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Dungeness (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 5
l light was produced. According to Fizeau and Foucault, the intensity of the electric light with a battery of 46 pairs of Bunsen burners was 235, that of the sun being taken at 1,000, while with 80 pairs it was but 238. During the excavation of the docks at Cherbourg two apparatus of this kind were employed, maintained by a single battery of 50 pairs of Bunsen, affording sufficient light for 800 workmen. The magneto-electric light was applied for illuminating the lighthouse at Dungeness, England, in 1862, and was introduced at La Heve, France, a year or two later. The machines employed at each are very similar in construction and entirely so in principle, the English apparatus being arranged after the following manner: — Eighty-eight bobbins or coils of copper wire are wound about an equal number of cores of soft iron, and arranged in two parallel rings, forty-four in each ring, at the circumference of a wheel 5 feet in diameter, their axes being parallel to that of the wh
Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania, United States) (search for this): chapter 5
aic pile, galvanic battery, for the precedent discoveries and inventions which are the foundation of the electro-magnetic telegraph. In 1808, Sommering described a system invented by him, based upon the decomposition of water by the voltaic pile, embracing a number of wires equal to that of the alphabet and the numerals, and leading into glass tubes containing water, the bubbles of gas from which, when the electric fluid was conducted into them, served as signals. Professor Coxe, of Pennsylvania, about the same time suggested telegraphing by means of the decomposition of metallic salts. Oersted, in 1820, after many years' research into the action of the voltaic current on magnets, announced the fact that the magnetic needle was deflected by such current, exhibiting a tendency to place itself at right angles to the wire through which the current passes; and Faraday discovered in 1821 that the magnet would revolve about the conducting wire, or the latter about the magnet. T
Dry Point (Wisconsin, United States) (search for this): chapter 5
, and etched, the stone rolled up and printed. Engraving is in many styles, and these are briefly considered under their respective heads, as follows : — Anaglyphtograph.Chemitype. Anastatic engraving.Clamming-machine. Aquatint.Copperplate engraving. Autopyrograph.Counter-proof. Banking.Cradle. Bite-in.Cycloidal-engine. Bridge.Dabber. Burin.Daguerreotype etching. Burnisher.Diamond-point. Cameo.Die. Celature.Dotting. Chalcography.Draw-point. Chalk-engraving.Drive. Chasing.Dry-point. Eccentric-engine.Passe-partout. Ectypography.Photographic-engraving. Electro-engraving.Photograph-plate engraving. Electro-etching. Electro-tint.Proof. Engraving.Rebiting. Engraving-machine.Re-entering. Engraving. Photo-Relief-line engraving. Etching.Reversing. Etching-ground.Rocker. Etching on glass.Rocking. Etching-point.Roulette. Finishing.Round-point. Galvanograph.Rubber. Gem-engraving.Ruling-machine. Glass-engraving.Scraper. Graver.Seal-engraving. Ground.Small c
St. Petersburg (Russia) (search for this): chapter 5
tive metal placed in a bath of sulphate of copper became covered with copper and would stand burnishing. It was not until 1838 that Mr. Spencer gave it a practical bearing by making casts of coin and casts in intaglio from the matrices thus formed. Professor Jacobi of Dorpat, in Russia, had been an independent inventor, and in the same year brought forward specimens which were much admired and caused him to be put in charge of gilding the iron dome of the Cathedral of St. Isaac at St. Petersburg. This dome weighs about 448,000 pounds, and was electro-gilded with 274 pounds of ducat gold. The process, briefly described, is as follows: — The voltaic current employed is supplied by a constant battery, such as Daniells's or Bunsen's. In the simple form, the galvanic current is produced in the same vessel in which the metallic deposit is effected. The outer vessel K of glass, stone-ware, or wood, contains a solution of the metallic salt, — say sulphate of copper. A smaller v
Bladensburg (Maryland, United States) (search for this): chapter 5
armatures of which are connected by a bar moving upon centers, the bar is connected with the beam, which, by means of a crank, moves the fly-wheel; by means of a breakpiece upon the axle of the fly-wheel, the current is alternately passed through the two magnets. A double-beam engine of similar construction, operated by two pairs of electro-magnets, has also been made. About 1849, Professor Page propelled a car on the track of the Baltimore and Washington Railroad from Washington to Bladensburg, a distance of six miles, and back, by means of an engine of his invention, attaining a speed of nineteen miles an hour. Various forms of electro-magnetic engines have also been invented by Wheatstone, Talbot, Hearder, Hjorth, and others. Professor Jacobi of St. Petersburg, in 1838-39, succeeded in propelling a boat upon the Neva at the rate of four miles an hour, by means of a machine on this principle. The boat was 28 feet long, about 7 feet wide, drew about 3 feet water. The bat
