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Aspinwall (Panama) (search for this): chapter 5
and in mining. Several compounds based on gun-cotton are used in the arts, as in collodion for photography, surgery, etc. Nitro-glycerine, which is pure glycerine treated with nitric acid, was discovered by the Italian chemist Sobrero in 1847, but was very little used until 1863, when it was utilized by Nobel for blasting. The explosive energy of this compound is given as from four to thirteen times that of rifle powder. By an explosion of a few cans of this material on the wharf at Aspinwall in 1866, a considerable portion of the town was destroyed, shipping at some distance in the harbor much damaged, and a number of lives were lost. An explosion of a storehouse containing some hundreds of pounds of nitro-glycerine took place at Fairport, Ohio, in 1870, accompanied with much loss of life. The shock was felt at Buffalo, 160 miles distant. Nobel, in 1867, invented a compound called dynamite, which consists of three parts nitroglycerine and one part of porous earth. Dynami
West Indies (search for this): chapter 5
d. These disks, or lenses, are constructed of thin metal, and are all in communication with each other through the common axis, which is likewise hollow. The whole system is kept in slow rotary motion by some convenient moving power, and each disk carries up with it, adhering to its surface, a thin film of the liquid; as evaporation when it takes place without ebullition goes on with a rapidity proportional to the surface exposed. Of this class is Schroder's evaporator D, used in the West Indies, for evaporating saccharine juices at a temperature not exceeding 180° it is worked by hand or steam power. It is intended specially as a substitute for the teache, and consists of a semi-cylindrical pan h, whose contents are heated by a steam coil d d, connecting by pipe g with the boiler. On a longitudinal axle resting in boxes on the ends of the pan are a number of disks j, which are rotated by power applied to the crank. As these disks are alternately exposed to the sirup and to
London Bridge (North Dakota, United States) (search for this): chapter 5
melt the other. See liquation-furnace. El-lip′so-graph. An instrument for describing ellipses. The pins of the beam traverse in the slots of the trammel, each occupying its own slot, and the pencil at the end, as the beam revolves, is guided in an elliptical path. See trammel. Ellipsograph. Elliptical wheels. There are many varieties of compass for this purpose. El-lip′ tical—arch. （Architecture.) An arch having two foci and an elliptical contour. The arches of London Bridge are the finest elliptical arches in the world: the middle one has 152 feet span. El-lip′ti-cal—gear′ing. See elliptical-wheel. El-lip′ti-cal—wheel. One used where a rotary motion of varying speed is required, and the variation of speed is determined by the relation between the lengths of the major and minor axes of the ellipses. In the upper figure, variable rotary motion is produced by uniform rotary motion. The small spur pinion works in a slot cut in the
Department de Ville de Paris (France) (search for this): chapter 5
. 31 et seq. An important improvement in electro-plating is that of M. Oudry of Auteuil, near Paris, for coating large objects made of iron with a thick layer of copper. In the old process it waswith a hard brush well waxed. By this process many of the cast-iron monuments in the city of Paris have been copper-plated, and also the street lamp-posts. Cast-iron lamp-posts weighing 4 1/2 cwd signet-rings with the cartouches of the Pharaohs are in many museums; those of London, Berlin, Paris, and the New York Historical Society, for instance. The graving with an iron pen and lead, relate or block. At the Paris Exposition of 1868, an apparatus was exhibited by M. Gaiffe, of Paris, for engraving by electro-magnetism. It consists of two or more disks having their faces in theikely to be used in large quantities, as being too expensive and dangerous. In an experiment at Paris, a grain of fulminate of gold was placed on an anvil and exploded by a blow from a sledge, makin
Fairport (Ohio, United States) (search for this): chapter 5
very little used until 1863, when it was utilized by Nobel for blasting. The explosive energy of this compound is given as from four to thirteen times that of rifle powder. By an explosion of a few cans of this material on the wharf at Aspinwall in 1866, a considerable portion of the town was destroyed, shipping at some distance in the harbor much damaged, and a number of lives were lost. An explosion of a storehouse containing some hundreds of pounds of nitro-glycerine took place at Fairport, Ohio, in 1870, accompanied with much loss of life. The shock was felt at Buffalo, 160 miles distant. Nobel, in 1867, invented a compound called dynamite, which consists of three parts nitroglycerine and one part of porous earth. Dynamite is supposed to be safe against explosion from concussion or pressure. See dynamite. Dualine differs from dynamite in the employment of sawdust with nitro-glycerine, instead of earth or silica. See dualin. Picrate of potash is a yellow salt, e
