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... 175 176 177 178 179 180
February (search for this): chapter 16
mpt at the reproduction of carbon prints was made for thirty-five years after his time. In 1829, M. Niepce associated himself with M. Daguerre, and no doubt contributed much to the latter's beautiful process. In the year 1834, Mr. Fox Talbot began the investigations which finally resulted in a valuable working process. On the 31st January, 1839, six months prior to the publication of M. Daguerre's process, Mr. Fox Talbot communicated his photographic discoveries, and in the following February he published a description of his method, to which, as afterwards perfected, he gave the name of calotype. He prepared a sheet of paper with iodide of silver, by treating it alternately with solutions of nitrate of silver and iodide of potassium. When dry, and just before use, he covered the surface with a solution of nitrate of silver and gallic acid, and dried it again, by which means he greatly enhanced its sensitiveness. A very brief exposure of paper so prepared to light produced an
1291 AD (search for this): chapter 16
) are both derived from feldspar, which consists of silica, alumina, and potash. Kaolin consists of decomposed feldspar, and petuntse is the powder of undecomposed feldspar. The radical difference seems to be that by decomposition and exposure to the air the kaolin has acquired plasticity, has become a clay. This being the case, it is easy to conceive the propriety of keeping the prepared clay in a condition to improve by exposure and age, before working it. Marco Polo, who was from 1274 to 1291 in the service of Kublai Khan, the Conqueror of China, states that the heaps of porcelain clay were exposed in China for thirty to forty years before using; so that men gathered the materials for their children and grandchildren. The other material mentioned is hoache, and probably, as the Pere d'entrecolles remarks, is steatite; which is a compound of silica and magnesia. We cannot go into all the particulars of the history of the art, nor describe the ingredients and compositions of t
1300 AD (search for this): chapter 16
ville to Louis X. of France, dated 1315, and written on paper made from rags, is yet extant. After this period the notices of paper and of paper-making become frequent. Linen paper is found in documents of 1241 (edict of Emperor Fred. II.) and 1300. The Arabian physician Abdollatiph, who visited Egypt in 1200, says that the mummy-cloths (linen) were habitually used to make wrapping-paper for the shop-keepers. The linen paper of the thirteenth century had the waterlines and water-mark. Oneced blockprinting into Europe, and wood-engraving and printing had long been in use in the time of Charles V., when playing-cards were thus made. The printing from blocks is said to have been practiced at Ravenna in 1289, and among the Germans in 1300. In 1441 it had attained the dignity of special legislation; the Venetian card-makers, taking their impressions by means of a burnisher, obtained protection against the introduction of stamped cards. The most important of the block-books was
... 175 176 177 178 179 180