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Europe (search for this): chapter 13
, undertook to circumvent him through the influence of Prince Potemkin, who had passed through the love of the empress Chap. XII.} 1779. to a position of undefined and almost unlimited influence with the army, the Greek church, and the nobility. Possessing uncommon talents and address, he would, with a better education, have held a high position in any country. By descent and character, he was the truest representative of Russian nationality. Leaving the two chief maritime powers of western Europe, both of whom wished to preserve the Ottoman empire in its integrity, to wear out each other, Potemkin, who was no dreamer, used the moment of the American war to annex the Crimea. Harris professed to believe that for eighty thousand pounds he could purchase the influence of this extraordinary man. But Potemkin could not be reached. He almost never appeared at court or in company. It was his habit to lie in bed till near noon, and on his rising his anterooms were thronged with clien
Barcino (Spain) (search for this): chapter 13
ed with the intensest curiosity. Swart, minister at Petersburg, to the states-general, 1 and 4 Feb., 1780. But another power beside England had disturbed neutral rights. Fearing that supplies might be carried to Gibraltar, Spain had given an order to bring into Cadiz all neutral ships bound with provisions for the Mediterranean, and to sell their cargoes to the highest bidder. In the last part of the year 1779, the order was applied to the Concordia, a Russian vessel carrying wheat to Barcelona. Harris, who received the news in advance, hurried to Potemkin with a paper in which he proved from this example what terrible things might be expected from the house of Bourbon if they should acquire maritime superiority. On reading this paragraph, Potemkin 1780. cried out with an oath: You have got her now. The empress abhors the inquisition, and will never suffer its precepts to be exercised on the high seas. On the confirmation of the report, a strong memorial was drawn up under th
Austria (Austria) (search for this): chapter 13
ntly to keep up a chain of cruisers for the safety of ships bound to their ports. As the Russian trade was for the most part in the hands of the English, this action of Catharine would in practice be little more than a safeguard of English commerce. The cabinet of France was dissatisfied, and feared that the consolidated group of northern states might be drawn into connection with England. At this stage Frederic, who, through the mediation of Russia and France, was just emerging from his Austrian war, intervened. Russia had acted precipitately without intending to offend France and without proper concert with the courts of Stockholm and Copenhagen. Frederic to Goltz, 17 and 24 April, 1779. Through the explanations of the Chap. XII.} 1779 king of Prussia, every displeasure was removed from the mind of Vergennes, and his answer to the Russian note drew from Count Panin the remark to the French minister at Petersburg: Once more I give you my word that we have no engagement with E
Russia (Russia) (search for this): chapter 13
tiated in 1766 by the Rockingham ministry with Russia, whose interests as the chief producer of hempcted with the United States, England looked to Russia for aid, the United States to the Dutch republre of the disinclination Chap. XII.} 1778. of Russia and of Frederic, was so anxious to counterbalaed overture of Harris, he frankly replied that Russia never would stipulate advantages to Great Brit the end of the year to the French minister in Russia, will give a great proof of her dignity and es to prepare a representation. Thus far had Russia moved for the protection of neutral commerce b stage Frederic, who, through the mediation of Russia and France, was just emerging from his Austrian war, intervened. Russia had acted precipitately without intending to offend France and without prmy opinion everything depends on procuring for Russia without the least loss of time the satisfactioning, and the absolute necessity of satisfying Russia without the slightest delay on an article wher[6 more...]
