular knives and creasers on the roller g cut it into the shape shown on the plan view during its passage between that and the roller i. Paste is applied to its edge by the rollers k l, in connection with a smaller roller not s
787 BC (search for this): chapter 16
what not. The plummet is said by Pliny to have been invented by Daedalus, 1240 B. C. The vast edifices of the plains of Shinar and the Nile, not to mention the monuments of the more eastern civilization, contradict the statement of the Roman. It is, however, interesting to know the received opinion of the literati of 1800 years ago, and to this historian we are indebted for many details which appear to have been omitted as unimportant by contemporary writers. It is mentioned by Amos, 787 B. C., and by another Scripture author, 698 B. C. Plum′met-lev′el. That form of a level having a suspended plummet in a standard at right angles to the base-piece. A mason's level. See level. Plun′ger. 1. A long solid cylinder employed as a piston in a force-pump. See plunger-pump. 2. (Pottery.) A boiler in which clay is beaten by a wheel into a creamy consistence. From this it passes to an ark, thence through sieves which remove nodules. The result is slip. 3. A form <
August, 1785 AD (search for this): chapter 16
eye. Par-a-chute′. A device by which a descent is made from a balloon or eminence. It is a light structure, and affords a large area of resistance to the atmosphere. Loubere, in his account of Siam published 200 years since, describes a machine of this kind used in descending hights. It was not employed in Europe till 1783, when M. le Normand proved its efficacy by letting himself from the windows of a lofty house in the city of Lyons. Blanchard, in a balloon ascension in August, 1785, let down a dog from a great hight by means of a parachute, without injury. He afterward applied it to descending from a balloon, in 1793, but, the machine failing to expand fully, he broke his leg in alighting. The first successful descent by a parachute from a balloon was by Mons. Garnerin, in Paris, October 21, 1797; he descended again September 21, 1802, when on a visit to England for the purpose of practicing aerostation among the islanders. This parachute consisted of thirty-tw
1417 AD (search for this): chapter 16
Mary le Bow, in Cheapside, was unroofed by a violent wind, and that four pillars, 26 feet in length, sunk so deep into the ground that scarcely four feet of them appeared above the surface of the soft earth forming the bed of the street. The pavements of this great city appear to have been gradually extended as trade and opulence increased, though the period of their first introduction is unknown. Several of the principal streets, among which was Holborn, were paved for the first time in 1417. Smithfield cattle-market was first paved in 1614. Blocks of wood set endways are a common pavement in Russia and Germany. Blocks of wood or stone inclosed in iron frames were in use in England thirty or forty years ago. In 1812, Loudon suggested laying cubic blocks on a foundation of flag-stones, or cast-iron plates on a bed of mortar. George Knight (Loudon, P. 3720), London, 1829, suggested laying the granite blocks on a macadamized foundation. This, with grouting for rendering
1387 AD (search for this): chapter 16
pencils, and the amount taken from the mines yearly was strictly limited in order to keep up the price. The annual product was valued at £ 40,000. This source of supply eventually failed, but the loss was scarcely felt, as a number of other mines had been discovered in various parts of the world. The ancients drew lines and letters with leaden styles, and afterward an alloy of lead an tin was used. Pliny refers to the use of lead for ruling lines on papyrus. La Moine cites a document of 1387 ruled with graphite. Slips of graphite in wooden sticks (pencils) are mentioned by Gesner, Zurich, in 1565; he credits England with the production. They were doubtless the product of the Borrowdale mine, then lately discovered. In the early part of the seventeenth century, black-lead pencils are distinctly described by several writers. They are noticed by Ambrosinus, 1648; spoken of by Pettus, in 1683, as inclosed in fir or cedar. Red and black chalk pencils were used in Germany in 145
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