Leydon (Massachusetts, United States) (search for this): chapter 5
g is estimated by the rising or falling of the float in the fluid, and consequent motion of the index c, as shown by the graduated are. Electric-balance. When the attractive force of the two bodies is to be estimated, the line passing over the wheel d must be formed of two parts, the lower part being of silver thread and the remainder of silk; when their repulsive force is to be estimated, the whole is of silk. See electrometer ; galvanometer. E-lec′tric Bat′ter-y. A series of Leyden jars having all their interior and exterior coated surfaces connected with each other by means of conductors, so that the accumulated electricity of the whole may be made to act together, resembling the effects of lightning itself. A large battery of this kind is capable of polarizing bars of iron or steel, and instantaneously melting iron or tin wire into globules, which are dispersed in all directions, the fusion of the latter metal being accompanied by a cloud of blue smoke, a dazzling
Westminster (Maryland, United States) (search for this): chapter 5
an opaque solution of iodine in bisulphide of carbon, while the invisible heating or ultra-red rays are transmitted. A current of cool water circulates in the jacket on the outside of the cell to keep the volatile bisulphide cool. p represents a piece of blackened platinum held in the focus of the mirror to be heated to redness by the invisible heat-rays, although no light passes out through the solution. The electric light on the Victoria tower of the British Houses of Parliament at Westminster is generated by a Gramme magneto-electric machine, driven by an engine in a vault of the House of Commons, and connected with the signaling-point by two copper wires half an inch in diameter and 900 feet long. The machine consists of a permanent horseshoe-magnet, between the poles of which revolves an electro-magnet, consisting of a ring of soft iron round which is wound an insulated conducting wire, continuous, but disposed in sections. The light apparatus is placed within a lantern 5
Dalton, Ga. (Georgia, United States) (search for this): chapter 5
idered as elementary bodies could be decomposed by voltaic action, and succeeded in 1807 in resolving the fixed alkalies soda and potash. Faraday, 1833, besides his extensive additions to the science of electro-magnetism, established the fact that the chemical power of a current of electricity is in direct proportion to the absolute quantity of electricity which passes; and farther proved that the quantities required for decomposing compound bodies were proportional to the atomic weights of Dalton. Bain's telegraph (1845) was the first in which these scientific facts were so applied as to lead to any practical result. In this, a solution of ferro-cyanide of potassium in water, to which are added two parts of nitric acid and two of water, is employed. With this long strips of paper are saturated, which being drawn between a metallic roller and stylus operated by means usual in electro-telegraphy, — dispensing, however, with relay-magnets, — dots and dashes are produced, as in th
Venice (Italy) (search for this): chapter 5
was given from any particular bank or office. If the signal is not given within five minutes after the appointed time, the man on duty at the firealarm office communicates with the office of the superintendent of police, and an officer is immediately despatched to the point from whence no signal has been sent. E-lec′tro-medi-cal Appa-ra′tus. An instrument for the treatment of diseases by electro-magnetism. Great success in this line was announced by Johannes Francisco Pavate, at Venice, in 1747. The details of the apparatus employed by him are not known. Electro-Medical apparatus. From that time to the present the treatment of diseases by electrical appliances has undergone its vicissitudes in public favor, becoming notably prominent after the discovery of voltaic electricity and of the properties of electro-magnetism. The latter is now generally adopted. Fig. 1851 shows a machine designed for medical purposes. It is operated by a single-cell Daniells battery,
Cavallo (Ohio, United States) (search for this): chapter 5
f each wire having a pith-ball electroscope attached. Lamond, in 1787, employed a single wire, employing an electrical machine and electroscope in each of two rooms, and thus talking with Madame Lamond by the peculiar movements of the pith-balls according to an agreed code; and Reusser, in 1794, proposed the employment of letters formed by spaces cut out of parallel strips of tin-foil pasted on sheets of glass, which would appear luminous on the passage of the electric spark. In 1795, Cavallo proposed to transmit letters and numbers by a combination of sparks and pauses. Don Silva, in Spain, appears to have previously suggested a similar process. See electrical apparatus. In 1816, Mr. Ronalds experimented with a frictional electricity telegraph at Hammersmith. The current had to pass through eight miles of wire, and the signals were made by means of light pith-balls. The reading was effected by dials at each station having a synchronous movement derived from clockwork.
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