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1807 AD (search for this): chapter 12
optric light. Argand burners and paraboloid reflectors were substituted for wax candles in the Eddystone lighthouse in 1807. In the dioptric light the beams are transmitted through lenses, instead of being reflected by mirrors. Lenses werwith twentyfour candles. It is now a catoptric light, — an Argand lamp and parabolic reflectors. The change was made in 1807. The Bell Rock lighthouse (c), on the rock once called the Inch-Cape and celebrated in a ditty by Southey, was erected 1807 – 10. The rock is off the Frith of Forth, and is 230 × 427 feet, eleven miles from land. The surface is bare at low water. The lighthouse is built in the manner of the Eddystone, the stones being joggled together, and the layers doweled togetng years in comfort, occaionally trotting out his hobbies. He died in 1823, aged 80. Steam was applied to his looms in 1807. Fig. 2998 shows the working parts of a powerloom, the framing being omitted. The warp a is wound upon the warp-beam
1829 AD (search for this): chapter 12
obbin-net machine1801. Hill's plain ground net machine1816. Limerick lace made1829. Laced-stocking. A bandage support for varicose veins, weak legs, etc. Paper secured over the keyhole to indicate tampering was patented by Gottleib, 1829. At the present day, the aid of photography has been called into requisition a feature in the specification of a locomotive, for which a prize was offered in 1829, and won by Stephenson's Rocket. Lock-wag′on. A device to impede or arrest of the wheels were coupled by an endless chain passing around both axles. In 1829, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, then the most extensive and finished workf them has been known to run 130 miles in 144 minutes. A, Stephenson's rocket (1829). B, English locomotive (longitudinal section). C, Gooch's express engine (Englill and widely known, devised an engine which solved the difficulty. This was in 1829. The second locomotive built in the United States for actual service was fo
1830 AD (search for this): chapter 12
the fetlock or foot by interfering or overrcaching; that is, by striking the fore or hind foot against its fellow as they pass each other in motion, or striking the heel or shoe of the front foot by the toe of the hind foot or shoe. 2. To prevent the cutting of the knees in kneeling or falling forward on to the knees. 3. To prevent the unhairing or abrasion of the hide by hopples. See hopple. Rotch's flexible elastic horseshoe, patented in England in 1810, and with improvements in 1830, consisted of a sheet-metal sole and a body of india-rubber made to fit over the crown and upon the pastern. The immediate purpose of the caoutchouc cover was to hold on the sole to which a regular bar-shoe was riveted, if necessary. The india-rubber covering, in the case of interfering horses, was prolonged over the fetlock in order to keep the hide from abrasion by the blows of the other foot, or from being barked or cut by the toe of a hind foot in horses addicted to overreaching. Fig
1827 AD (search for this): chapter 12
f et. 2. (Surgical.) a. A thread to tie arteries or veins. b. A wire cord or thread used in removing tumors, etc. See ecraseur. c. The bandage used for phlebotomy. Galen recommends silk thread for tying bloodvessels in surgical operations. The ligation of the femoral artery was first performed by Hunter, about 1785. That of the external iliac by Abernethy, 1796. The internal iliac by Alexander Stevens, in 1812. The common iliac successfully by Dr. Valentine Mott, in 1827. The common carotid by Sir Astley Cooper (successfully), in 1808. The innominata by Mott in 1818, and successfully by Dr. J. W. Smythe in 1864. Ambrose Pare, born at Laval, in France, in 1509, was a member of the fraternity of barber-surgeons; but, such was the reputation he acquired as an operator, he was made surgeon to four successive sovereigns of France, and, among others, to the weak and cruel Charles IX., by whom, however, although Pare was a Huguenot, his life was saved on th
1828 AD (search for this): chapter 12
machines of 12 tons. After a few years of inglorious retirement, some one, not totally oblivious of how it would look in history, recalled the old soldier from his limbo, and now he enjoys the company of his elder brother, Hedley's Puffing Billy, in the English Patent Museum. In Fig. 2986, A is an elevation of the Rocket. The boiler a is a cylinder 6 feet long, and has 25 tubes. This feature was due to Mr. Henry Booth, though a tubular boiler had been patented by M. Seguin in France, in 1828. The fire-box b has two tubes, communicating with the boiler below and above, and is surrounded by an exterior casing, into which the water from the boiler flows and is maintained at the same level as that in the boiler. B is a longitudinal vertical section of a modern English locomotive. The boiler is surrounded by two casings, one within the other, united by stays. The tubes a are of brass, 124 in number, and the boiler has longitudinal stays connecting the ends. b is the smoke-box,