Amsterdam (New York, United States) (search for this): chapter 13
to betray his country. Thus all the principal executive officers were attached to Great Britain; Prince Louis and the secretary Fagel as obsequious vassals. France had a controlling influence in no one of the provinces; but in the city of Amsterdam, van Berckel, its pensionary, was her friend. In January, 1778, Jan. before her rupture with England, the French ambassador at the Hague was instructed to suggest a convention between the states-general, France, and Spain, for liberty of navirious condition of their possessions in the two Indies, imposed upon them the most perfect neu- Chap. XII.} 1778. trality. But neutrality to be respected needs to be strong. As England did not disguise her aggressive intentions, the city of Amsterdam and van Berckel sought to strengthen the Dutch navy, but were thwarted by Prince Louis, Fagel, and the stadholder. The English party favored an increase of the army; and, to the great discontent of the stadholder, they were defeated by the dep
Vienna (Virginia, United States) (search for this): chapter 13
grand pensionary had not replied to their letter written some months before, they apprehended that any further motion of that kind on their part would not at present be agreeable. Meantime, one Jan de Neufville, an Amsterdam merchant, who wished his house recommended to good American merchants, and who had promised more about an American loan than he could make good, had come in some way to know William Lee, Chap. XII.} 1778. an alderman of London as well as an American commissioner to Vienna and Berlin, and with the leave of the burgomasters of Amsterdam met him at Aixla-Chapelle, and concerted terms for a commercial convention, proper in due time to be entered into between the two republics. When Lee communicated to the commissioners at Paris this project of a convention, they reminded him that the authority for treating with their High Mightinesses belonged exclusively to themselves, and they looked upon his act as a nullity. The American congress likewise took no notice of
Delft (Netherlands) (search for this): chapter 13
he two Indies, imposed upon them the most perfect neu- Chap. XII.} 1778. trality. But neutrality to be respected needs to be strong. As England did not disguise her aggressive intentions, the city of Amsterdam and van Berckel sought to strengthen the Dutch navy, but were thwarted by Prince Louis, Fagel, and the stadholder. The English party favored an increase of the army; and, to the great discontent of the stadholder, they were defeated by the deputies of Amsterdam, Haarlem, Dort, and Delft. The Dutch were still brave, provident, and capable of acts of magnanimity; but they were betrayed by their selfish executive and the consequent want of unity of action. In April, 1778, the American commissioners at April 28 Paris,—Franklin, Arthur Lee, and John Adams,—in a letter to the grand pensionary, van Bleiswijck, proposed a good understanding and commerce between the two nations, and promised to communicate to the states-general their commercial treaty with France. The Dutch go
Amsterdam (Netherlands) (search for this): chapter 13
stadholder, they were defeated by the deputies of Amsterdam, Haarlem, Dort, and Delft. The Dutch were still bo Yorke, 17 July, 1778. Still the merchants of Amsterdam saw in the independence of the United States a vird to the grand pensionary and to the pensionary of Amsterdam. The former took no notice of it whatever. Van Berckel, in the name of the regency of Amsterdam, wrote to an American correspondent at the Hague: With the new Not one province, nor one city; not Holland, nor Amsterdam; no, not even one single man, whether in authority Berlin, and with the leave of the burgomasters of Amsterdam met him at Aixla-Chapelle, and concerted terms forhe following June dismissed him from its service. Amsterdam disclaimed the absurd design of concluding a converity, Rotterdam and the other chief cities joining Amsterdam, and the nobles being equally divided; but the sta American merchant vessels had entered the port of Amsterdam, a new cause of irritation arose. Near the end of
Copenhagen (Denmark) (search for this): chapter 13
om his Austrian war, intervened. Russia had acted precipitately without intending to offend France and without proper concert with the courts of Stockholm and Copenhagen. Frederic to Goltz, 17 and 24 April, 1779. Through the explanations of the Chap. XII.} 1779 king of Prussia, every displeasure was removed from the mind of left the Texel. An American frigate, near the end of September, had entered the port of Bergen with two rich prizes. Sept. Yielding to the British envoy at Copenhagen, Bernstorff, the Danish minister, seized the occasion to publish an ordinance forbidding the sale of prizes, until they should have been condemned in a court Denmark, and the Hague, before she informed her minister for foreign affairs of what had been done. A Russian courier was expedited to Stockholm, and thence to Copenhagen, the Hague, Paris, and Madrid. Goertz to Frederic, 7 March, 1780. On the twenty-second of February, Potemkin announced the measure to his protege, Harris, by
Providence, R. I. (Rhode Island, United States) (search for this): chapter 13
hs of the cargo. But the right was reserved to Revoke these orders, if Great Britain should not within six months grant reciprocity. The commercial treaty between France and the United States was, about the same time, delivered to the grand pensionary and to the pensionary of Amsterdam. The former took no notice of it whatever. Van Berckel, in the name of the regency of Amsterdam, wrote to an American correspondent at the Hague: With the new republic, clearly raised up by the help of Providence, we desire leagues of amity and commerce, which shall last to the end of time. Yet he acknowledged that these wishes were the wishes of a single city which could not bind even the province to which it belonged. Not one province, nor one city; not Holland, nor Amsterdam; no, not even one single man, whether in authority or in humble life,—appears to have expected, planned, or wished a breach with England; and they always to the last rejected the idea of a war with that power as an impossi
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