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5/8.131.51 1/2.174.253 1/23/822 5/8.1621 1/2.19543/1612 5/8.202.51 1/2.236.541/416 5/8.222.751 1/2.27845/1621 3/4.08.09691 3/4.13443/825 3/4.101.251 3/4.1754 1/23/1614 3/4.121.751 3/4.216.54 1/21/418 3/4.162.251 3/4.278.551/420 3/4.2032.154.7553/831 3/4.233.52.186 Lead—pipe Tin′ning. The first attempts in this direction were by Alderson in England, who patented his invention in 1804, which consisted in putting an interior casing of tin pipe within the leaden one. Dobbs, in 1820, gave a coating of resin to the lead pipe, and then placed it in a mold, a core being also placed in the center, or axial position. Tin was then cast upon it and within it, the two becoming perfectly united. It is then ready for drawing or rolling, whichever may be preferred. Warner treats the lead pipe with resin, so as to encourage the junction of the tin, and the pipe is then submerged in a bath of melted tin. The pipe may be bent, and thus drawn continuously through the bath, receivi
the succeeding year by Losh and Stephenson, embracing, among other features, a series of cylinders communicating with the water in the boiler, and having pistons with rods at their lower ends, which were caused to press upon axles having vertically movable bearings, so as to keep the wheels down when running on an uneven track. Their first engine is stated to have been made for the Killingworth Railway, and their engines were employed on iron tracks by the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825, and, later, at the Newcastle collieries. The locomotive in the Stockton and Darlington Railway had two vertical cylinders, and the driving-shaft had cranks at an angle of 90°. The axles of the wheels were coupled by an endless chain passing around both axles. In 1829, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, then the most extensive and finished work of the kind ever undertaken, was completed, and the directors offered a reward of pound 500 for the best locomotive, which should fulfill certa
rea protected by a rod, a difference of opinion exists, and the matter cannot be considered as determined. The opinion of Leroy, 1788, was that it protected space around equal to three times the hight of the rod. The Academy of Sciences of Paris, 1823, opined that it protected a circular space whose radius is equal to the hight of the rod. This is the general opinion, but has no sufficient data for its foundation. It is, however, the basis of the American practice in putting up lightning-rods.ors to perfect his loom, and in 1808 received a Parliamentary grant of £ 10,000 for his great national services. On this sum he retired to a farm in Kent, and spent his declining years in comfort, occaionally trotting out his hobbies. He died in 1823, aged 80. Steam was applied to his looms in 1807. Fig. 2998 shows the working parts of a powerloom, the framing being omitted. The warp a is wound upon the warp-beam b, and, passing over the roller c, is carried through the two healds d d
tine, leather parings. Bark infusions, alum. In various combinations and proportions. Gunby's artificial leather, 1824 (English), cotton, linen, woolen, or felt cloth is coated with the following composition:— Common glue-size, 8 parts; bctive power is supposed to render it specially suitable for an eye-glass. Diamond lenses were made by Andrew Pritchard in 1824. A doublet is an arrangement of two plano-convex lenses, invented by Wollaston, as shown at a a; b is a diaphragm. c dmeter, which carry down any water that is shipped by the boat. The saving of life by life-boats in the British Islands, 1824 – 65, was 14,980 persons. Life-buoy. (Nautical.) A buoy or float which is thrown overboard to sustain a person untf liquid received or discharged through an orifice. See meter, water. It does not appear to have been in use prior to 1824, when William Pontifex of London, England, patented a new mode of adjusting or equalizing the pressure of fluids or liquid<
in subjecting the lumber to the action of a gradually increasing temperature, in an air-tight chamber, until all or nearly all the moisture has been extracted from it; in retaining all the heat and watery vapor about the lumber until a temperature of about 170° Fah. has been attained in said air-tight chamber; and, finally, in compelling the heated moistened air to escape slowly from said chamber while the temperature is reduced therein. Davis and Symington's lumber-dryer, English patent, 1843, acts by means of a heated blast upon lumber or wooden articles placed in a chamber through which the blast is driven. By their process, — Mahogany is reduced in weight24.4 per cent. Pine is reduced in weight34.5 per cent. Fir is reduced in weight12.5 per cent. Lum′ber-kiln. A heated chamber for artificially drying lumber. See lumber-dryer. Plank should never be allowed to remain undisturbed until it seasons; but should all be handled over and repiled from time to time, remo
