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A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology (ed. William Smith), Ci'cero (search)
ransactions of the era during which this great man flourished, except in so far as he was directly and personally interested and concerned in the events. The complete history of that momentous crisis must be obtained by comparing this article with the biographies of ANTONIUS, AUGUSTUS, BRUTUS, CAESAR, CATILINA, CATO, CLODIUS PULCHER [CLAUDIUS], CRASSUS, LEPIDUS, POMPEIUS, and the other great characters of the day. 1. Biography of Cicero. M. Tullius Cicero was born on the 3rd of January, B. C. 106, according to the Roman calendar, at that epoch nearly three months in advance of the true time, at the family residence in the vicinity of Arpinum. No trustworthy anecdotes have been preserved with regard to his childhood, for little faith can be reposed in the gossiping stories collected by Plutarch of the crowds who were wont to flock to the school where he received the first rudiments of knowledge, for the purpose of seeing and hearing the young prodigy; but we cannot doubt that the ap
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology (ed. William Smith), (search)
former sale, and of which the purchaser might therefore be supposed to be congnizant? (Cic. de Off. 3.16, de Orat. 1.39.) He was tribune of the people in B. C. 107, but the period of this office was not distinguished by anything remarkable. In B. C. 106 he spoke in favour of the lex Servilia, by which it was proposed to restore to the equites the judicia, which were then in the hands of the senatorian order. The contests for the power of being selected as judices, which divided the different omuch confusion in the history of the judicia, it may be proper to mention some of the changes which took place about this period. In B. C. 122, by the lex Sempronia of C. Gracchus, the judicia were transferred from the senate to the equites. In B. C. 106, by the lex Servilia of Q. Servilius Caepio, they were restored to the senate; and it is not correct to say (with Walter, Gesch. des Romischen Rechts, i. p. 244, and others), that by this lex Servilia both orders were admitted to share the judi
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology (ed. William Smith), Drusus (search)
give advice to the crowds who used to throng his house for the purpose of consulting him. Hence it has been rather hastily inferred, that Drusus the jurist was anterior to Aufidius, and was never seen by Cicero, and could not have been the son of the Drusus who was consul in B. C. 147. Others are disposed to identify the jurist with the son, No. 5, and there is certainly no absurdity in supposing the son of one who was consul in B. C. 147 to have died at an advanced age before Cicero (born B. C. 106) happened to meet him, or was old enough to remember him. Seeing, however, that Cicero was an active and inquisitive student at 16, and considering the inferences as to age that may be collected from the years when No. 4 and No. 6, the brother and nephew of No. 5, held offices, the argument founded upon Tusc. Qu. 5.38 seems to be rather in favour of identifying the jurist with our present No. 3; but, in truth, there are not sufficient data to decide the question. (Rutilius, Vitae JCtorum 1
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology (ed. William Smith), (search)
d them on some disgust, and threw himself into the arms of their rivals. But these disputes did not break out into open insurrection, and Hyrcanus closed his long reign in peace and prosperity. There is much confusion in the chronology of Josephus, who in one place assigns to Hyrcanus a reign of thirty-one years, in another one of thirty-three: Eusebius, on the contrary, allows him only twenty-six: it appears probable that he reigned in fact between twenty-nine and thirty years, and died in B. C. 106, or the beginning of 105. He left five sons, of whom the eldest, Aristobulus, succeeded him. (J. AJ 13.10.5-7, B. J. 1.2.8; Euseb. Arm. p. 94.) Although Joannes Hyrcanus did not himself assume the title of king, he may be justly regarded as the founder of the monarchy of Judaea, which continued in his family till the accession of Herod. The foregoing genealogical table exhibits the line of the kings and princes of the Asamonean race, as well as their descent from the Maccabees. [E.H.B]
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology (ed. William Smith), Lucullus (search)
