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Wynkin Worde (search for this): chapter 16
ated by two rollers, which set in motion eighteen stampers. This indicates the process of pulping the fiber by beating, which continued in use for nearly four centuries. This was the first paper-mill known to have been established in Germany, and is said to have been the first in Europe for manufacturing paper from linen rags. In 1498, an entry appears among the privy expenses of Henry VII. for a reward given to the paper-mill, 16 s. 8 d. This is probably the papermill mentioned by Wynkin de Worde, the father of English typography. It was located at Hartford, and the water-mark he employed was a star within a double circle. The jug or pot was a favorite water-mark about the middle of the fifteenth century, preceding the fool's cap, which has given its name to the largest size of writing-paper now in common use. About 1540, it appears that Henry VIII. of England, to show his animosity to the Pope, with whom he had then quarreled, used for his private correspondence a paper of
Worcester (search for this): chapter 16
r fifteen or sixteen centuries. Dr. Papin was the first, so far as we know, to suggest raising water by means of a steam-engine, 1698. The devices of the Marquis of Worcester and Savery were not engines. They were water-raising devices, in which steam pressed upon the surface of water in a tank and raised it to a hight proportioned to the pressure. They did not differ essentially (except in the size of the parts) from the inventions of Baptista Porta and Leonardo da Vinci. Savery and Worcester proposed to make their apparatus available for driving machinery by raising water to turn a water-wheel, which is all nonsense. Papin's was an engine. See steam-engine. A number of large water-raising machines were constructed at various points on the Continent of Europe during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, which are curious, but operate by modes which are now antiquated. Among these may be noticed the Machine de Marly, constructed by Rannequin, 1682, to raise water for
Wool (search for this): chapter 16
n Cunningham's mode of furling sails by rolling the yard. The latter lies in the bight of the chain, and is rolled as it is raised or lowered, the yard-arms resting in hoops slung from the lifts. Parbuckle. Par′cel. （Nautical.) A wrapping of tarred canvas on a rope to prevent chafing. It is cut in long, narrow strips, well tarred, and made up into rolls before commencing to lay it on the rope. Usually, the rope is wormed, then parceled, and then served. See under those heads. Wool-Packer. Par′cel-ing-ma-chine′. 1. A press in which yarn, cloth, or wool, etc., is bundled up compactly for tying. See bundling-press, page 405; fleece-Tyer; Woolpacker, etc. The example is a machine for bundling and tying fleeces. The fleece is laid upon the table, the slotted belt brought over it and attached to the treadle-lever, whose depression draws the belt and brings up the twine-carrying fingers through the slots in the belt and over the fleece. 2. A machine in which s
Woodworth (search for this): chapter 16
the board which passes beneath. The cutter-drum is the width of the board, and may be repeated underneath and at the edges, so as to plane top, bottom, and edges simultaneously. In some cases, the board travels on its edge. An early form of this was Muir's planingmachine for facing flooring-boards. It had rotary cutters above and below, two oblique fixed cutters to smooth the faces, two cutters to make the sides parallel, and two others to make the rabbets which form a tongue. The Woodworth planing-machine, patented in 1828 and twice extended, became an odious monopoly, and did much to discredit the patent system. It claimed the combination of cutting-cylinders and feeding-rolls. Cutting-cylinders were used by Bentham thirty-five years before, and rollers for feeding lumber to circular saws were described in Hammond's English patent, 1811. Richards's roller-feeding planing-machine (B, Fig. 3795) is a small machine of the cylinder class, adapted for preparing lumber for p
J. J. Woodward (search for this): chapter 16
chief experimenters have been Professor O. N. Rood of Columbia College, Mr. Lewis N. Rutherford of New York, and Colonel J. J. Woodward of the United States Army Medical Museum. The latter has devoted much attention to the subject, and has succeedetinic rays and bring them accurately to a focus. He suggested the application of this principle to the microscope. Colonel Woodward, taking the subject up at this point, perseveringly experimented, bringing the process to the high state of practicahe large lens and the condenser, and a hood is drawn around the instrument to prevent leakage of light into the room. Woodward's Microphotographic apparatus (with solar light). For objects magnified less than 500 diameters, the time of exposur electric light. The same focusing apparatus d is employed, and the ammoniosulphate cell is invariably inserted. See Dr. Woodward's articles, American journal of science and Arts, Vol. XLII. (Second Series), pp. 189 – 195. Also Reports to the sur
Woodcock (search for this): chapter 16