1270 AD (search for this): chapter 12
e mountains in tubes of lead, and gave orders for the building and erection of numerous fountains in different quarters of the city, with baths of marble. — Conde. Leaden pipes were used in England as early as A. D. 1236, and Henry III., about 1270, granted the citizens of London the liberty to convey water from the town of Tyburn to the city, by pipes made of lead. A leaden cistern, built round with stone, was erected in 1285. The length of lead-pipe then laid down, from Paddington to the-r-Raihan was a native of Byrun in the valley of the Indus, and a friend of Avicenna, who lived with him at the Arabian academy in Charezm. His history of India belongs to the years 1030 – 32. Vitellio, a Pole, wrote a treatise on lenses about 1270. The magnifying power of segments of spheres was known by the Florentine Salvino degli Armati, who died 1317. To come down to later times, we find that spectacles were well known in the thirteenth century, and it is not known by whom they we
1834 AD (search for this): chapter 12
for sulphide of antimony, and the match ignited on any rough surface. The substitution of saltpeter for chlorate of potash produced quiet ignition. Introduced in 1834. Then followed the substitution of saltpeter for chlorate of potash, so that both the original articles were superseded, greater safety and comfort being attain, and above all things in a cultivated estimation of the true value of a picture and of pictorial effects generally. See chromo-lithograph. Senefelder died in 1834. Every phase of the lithographic art described in the preceding sketch was indicated, originated, or practiced by him. Even chromo-lithography was suggested and alution in the art of figureweaving. Joseph Maria Jacquard was born at Lyons, 1752; invented his loom for weaving figured fabrics in 1801; and died at Orleans in 1834. The action of the Jacquard in producing patterns upon fabric may be briefly described as follows: — To the ordinary looms perforated cards are added, throug
1831 AD (search for this): chapter 12
hen the key is withdrawn, while those of the third, which are inaccessible to the feeling devices of the burglar, remain at the different hights to which they were lifted by the key through the medium of the other two. See permutation-lock. It has been proposed to construct locks with clockwork attachments, so that they cannot be opened, even with their proper key, until a regulated interval of time has elapsed. Mr. Rutherford of Jedburg, Scotland, patented a lock of this description in 1831. A circular stop-plate is placed against the end of the bolt of the lock, and so adjusted that the bolt cannot be withdrawn until a particular notch in the rim of the circular plate is, by means of clock-work, brought opposite the end of the bolt. Locks having pins or pipe-shafts fitting in the pipe or barrel of a key can only be opened from one side, but those adapted for keys with a solid stem can be opened from either side. In the latter case, only one half the key acts at once.
1822 AD (search for this): chapter 12
gage the head of the mandrel. The perforated steel plate or whirtle is held in a cross-bearer above the bench. This mode is shown at g. Fig. 2857, and is described in Wilkinson's specification, English patent, 1790. Instead of the plate, a series of rolls may be employed, gradually diminishing in size, successively reducing the diameter of its exterior, while the mandrel maintains the uniformity of its bore. The first machine for pressing lead-pipe was patented in England by Hague, in 1822. The melted lead was forced through a circular throat whose axis was occupied by a mandrel. The lead was driven through at such a rate that it solidified by exposure to cold surfaces. By another plan, the lead is cast into a short heavy cylinder, and the ingot is forced through a throat at the lower end by the exertion of considerable force upon the piston which fits in the cylinder. This would make a round bar, but occupying an axial position in the middle of the throat is a mandrel, whi
1819 AD (search for this): chapter 12
Re Anatomica, published in 1559, and by Andrew Caesalpinus, who also noticed the refluent motion of the blood in the veins. Sylvius noticed the venal valves. Fabricius, of Acquapendente, noticed that they all opened towards the heart. William Harvey, born in 1578, studied at Cambridge, and under Fabricius at Paula, and made the discovery of the nature of the arterial and venal circulations, and the complete double circulation, in 1616. Lancets of copper were disinterred in Pompeii in 1819, in the house of a Roman surgeon in the Via Consularis. They were in company with a probe, bullet-hook, catheters, forceps of various kinds, needle, lever for raising depressed bones, cautery, spatulas, etc. 2. (Metal-working.) The tapping-bar of a metal furnace. Lan′cet-arch. （Masonry.) An arch with a sharply pointed top. See arch. Lan′cet-win′dow. （Architecture.) A high, narrow window terminating in a very pointed arch. It is characteristic of the style of Gothic
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