o prosecute his scientific researches, and the Emperor of France made a similar offer, but he declined both; he could not leave his native State.
We are every day making history.
What will be the fate of that nation that fails to make an honorable history for itself by fitly eulogizing its departed great ones?
Is England less proud to-day of the laurels won and worn by Milton because he threw himself on the side of the Protector?
or does not France erect monuments equally beautiful to the memory of Coligny and Turenne?
Maury's life work and greatest services were given freely to the United States several years before the war, and a grateful nation should gracefully acknowledge the services by which she has so largely profited.
As an American shipmaster said in the New York Tribune in a recent article on the subject: The money saved to the commerce of the United States by the use of Lieutenant Maury's charts would erect a monument of precious stones sparkling with diamonds.
most accustomed to exercise independent command, and obliged thenceforth to give more personal attention to the management of battles, Lee felt that it was necessary to reduce the size of his army corps in order to render them more manageable.
Longstreet retained the First; Ewell and A. P. Hill were placed at the head of the Second and Third, and each of them had the rank of lieutenantgeneral conferred upon him. If these last two officers, to recall the comparison made after the death of Turenne, were the small change for Stonewall Jackson, it might be said with truth that the minor coins were of sterling value.
No one could dispute to Ewell the honor of succeeding Jackson in the command of the Second corps.
We have seen him at his brilliant debut charging the gate of Mexico in 1847 with Kearny's squadron.
A Virginian by birth, like Lee and Jackson, he possessed on that soil, so fruitful in valiant soldiers, a beautiful residence near the city of Williamsburg, in the heart of
of his times; and which overwhelmed his name with obloquy as a friend to tyranny and a Jesuit priest in disguise.
But the easy issue of the contest grew out of a
1685, 1686. division in the monarchical party itself.
James II.
could not comprehend the value of freedom, or the obligation of law. The writ of habeas corpus he esteemed inconsistent with monarchy, and a great misfortune to the people.
A standing army, and the terrors of corrupt tribunals, were his dependence; the pupil of Turenne delighted in military parades; the Catholic convert, swayed by his confessor, dispensed with the laws, multiplied Catholic chapels, rejoiced in the revocation of the edict of Nantz, and sought to
Chap. XVII.} intrust civil and military power to the hands of Roman Catholics.
The bishops had unanimously voted against his exclusion; and, as the badge of the Church of England was obedience, he for a season courted the alliance of the fairest of the spotted kind, the only tolerable Protesta
He found her distracted with internal dissensions, bleeding at every pore from the wars of the Fronde, feeble at home, and despised abroad.
He made her the greatest among the nations of Europe.
Under his auspices she kept up a standing army of 100,000 men, and sent 100 ships of the line to sea. He added Franche Compete, Roussillon, and Flanders, to the Empire.
His arms were victorious over the half of Western Europe.
His Generals were the most renowned since the days of Julius Caesar.
Turenne and Conde were considered as models, even by the great Napoleon. Literature and the arts flourished as they had never flourished before.
Bossurt and Massillon thundered in the pulpit, while Corneille and Moliere convulsed the theatre, alternately, with grief and laughter.
Even the very war which, but for the obstinacy of their Allies, would have brought Eugene and Marlborough to Paris terminated in securing the throne of Spain to the grandson of the great French monarch.--And of all the t
rch upon Moscow, from Smolensko.
The distance is only three hundred miles. Up to Smolensko the country was all on Napoleon's side, and he procured horses, men and provisions, without any difficulty.
Was this a very rash enterprise, even supposing the intermediate space to have been a desert?
If it was, we shall take occasion hereafter to show the world has misjudged all those whom it has considered its greatest Generals — such as Alexander, Hannibal, Julius Caesar, Gustavus Adolphus, Marshal Turenne, &c.; for every one of these Generals gained their laurels by expeditions far more unpromising.
From Smolensko Napoleon marched upon Moscow, at the head of 160,000 men. The Russians continually retired before him until they reached Borodino.
At four intermediate points between Smolensko and Borodino he left strong detachments, amounting, in the aggregate, to 40,000 men. At all these points magazines and hospitals were established and they guarded his rear so effectually that durin
ey were properly written) the whole theory of the art of war would be gathered.
