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been living at Rome under the protection of Lucullus ever since B. C. 102, and seems to have communicated a temporary enthusiasm for his own pursuits to his pupil, most of whose poetical attempts belong to his early youth. In his sixteenth year (B. C. 91) Cicero received the manly gown, and entered the forum, where he listened with the greatest avidity to the speakers at the bar and from the rostra, dedicating however a large portion of his time to reading, writing, and oratorical exercises. At nd attractive form, diselmbarrassed of the formal stiffness and dry technicalities of the schools. (Ad Fam. 1.9, ad Att. 4.16.) The conversations, which form the medium through which instruction is conveyed, are supposed to have taken place in B. C. 91, immediately before the breaking out of the Social war, at the moment when the city was violently agitated by the proposal of the tribune M. Livius Drusus, to grant to the senators the right of acting in common with the equites as judices on cr
ost easily supported, is addressed to Atticus, who was now in his sixty-eighth year, while Cicero himself was in his sixty-second or sixty-third. It is first mentioned in a letter written from Puteoli on the 11th of May, B. C. 44 (ad Att. 14.21, comp. 17.11), and is there spoken of as already in the hands of his friend. In the short introductory dialogue, Scipio Aemilianus and Laelius are supposed to have paid a visit during the consulship of T. Quinctius Flamininus and M.' Acilius Balbus (B. C. 150; see c. 5 and 10) to Cato the censor, at that time 84 years old. Beholding with admiration the activity of body and cheerfulness of mind which he displayed, they request him to point out by what means the weight of increasing years may be most easily borne. Cato willingly complies, and commences a dissertation in which he seeks to demonstrate how unreasonable are the complaints usually urged regarding the miseries which attend the close of a protracted life. The four principal objections a
und leisure to compose his two great political works, the De Republica and the De Legibus. After the death of Crassus (B. C. 53) he was admitted a member of the college of augurs, and towards the end of B. C. 52, at the very moment when his presencCicero to the augurate (2.12, 3.19), an event which did not take place until the vacancy caused by the death of Crassus (B. C. 53) was known at Rome, and also to the death of Clodius (2.17, B. C. 52), and since Cato and Pompey are both named as alivesive evidence of having been composed before the death of Clodius (B. C. 52), and the sixth before the death of Crassus (B. C. 53). Hence we must conclude that Cicero, soon after his arrival at Rome from Brundusium, amused himself by adding to a seri 4.15.) [MESSIUS.] De Reatinorum Causa contra Interamnates. (Ad Att. 4.15.) * * De Aere alieno Milonis Interrogatio, B. C. 53. [MILO.] Pro T. Annio Milone, B. C. 52 [MILO.] Pro Saufeio. Two orations. B. C. 52. [SAUFEIUS.] Contra T. Munatium
the course of his life for five years (B. C. 57-52), a period during the whole of which he kept up the college of augurs, and towards the end of B. C. 52, at the very moment when his presence might hnacted during the third consulship of Pompey (B. C. 52) ordaining, that no consul or praetor should ll see is very probable, towards the close of B. C. 52, we can be at no loss to explain why it makessome epoch between the beginning of the year, B. C. 52, and the battle of Pharsalia, B. C. 48; but odrama was composed after the 18th of January, B. C. 52, the day when Clodius perished, without defin both may be assigned to the middle or end of B. C. 52. 3. With regard to the number of books at nd discourse is supposed to have been held in B. C. 52, for we find a reference (4.1) to the famous tio, B. C. 53. [MILO.] Pro T. Annio Milone, B. C. 52 [MILO.] Pro Saufeio. Two orations. B. C. 52B. C. 52. [SAUFEIUS.] Contra T. Munatium Plancum. In Dec. B. C. 52. (See Ad Fam. 8.2, Philipp. 6.4; D. C. [3 more...]
