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Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Cavite, (search)
Cavite, A former Spanish military post, on a narrow peninsula jutting out from the mainland of Luzon Island, Philippines, into Manila Bay, about 8 miles southwest of the city of Manila. On the night of April 30, 1898, Commodore Dewey, in command of the Pacific squadron, sailed boldly past the batteries on Corregidor Island, into Manila Bay, and on the morning of May 1, attacked the Spanish fleet which had hastily formed in battle-line under the protection of the guns of the Cavite fort. When the American vessels neared the fort they had to sustain both its fire and that of the Spanish ships. But Commodore Dewey so manoeuvred his fleet as to keep in an advantageous position in the strong currents of the bay and to avoid the fire of the Spaniards. Some of the American ships engaged the fleet and others directed their fire against the batteries. The water battery at Cavite was shelled until a magazine exploded, killing forty men, when the commander raised a white flag as a sig
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Cebu (search)
Cebu One of the Philippine Islands, lying between Luzon and Mindanao, 135 mile long, with an extreme width of 30 miles. Sugar cultivation and the manufacture of abaca are the chief industries. Population, 320,000.—The town of Cebu, on the eastern coast of the island, the oldest Spanish settlement in the Philippines, is a place of considerable trade, and has a cathedral and several churches. It is about 360 miles from Manila, and has a population of 40,000. There are valuable and extensive coal deposits near the town. The China Steam Navigation Company began in 1900 to run a regular steamer from Hong-Kong to the port of Cebu. Hemp was exported from the island in 1899 to the value of $3,151,910; sugar, $770,503; copra, $241,953. The total shipments exceeded by $1,456,000 those of 1898. Imports in 1899 were valued at $1,055,28
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), China. (search)
serve to unite the Chinese against the foreigners. On June 18, the United States government ordered the battle-ship Oregon and the gunboats Yorktown, Nashville, and Monocacy, and the 9th Regiment, 1,400 men, under Col. Emerson H. Liscum, from Manila to Taku, and other United States forces were held in readiness for service in China. While on the way, June 28, the Oregon ran aground in the Gulf of American troops entering Peking. Pechili, in a fog. One week later she was floated, without having suffered serious damage, and through the courtesy of the Japanese government sent to the national docks at Kure for repairs. On June 24, rear-Admiral George C. Remey (q. v.) proceeded with the flag-ship Brooklyn from Manila to succeed Admiral Kempff in the command of the American fleet. On June 26, Gen. Adna R. Chaffee (q. v.) was appointed to the command of the American army in China, and 6,300 troops, infantry and cavalry, intended for the Philippines, proceeded to China, and the Unit
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Civil service, United States colonial. (search)
nearly a quarter of a century, writes: Of the hundreds of officials that I have known, not one had the most elementary notions of Tagalog or Visaya (the native languages of the Philippine Islands) at the time of their appointment, and not one in fifty took the trouble to learn either language afterwards. In not one of the Spanish universities is there taught a modern Oriental language, except Arabic, nor was there in 1898 a single chair devoted to colonial problems, nor in the university of Manila was there any opportunity to study the languages and customs of the Philippines. The civil service in the Spanish colonies, like that of the mother-country, was purely a spoils system. No examinations of any kind were required. Offices were the reward of fidelity to the political caciques (bosses), and the dangers and discomforts of colonial service were compensated for by the abundant opportunities for chocolate (boodle). Not least among the causes of the final collapse of Spain's colo
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Consular service, the (search)
Liege, and Copenhagen, and Nice, and many others where the salary is $1,500 and the unofficial work yields hardly any return. These are only a few of the most glaring cases, but the position of a man without property of his own sufficient to make him practically independent of his salary so far as subsistence is concerned, who goes, for instance, to Trieste, Cologne, Dublin, or Leeds, or to Sydney, New South Wales, or to Guatemala, or Managua, or to Tamatave, Madagascar, or to Odessa, or Manila, or Beirut, or Jerusalem, on a salary of $2,000 is relatively little better off. Nor is the position of a consul at Buenos Ayres, or at Brussels, or at Marseilles, Hamburg, Sheffield, Nuevo Laredo, Athens, Ningpo, or Victoria, B. C., with a salary of $2,500 to be envied, with the necessary demands which he is obliged to meet. It is of course notorious that there are many more applicants for even the worst of these offices than there are offices, and that numberless men will be readily fou