Round Point (Michigan, United States) (search for this): chapter 5
ing. Burnisher.Diamond-point. Cameo.Die. Celature.Dotting. Chalcography.Draw-point. Chalk-engraving.Drive. Chasing.Dry-point. Eccentric-engine.Passe-partout. Ectypography.Photographic-engraving. Electro-engraving.Photograph-plate engraving. Electro-etching. Electro-tint.Proof. Engraving.Rebiting. Engraving-machine.Re-entering. Engraving. Photo-Relief-line engraving. Etching.Reversing. Etching-ground.Rocker. Etching on glass.Rocking. Etching-point.Roulette. Finishing.Round-point. Galvanograph.Rubber. Gem-engraving.Ruling-machine. Glass-engraving.Scraper. Graver.Seal-engraving. Ground.Small chisel. Grounding-tool.Steel-plate engraving. Intaglio.Stipple. Line-engraving.Stopping. Lithography.Tint-tool. Lithotint.Transferring. Lozenge-graver.Transferring-machine. Medallic-engraving.Wood-engraving. Mezzotint-engraving.Xylography. Niello.Zincography. En-grav′ing-ma-chine. 1. A machine in which an intaglio impression is delivered upon a plate or cyl
Saint Petersburg (Florida, United States) (search for this): chapter 5
of a thunder-cloud. Similar experiments were repeated throughout Europe, and in 1753 Richman was instantly killed at St. Petersburg by a discharge from a rod of this kind. The more important discoveries since those days relate rather to electricitro-magnetic engines have also been invented by Wheatstone, Talbot, Hearder, Hjorth, and others. Professor Jacobi of St. Petersburg, in 1838-39, succeeded in propelling a boat upon the Neva at the rate of four miles an hour, by means of a machine onved instrument for operating upon depressed portions of the skull was disinterred at Pompeii, 1819, by Dr. Cavenke of St. Petersburg. El′e-vator—buck′et. One of the grain-cups on the traveling belt of the elevator. El′io-type. （Photograom the gullet. An esophagus-forceps, with bent shank, was found in 1819, in a house in Pompeii, by Dr. Savenko, of St. Petersburg. It is pictured in Smith's Dictionary of Antiquities, p. 274. Es-pal′ier. （Agriculture.) A trellis fo
Louisiana (Louisiana, United States) (search for this): chapter 5
ans (which see). Some drive off a part of the aqeous fluid, and are called condensers, such as the Degrand. See condenser. Evaporators A set of kettles in Louisiana consists of five, placed in line, and with their tops on the same level. Underneath is a furnace, the mouth of which is outside the building. The kettles are tHoard's pan, patent 1838 (A, Fig. 1887), has a trough around to collect scum, and tubular flues passing through the boiler. The steam-pan, first introduced in Louisiana in 1829, had a serpentine coil at the bottom of a circular pan. Stillman's pan (B), 1846, had a series of bends connecting with a tube which also formed an ax the system which could thus be erected so as to expose the bottom of the pan. A combination of the open pan and vacuum-pan has been adopted to some extent in Louisiana, and probably elsewhere. The cane-juice being concentrated in open kettles to about 26° or 28° Baume and then finished in the vacuum-pan. It requires no spec
Hannover (Lower Saxony, Germany) (search for this): chapter 5
brushed with a wire brush, and rubbed with paper to brighten them, after which they are brushed with ammoniacal acetate of copper, and finally polished with a hard brush well waxed. By this process many of the cast-iron monuments in the city of Paris have been copper-plated, and also the street lamp-posts. Cast-iron lamp-posts weighing 4 1/2 cwt. plated in this way cost about $40, while those of bronze of similar pattern, though weighing but 2 3/4 cwt., cost $150. Herr W. Licke, of Hanover, deprecates the use of the acid bath, and advocates the use of a tartrate with either a soda or a potash salt, especially for coppering iron by means of galvanism. The best results were obtained with a solution of 20 parts of crystallized sulphate of copper in 160 parts of water, which solution is mixed with 50 parts of neutral tartrate of potash dissolved in 650 parts of caustic soda solution of 1.12 specific gravity. E-lectro-po′i-on—bat′ter-y. （e)lektron-poie/w, Gr., electricity-
United States (United States) (search for this): chapter 5
1 is an elevation and 2 a section of the apparatus used in the United States Ordnance Department. The pendulums a b are suspended from the e procured, which were finally granted by the government of the United States, to test its practical working over a line of any length; thougn a strip of paper, and was at one time extensively used in the United States. It comprised a lettered disk, operated in much the same way abeen used by the Russian government for printing bank-notes. A United States patent was granted for this process in 1868. See also Garnier'es the Springfield rifle musket (caliber .58 of an inch) of the United States service, with the exception that in the Enfield the barrel and nds; required range, 300 yards. The éprouvette-mortar of the United States service is a 24-pounder, having a chamber to contain one ounce ughout. See dredgingmachine. The practice adopted in the United States, in France, in England, and Holland is to mix such earth in sit
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