They are the eight campaigns of Alexander, the seventeen of Hannibal, the thirteen of Julius CÆsar in ancient times, the three of Gustavus Adolphus, the eighteen of Turenne, the eighteen of Prince Eugene of Savoy, and the eleven of Frederick the Great in modern times.
The weapons of ancient times, the organization of ancient armies, and their method of encamping, marching, and giving battle, were of course different from what they were in the days of Gustavus, Turenne, Eugene, and Frederick. But three are certain great principles inseparable from war, and which form the essence of the art, the others being modified by circumstances.--These principles, Napoleon tells us, were carefully observed by each of these great commanders, and it is because they were thus observed that he designates them as the great masters of the art, and holds them up as models for imitation.
We shall go on to show that each of
ut spies; to seize the letters in the mails, translate and make an abstract of their contents, in short, to answer all the inquiries of the General-in-Chief on his arrival with the whole army;--such are the duties which come within the sphere of a good General of an advanced post.
Commanders-in-Chief are to be guided by their own experience or genius.
Tactics, evolutions, the science of the engineer and the artillery officers, may be learned from treaties, but generalship is acquired only by experience and the study of the campaigns of all great captains.
Gustavus Adolphus, Turenne, and Frederic, as also Alexander, Hannibal, and Cæsar, have all acted on the same principle.
To keep your forces united, to be vulnerable at no point, to bear down with rapidity upon important points — these are the principles which insure victory.
It is by the fear which the reputation of your arms inspires that you maintain the fidelity of your allies and the obedience of conquered nations
done before him, and who was accused by his detractors of undue partiality to that limb of the service, tells us that the art of war cannot be learned by studying systems of war, (he was commenting on Jomini's book at the time, and a scathing commentary it is;) that the best school is the field — and that the next best is the campaigns of certain great Generals whom he enumerates, viz; Alexander the Great, Hannibal, and Julius Caesar, in ancient times; in modern times Gustavus Adolphus, Marshal Turenne, Prince Eugene of Savoy, and the Duke of Marlborough, and Frederick the Great.
He might have added himself and the Duke of Wellington.
It is evident that he thought something more than a mare knowledge of the manner in which heavy artillery was to be managed was requisite to the constitution of a consummate General.
He tells us, in another place, that he is the greatest commander who, "with the smallest number of men in the field, can bring the largest number to bear upon the critica
adapted to the wants of artillerists, being small and easily carried in the pocket or knapsack.
It goes over the whole ground of artillery drill, commencing with the school of the piece and ending with instructions for manœuvring a battery in the field.
"Nepoleon's Marints of War."
Messrs. West & Johnston have re-issued this little volume as a publication timely for the occasion.
The maxims are illustrated by examples and instances drawn from the campaigns of Gustavus Adolphus, Turenne, Frederick and Napoleon.
As the publishers say in their preface, "a collection of maxims which directed the military operations of the greatest captain of modern times, cannot fall to prove of great use to such young officers as really desire a knowledge of the art of war." It is a neat little volume, well printed and well bound, and is both instructive and interesting.
It must have a rapid sale.
"War Songs of the South.--Edited by 'Bohemian,' Correspondent of the Richmond Dispatch.
Yankee conduct of the War.
In the year 1674, Marshal Turenne, commanding a French army in Germany, laid waste the palatinate with fire and sword.
The unfortunate Elector, from his palace at Manheim, could behold the conflagration of two cities and twenty-five towns and villages.
The animals, of every kind, were killed or driven off, the fruit trees cut down, and the crops destroyed in the fields or granaries.
Alsatia and Lorrain were likewise ravaged by the same pitiless soldier, whose the descendants of the pilgrim fathers — the godly and gain-loving Puritans — the men whose father deported a whole colony from Acadia, and made the earth reek with murder, where they coveted the lands of the unfortunate red man. Recollect that Turenne perpetrated these enormities one hundred and eighty-nine years ago, when the world was far from being so enlightened, so civilized, or so humans, as it professes to be now — that he was the tool of a despot, whose ambition for forty years kept e<