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Cuba (search)
he following articles in the agreement show the terms under which the United States was willing to make peace: Article I: Spain will relinquish all claim of sovereignty over and title to Cuba. Art. II. Spain will cede to the United States the island of Porto Rico and other islands now under Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies, and also an island in the Ladrones, to be selected by the United States. Art. III. The United States will occupy and hold the city, bay, and harbor of Manila, pending the conclusion of a treaty of peace, which shall determine the control, disposition, and government of the Philippines. Art. IV. Spain will immediately evacuate Cuba, Porto Rico, and other islands now under Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies, and to this end each government will, within ten days after the signing of this protocol, appoint commissioners, and the commissioners so appointed shall, within thirty days after the signing of this protocol, meet at Havana for the pur
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Dewey, George, 1837- (search)
orders from Washington, began to mobilize his vessels in the harbor of Hong-Kong. After the declaration of war he received orders to capture or destroy the Spanish fleet known to be in Philippine waters. It was then supposed that the harbor of Manila, where the Spanish fleet was most likely to rendezvous, was mined with explosives and supplied with search-lights, and that the forts of Cavite (q. v.)had been put in readiness for an attack. Taking all chances, the United States squadron sailedDewey's brief message of victory, the President promoted him to rear-admiral, and Congress voted him the thanks of the country and a sword. Subsequently, the grade of admiral was revived, and the President conferred it on him. Holding the bay of Manila and the Cavit6 works, he had the chief city of the Philippines at his mercy, but made no attempt to occupy that city. There ensued a period of masterful diplomacy, which won for the victor high commendation. Between the imminent dangers of for
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Egbert, Harry C., 1839- (search)
Egbert, Harry C., 1839- Military officer; born in Pennsylvania, Jan. 3, 1839; joined the 12th United States Infantry, Sept. 23, 1861; served with distinction in the actions of Gaines's Mills, Malvern Hill, Cedar Mountain, Gettysburg, etc. He was taken prisoner at Cedar Mountain and at Gettysburg, and was seriously wounded at Bethesda Church. When the war with Spain broke out he was lieutenant-colonel of the 6th United States Infantry, which he commanded in the Santiago campaign until he was shot through the body at El Caney, July 1, 1898. He was promoted colonel of the 22d Infantry, and before his wound was completely healed sailed for the Philippine Islands. He arrived at Manila with his command, March 4, 1899, and while leading a charge against Malinta he received a mortal wound, from which he died within an hour, March 26 following.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Funston, Frederick 1865- (search)
ge the insurgents. On May 2, 1900, while making a personal reconnoissance up the Rio Grande de la Pampanga he discovered a perpendicular ladder leading up a cliff crowned with a dense forest. Beside the ladder hung a rope which, when pulled, rang an alarm bell in the woods back of the precipice. Deeming these appearances suspicious, he ascended the ladder and at the summit found many large wooden cases filled with documents comprising a great number of the archives of the insurgents, including all the correspondence of Aguinaldo from the time of his earliest communications with Dewey down to the flight from Malolos, and also including Aguinaldo's personal letter-book, with press copies of his correspondence. These boxes were hidden in a ravine, but were all recovered and taken to Manila, where their contents were delivered to the American authorities. On March 23, 1901, he captured Aguinaldo (q. v.), and on the 30th following was commissioned brigadiergeneral in the regular army.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Gillmore, James Clarkson 1854- (search)
Gillmore, James Clarkson 1854- Naval officer; born in Philadelphia, Pa., July 10, 1854; graduated at the United States Naval Academy in 1875; promoted lieutenant in 1891. He was ordered to Manila, Jan. 14, 1899, where he was assigned to the Yorktown. In April of that year he was captured with seven others while scouting at Baler, Luzon. After spending over eighteen months in captivity and suffering great privations the party was rescued in the mountains near Cagayan (q. v.) by Col. Luther R. Hare, in December, 1899.
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