in the warp, and 110 in the woof. In the linen corselet given by Amasis of Egypt to the Lacedemonians, each thread, though fine, was composed of 360 other threads, all distinct. It was handsomely embroidered. The tomb of Rameses III. at Thebes showed a similar corselet, worked with figures of animals. Pliny notices the corselet of Amasis, shown in the temple of Minerva at Rhodes. See flax. It was first manufactured in England by Flemish weavers, under the protection of Henry III., 1253. Before this, woolen shirts were generally worn. A company of linen-weavers was established in London, 1368. The Presbyterians, who left persecution in Scotland in the time of the Stuarts, planted the linen manufacture in the North of Ireland, and were encouraged by William III. and succeeding governments. Lin′en Paper. As with paper of cotton, bamboo, morus bark, and silk, it appears that the first manufacture of linen paper was in China. The Egyptians excelled in fine linen in
ase, the light is reflected by a concave mirror c to the smaller mirror, which is held by the observer at the posterior part of the mouth, the uvula resting upon its back. By its means, the vocal chords of the interior of the larynx are exhibited, and have been photographed. One constructed by Dr. Turck in 1857 was modified and improved by Dr. Czermack of Pesth, 1856, who exhibited it in action in 1862, in London. Mr. John Avery of London is said to have constructed a similar apparatus in 1846. La-ryngo-tome. Laryngotomy, or the opening of the larynx, was practiced by the ancients in quinsey. It was recommended by the Greek and Arabian physicians, by Galen and Asclepiades decidedly. Lash. 1. (Weaving.) A thong formed of the combined ends of the cords by which a certain set of yarns are raised in the process of weaving Brussels carpet. Each yarn (termed an end) passes through an eye (the mail), to which is attached a cord passing over a pulley above the frame of the
ior of the boat. Beeching's life-boat, which received the prize of 100 guineas offered by the Duke of Northumberland in 1850, among nearly 300 competitors, is in form something like a whale-boat. It is about 36 feet in extreme length, 9 1/2 feet f Sir William Congreve was to be attached to a rocket. General Boxer's light-ball was adopted into the British service in 1850. It consists of a mass of sulphur, saltpeter, and red orpiment, inclosed in a hemispherical case of tinned iron, which is warning light. The first light-vessel moored on the coast of Great Britain was that at the Nore in 1734. There were, in 1850, 26 floating lights on the coast of England. Stevenson states that the annual expense of maintaining a floating light, stress, thinking he had met the Evil One. This locomotive was exhibited before the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1850, 66 years after its construction. Oliver Evans of Philadelphia obtained a patent in Maryland in 1787 for the exclusive
$24,450 in American money, the original cost of the engine being $8,490. It therefore requires for repairs in eleven years a sum equal to its original cost. In this time it is estimated that an engine in average use has run 220,000 miles. See Clark's Recent practice on the locomotive ; Tredgold on Locomotive-engines, London, 1851; Heusinger and Clauss's Locomotive Maschine, Wiesbaden, 1858; Weissenborn's American Engineering, New York, 1861; The student's guide to the locomotive, London, 1849. The following figures, from the Railway Times, show the result of locomotive performance on the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis Railway, 397 miles, for the month of March, 1872, and may be interesting in this connection: — American locomotive (perspective view). Miles run by passenger trains53,222 Miles run by freight trains201,346 Miles run by other trains67,446 ——— Total mileage322,014 No. of miles run to 1 pint of oil23.23 No. of miles run to 1 ton of
January, 1872 AD (search for this): chapter 12
in diameter. The lantern is supported on a cylinder of boiler-iron resting on a platform at the top of the columns. Lighthouse at Trinity shoals. The following is a list of the electric lights in England and France, with the dates at which they were erected: Dungeness, January, 1862; Cape La Heve, France, South Light, December, 1863, North Light, November, 1866; Cape Grisnez, France, February, 1869; Souter Point, England, January, 1871; South Foreland, England, with two lights, January, 1872, in the first place in 1858 – 60 by Professor Holmes, and afterward England took the lead in this matter of the adaptation of electric illumination to lighthouse purposes. The Bishop rock light, Scilly Islands, the old Cassiterides of Herodotus, 145 feet high, cost £ 36,559. In the British Isles there are 357 shore lights and 47 floating lights. The French have 224 shore lights. The average annual expense in England of a shore light is £ 500; of a floating light, £ 1,200. The light
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