Lucullus 4. L. Licinius Lucullus, L. F. L. N., celebrated as the conqueror of Mithridates, and by much the most illustrious of his family. He was the son of the preceding and of Caecilia, the daughter of L. Metellus Calvus. (Plut. Luc. 1.) [CAECILIA, No. 3.] We have no express mention of the period of his birth or of his age, but Plutarch tells us that he was older than Pompey (Lucull. 36, Pomp. 31); he must therefore have been born before B. C. 106, probably at least as early as 109 or 110, since his younger brother Marcus was old enough to be curule aedile in 79. [See No. 6.] His first appearance in public life was as the accuser of the augur Servilius, who had procured the banishment of his father. but had in his turn laid himself open to a criminal charge. This species of retaliation was looked upon with much favour at Rome; and although the trial, after giving rise to scenes of violence and even bloodshed, at length terminated in the acquittal of Servilius, the part which the y
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology (ed. William Smith), (search)
f Judaea. He treacherously seized Simon at a banquet, and put him to death with two of his sons, Judas and Mattathias, B. C. 135. His other son Joannes Hyrcanus escaped, and succeeded his father. Joannes Hyrcanus I. 4. was high-priest B. C. 135-106. He did not assume the title of king, but was to all intents and purposes an independent monarch. His life is given under HYRCANUS. He was succeeded by his son, Aristoboulus I. 5. was the first of the Maccabees who assumed the kingly title, which was henceforth borne by his successors. His reign lasted only a year (B. C. 106-105). [ARISTOBULUS, No. 1.] He was succeeded by his brother, Alexander Jannaeus 6. reigned B. C. 105-78. [ALEXANDER JANNAEUS, Vol. I. p. 117.] He was succeeded by his widow, Alexandra 7. appointed her son Hyrcanus II. to the priesthood, and held the supreme power B. C. 78-69. On her death in the latter year her son, Hyrcanus II. 8. obtained the kingdom, B. C. 69, but was supplanted almost immediately a
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology (ed. William Smith), (search)
Joannes Hyrcanus I. 4. was high-priest B. C. 135-106. He did not assume the title of king, but was to all intents and purposes an independent monarch. His life is given under HYRCANUS. He was succeeded by his son,
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology (ed. William Smith), (search)
Aristoboulus I. 5. was the first of the Maccabees who assumed the kingly title, which was henceforth borne by his successors. His reign lasted only a year (B. C. 106-105). [ARISTOBULUS, No. 1.] He was succeeded by his brother,
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology (ed. William Smith), Ma'rius (search)
see the man who had robbed him of the glory of bringing the war to a conclusion, privately sailed from Africa, and left P. Rutilius, one of his legates, to deliver up the army to Marius. As soon as he had received the army, Marius continned the war with great vigour; but the history of his operations are related elsewhere. [JUGURTHA.] It is sufficient to state here that he was unable to bring the war to a conclusion in the first campaign, and it was not till the beginning of the next year (B. C. 106) that Jugurtha was betrayed by Boochus, king of Mauritania, into the hands of Marius, who sent his quaestor L. Sulla to receive him from the Mauritanian king. Thus it happened that Marius gave to his future enemy and the destroyer of his family and party, the first opportunity of distinguishing himself; and this very circumstance sowed the seeds of the personal hatred which afterwards existed between them, and which was still further increased by political causes. The enemies of Marius cla
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology (ed. William Smith), Norba'nus (search)
Norba'nus 1. C. Norbanus, was tribune of the plebs, B. C. 95, when he accused Q. Servilius Caepio of majestas, because he had robbed the temple of Tolosa in his consulship, B. C. 106, and had by his rashness and imprudence occasioned the defeat and destruction of the Roman army by the Cimbri, in the following year (B. C. 105). The senate, to whom Caepio had by a lex restored the judicia in his consulship, but of which they had been again deprived two years afterwards, made the greatest efforts to obtain his acquittal; but, notwithstanding these exertions, and the powerful advocacy of the great orator L. Crassus, who was then consul, he was condemned by the people, and went into exile at Smyrna. The disturbances, however, which took place at his trial, afforded the enemies of Norbanus a fair pretext for his accusation; and in the following year (B. C. 94), he was accordingly accused of majestas under the lex Appuleia. The accusation was conducted by P. Sulpicius Rufus ; and the defenc
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