ere forced to submit; many villages of the more obstinate were destroyed; Pindenissus, a strong hill fort of the Eleutherocilices, was stormed on the Saturnalia (B. C. 51), after a protracted siege; many prisoners and much plunder were secured; the general was saluted as imperator by his troops; a despatch was transmitted to the he manly gown, and afterwards made him the companion of his flight. But this critic seems to have forgotten that Cicero never entered the city from the spring of B. C. 51 until late in the autumn of B. C. 47, and therefore could certainly never have employed the phrase "quoniam aliquando Roma exeundi potestas data est," and still correspondence of Caelius with Cicero, while the latter was in Cilicia (ad Fam. 8.1), that the " politici libri" were in general circulation in the early part of B. C. 51, while the language used is such as would scarcely have been employed except with reference to a new publication. The greater number of the above particulars a
to the mingled pity and derision of all who were spectators of his folly. The following spring (B. C. 50) he again made a progress through the different towns of his province, and as soon as the year delegated his authority to his quaestor, C. Caelius, and quitted Laodicea on the 30th of July (B. C. 50), having arrived in that city on the 31st of the same month in the preceding year. Returning hose he still cherished sanguine hopes of being allowed a triumph. From the middle of December (B. C. 50) to the end of June (B. C. 49) he wrote almost daily to Atticus. The letters which form this seer upon his office--a circumstance which fixes this imaginary colloquy to the close of the year B. C. 50, a date agreeing perfectly with the allusion (2.18) to the excessive power then wielded by Pompncum. In Dec. B. C. 52. (See Ad Fam. 8.2, Philipp. 6.4; D. C. 40.55.) Pro Cornelio Dolabella, B. C. 50. (Ad Fam. 3.10.) [Pro M. Marcello, B. C. 47. [M. MARCELLUS.] ] Pro Q. Ligario, B. C. 46. [Q
, he reached Brundisium in the last week of November, and arrived in the neighbourhood of Rome on the fourth of January (B. C. 49), at the very moment when the civil strife, which had been smouldering so long, burst forth into a blaze of war, but did still cherished sanguine hopes of being allowed a triumph. From the middle of December (B. C. 50) to the end of June (B. C. 49) he wrote almost daily to Atticus. The letters which form this series exhibit a most painful and humiliating spectacle os who were closing around him, he finally decided to pass over to Greece, and embarked at Brundisium on the 7th of June (B. C. 49). For the space of nearly a year we know little of his movements; one or two notes only have been preserved, which, combeavoured to prove (Ersch and Grüber's Encyclopädie, art. Cicero), that we may with greater probability fix upon the year B. C. 49, when Cicero after his return from Cilicia suddenly withdrew from Rome about the middle of January (ad Att. 7.10), and h
of Pompey he was in bad health, low spirits, embarrassed by pecuniary difficulties, in the habit of inveighing against everything he heard and saw around him, and of giving way to the deepest despondency. After the battle of Pharsalia (August 9, B. C. 48), at which he was not present, Cato, who had a fleet and a strong body of troops at Dyrrachium, offered them to Cicero as the person best entitled by his rank to assume the command; and upon his refusing to have any further concern with warlike he death of Clodius (2.17, B. C. 52), and since Cato and Pompey are both named as alive (3.18, 1.3, 3.9), it is manifest that the action of the drama belongs to some epoch between the beginning of the year, B. C. 52, and the battle of Pharsalia, B. C. 48; but on the other hand this evidence will only enable us to deeide that the drama was composed after the 18th of January, B. C. 52, the day when Clodius perished, without defining any second limit before which it must have been composed. When, h
r relative, whom they represented as having seduced them from their duty. This load of misery was, however, lightened by a letter received on the l2th of August (B. C. 47) from Caesar, in which he promised to forget the past, and be the same as he had ever been--a promise which he amply redeemed, for on his arrival in Italy in Sepm the companion of his flight. But this critic seems to have forgotten that Cicero never entered the city from the spring of B. C. 51 until late in the autumn of B. C. 47, and therefore could certainly never have employed the phrase "quoniam aliquando Roma exeundi potestas data est," and still less could he ever have talked of enjntra T. Munatium Plancum. In Dec. B. C. 52. (See Ad Fam. 8.2, Philipp. 6.4; D. C. 40.55.) Pro Cornelio Dolabella, B. C. 50. (Ad Fam. 3.10.) [Pro M. Marcello, B. C. 47. [M. MARCELLUS.] ] Pro Q. Ligario, B. C. 46. [Q. LIGARIUS.] Pro Rege Deiotaro, B. C. 45. [DEIOTARUS.] De Pace, in Senatu, 17 March, B. C. 44. (D. C. 44.63.
m distracting recollections; for, during the years B. C. 46, 45, and 44, nearly the whole of his most importanmestic annoyances and griefs. Towards the close of B. C. 46, in consequence, it would appear, of some disputesre all finished and sent abroad between the end of B. C. 46 and the middle of B. C. 44, it would be absurd to nerally believed to indicate the close of the year B. C. 46 or the beginning of B. C. 45, shortly before the dn of circumstances which fixes it down to the year B. C. 46. (Brut. 1, 2, 5, 6, Orat. 7, de Divin. 2.1.) Thehe departure of Brutus for the government of Gaul (B. C. 46), requested one of the numerous circle of friends ssed to M. Brutus, must have been written early in B. C. 46, for Cato is spoken of in such terms that we cannollo, B. C. 47. [M. MARCELLUS.] ] Pro Q. Ligario, B. C. 46. [Q. LIGARIUS.] Pro Rege Deiotaro, B. C. 45. [DEic upon Cato, composed after his death at Utica in B. C. 46, to which Caesar replied in a work entitled Antica
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