adhere more firmly thereto. John Wilks added a perforated cylinder to the Fourdrinier machine to ficilitate the escape of water from the web previous to its passage through the pressing-rolls; and Dickenson patented a machine for forming a double-web paper by uniting the web in process of formation with a sheet previously formed. Thomas Barratt obtained a patent for a means of impressing the water-mark and maker's name in continuous paper, so as to resemble that made by hand Thomas and Woodcock, of Brattleboroa, Vt., patented a pulp-dresser; and Thomas Gilpin, of Philadelphia, a paper-calendering apparatus. 1831. J. J. Jaquir obtained a patent for making continuous paper with wire-marks similar to hand-made paper. Edward Pine, of Troy, and E. N. Fourdrinier patented apparatus for cutting continuous paper into lengths; and Turner, a strainer designed to supersede the agitating vat of the Fourdrinier machine. Carvil, of Manchester, Conn., patented a screen with fans; and John
S. W. Wood (search for this): chapter 16
h broom), a; e, III. 594, x. 199, XVII. 171.Willow twigs, c. Willow wood, d. Spartina juncea, b.Wood, etc., a; b; e, III. 463, 519, v. 94, VI. 211, VII., VIII. 241, 375, IX. 183, x. 148, XI. 78, 81,e of wood or alabaster. They are still used in China, Japan, Abyssinia, Ashantee, and Otaheite. Wood, stone, and earthen ware are the modern as they were the ancient materials. They are from 4 1/2 by General Morin and by Mr. Sang. Sometimes called a platometer. Plan′ing-ma-chine′. 1. (Wood.) A machine for truing up and facing boards or the sides of timbers. When it also works the edgeotypes. Galvanoplastic.Stone. Glyphography.Stone cylinder. Graphotype.Tapered type. Logotypes.Wood carvings. Movable types.Zinc cylinders. presses. Oscillating.Many-type cylinders, common Bloomhall1872 Bennett1864 Heatley1873 Gove1858 Dormoy1869 Riley1873 Danes1873 Sellers1873 Wood1870 Heatley1869 Revolving Puddlers. BeadlestoneDec. 9, 1857 HeatonAug. 13, 1867 AllenAp
Jethro Wood (search for this): chapter 16
th sheet-iron or plates made by hammering out old horseshoes. Jefferson studied and wrote on the subject, to determine the proper shape of the mold-board. He treated it as consisting of a lifting and an upsetting wedge, with an easy connecting curve. Newbold of New Jersey, in 1797, patented a plow with a mold-board, share, and landside all cast together. Peacock, in his patent of 1807, cast his plow in three pieces, the point of the colter entering a notch in the breast of the share. Jethro Wood of Scipio, N Y., patented improvements in 1819, and made the best plows up to date. He met with great opposition and then with much injustice, losing a competence in introducing his plow and fighting infringers. The peculiar merit of his plow consisted in the mode of securing the cast-iron portions together by lugs and locking pieces, doing away with screw-bolts and much weight, complexity, and expense. It was the first plow in which the parts most exposed to wear could be renewed in t
Francis Wolle (search for this): chapter 16
it pressed flat for packing. Biedinger's paper-bag machine (series of operations). paper-bag machines patented in the United States. No.Name.Date. 9,355,F. Wolle,Oct. 26, 1852. 12,511,Louis KochMarch 13, 1855. 12,786,Smith and PetteeMay 1, 1855. 12,945,E. W. GoodaleMay 29, 1855. 12,982,F. WolleMay 29, 1855. 13,647,E.F. WolleMay 29, 1855. 13,647,E. W. GoodaleOct. 9, 1855. 17,184,B. F. RiceApril 28, 1857. 19,506,Jacob KellerMarch 2, 1858. 20,838,Francis WolleJuly 6, 1858. 21,657,Henry R. DavidOct. 5, 1858. 22,199,S. E. PetteeNov. 30, 1858. 24,734,William GoodaleJuly 12, 1859. 25,191,William GoodaleAug. 23, 1859. 27,959,Louis D. BarrandApril 24, 1860. 28,188,G. F. LuFrancis WolleJuly 6, 1858. 21,657,Henry R. DavidOct. 5, 1858. 22,199,S. E. PetteeNov. 30, 1858. 24,734,William GoodaleJuly 12, 1859. 25,191,William GoodaleAug. 23, 1859. 27,959,Louis D. BarrandApril 24, 1860. 28,188,G. F. LufberryMay 8, 1860. 28,537,S. E. PetteeMay 29, 1860. 30,191,H. G. ArmstrongOct. 2, 1860. 32,777,John Miller, Jr.July 9, 1861. 37,573,J. J. GreenoughFeb. 3, 1863. 37,726,C. H. MorganFeb. 17, 1863. 38,253,Joseph WellsApril 21, 1863. 38,452,S. E. PetteeMay 5, 1863. 40,001,Joseph WellsSept. 15, 1863. 42,313,Joseph WellsApril 12
F. Wolle (search for this): chapter 16
sufficient width for a pasting surface. One machine is shown operated by a hand-lever, the other by a treadle. The farther one, for square bags, has a bottom flap for the bottom piece, which folds over upon and is pasted to the side pieces. Wolle, October 26, 1852, and May 29, 1855, was perhaps the first to make bags by automatic machinery. The bag made is shown at a a′, Fig. 3506. a is the blank with a notch; the portion 1 is folded over the part 2, and then appears as represented at a′ut into oblong sections, notched, folded by a blade which drives the bottom edge between rollers, from whence the folded blank passes to the gummers and flap-folders. Blanks for paper bags. b c d shows a bag in successive stages as made in Wolle's machine of July 6, 1858. The piece is not removed to form the notch, but is folded in to make double the bottom of the bag. The Rice machine, April 28, 1857, was the first to bend a continuous web of paper over into a tubular shape and cut
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