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l escapement. Dead-beat escapement.Lever-escapement. Recoil-escapement.Vertical escapement. Remontoire-escapement.(Which see.) Verge-escapement. Goodrich, in 1799, substituted a crank for an escapement in clocks, and received a bounty of £ 65 from the London Society of Arts. Its advantage was silence. A number of curious and ingenious escapements may be found in works on horology, in Denison's volume in Weale's series; Brown's Five hundred and seven mechanical movements ; and Piaget's The watch; its history and manufacture. Es-cape — valve. (Steam-engine.) a. A loaded valve fitted to the end of the cylinder for the escape of the condensed steam, or of water carried mechanically from the boilers with the steam. A priming valve. b. Escape-valves are also fitted to the feed-pipes as a means of exit for the surplus water not used by the boilers. c. A valve which affords escape to steam in a given contingency; upon excessive pressure by a safety-valve; to anno
Robert Norman (search for this): chapter 5
n Mesopotamia. — Layard. Enameled pottery has also been recovered at Thebes. Vestiges of the Roman occupation of Britain are occasionally disinterred in various parts of the country. The art of painting in enamel or with metalline colors, and fixing them by fire, was practiced by the Egyptians and Etruscans on pottery, and passed from them to the Greeks and Romans. Enameling was also practiced among the Chinese. Specimens of enameled work are yet extant of early British, Saxon, and Norman manufacture. An enameled jewel, made by order of Alfred the Great, A. D. 887, was discovered in Somersetshire, England, and is preserved at Oxford. An enameled gold cup was presented by King John to the corporation of Lynn, Norfolk, and is yet preserved. Luca della Robbia, born about 1410, applied tin enamel to pottery, and excelled in the art. Bernard Palissy, the Huguenot potter, born about 1500, devoted many years to the discovery and application of enamels of various colors to po
Joshua Gray (search for this): chapter 5
nication with an electrical machine, was surprised at receiving a severe shock; a similar event had happened the year previous to Von Kleinst, a German prelate. Gray in 1729 discovered that certain substances were possessed of a conductive in contradistinction to an electric power; and afterwards Nollet passed a shock through aicially excited electricity. Newton saw the first traces of an electric charge in 1675, in some experiment with a rubbed plate of glass. Although Wall in 1708, Gray in 1734, and Nollet, conjectured the identity of frictional electricity and lightning, yet Franklin was the first to attain the experimental certainty by his well-cited by frictional electricity is — or rather was — used to convey messages by sparks or shocks. For notices of early observations, see electrical apparatus. Gray, in 1729, experimented with conductors; Nollet soon afterwards sent a shock along a line of men and wires 900 toises in length; Watson, the learned Bishop of Lland
le, the galvanic battery and index are connected with the mercury column by means of insulated points on the tube, so that the index will signal each successive pound of pressure upon the dial, which has corresponding points. The completion of the circuit also sounds an alarm by attracting the armature on the hammer-shaft. E-lec′tric switch. A device for interrupting or dividing one circuit and transferring the current or a part of it to another circuit. See switch. A commutator. See Culley's Handbook of telegraphy, London, 1870, pp. 199-203. E-lec′tric Tel′e-graph. That form of electric signaling apparatus in which an insulated wire excited by frictional electricity is — or rather was — used to convey messages by sparks or shocks. For notices of early observations, see electrical apparatus. Gray, in 1729, experimented with conductors; Nollet soon afterwards sent a shock along a line of men and wires 900 toises in length; Watson, the learned Bishop of Llandaff, in
o a carriage which travels to and fro in front of a vertical web. The needles have an eye in the middle and a point at each end. They are grasped by pincers and pulled through. Em-broid′er-y. Ornamentation by raised figures of needle-work. This is a very ancient art. The Egyptians, Babylonians, Medes, and Persians all excelled in it. The adornments of the tabernacle in the wilderness were of tapestry worked in blue, scarlet, and gold. The garment of Sisera, as referred to by Deborah, was embroidery, needle-work on both sides. See damask. Homer refers to embroidery as the occupation of Helen and Andromache. The tents of wealthy Arabs have an inner covering of white embroidered stuff beneath the dark, outer, water-proof covering of goat's-hair. The Tartar women excel in embroidery, and exhibit in this a skill, taste, and variety that is really admirable. It is very doubtful whether it would be possible to find, even in France, embroideries as beautiful and pe
Romney Marsh (search for this): chapter 5
adway. Technically, in civil engineering, the earth removed to produce a level is excavation, and that which requires to be heaped up for the same purpose is embankment. A raised mound or bank of earth to form a barrier against the encroachments of the sea. See dike. Or against the overflow of a river. See levee. Or to carry a railroad, canal, or road across a tract of low ground or across a ravine or gully. See filling. The oldest embankment in England is Roman, that of Romney Marsh. In the time of Crornwell, 425,000 acres of fen and morasses were recovered, 1649-51. The embankment by which the Nile was turned from its course before the time of Abraham is mentioned under dike (which see). Reference is also there made to some of the works of Holland. The bottom part of the embankment of the Amsterdam and Haarlem Railways through the low country consists of treble ranges of fascines, tied down by longitudinal poles 39 inches apart from center to center and 10 in
Diodorus Siculus (search for this): chapter 5
a metallic point, the colors were melted on the picture as they were used. A coating of melted wax was then evenly spread over all, and, when it was quite cold, was polished. The art was revived by Count Caylus in 1753. The wood or canvas is coated with wax, which is warmed at the fire. The colors are mixed with white wax and powdered mastic, which are rubbed smooth with gum-water and applied with a brush. The surface is coated with white wax and polished. En-caustic-brick. Diodorus Siculus relates that the bricks of the walls of Babylon, erected under the orders of Semiramis, had all sorts of living creatures portrayed in various colors upon the bricks before they were burnt. En-caus′tic-tile. An ornamental tile having several colors. A mold is prepared which has a raised device on its face so as to leave an impression in the face of the tile east therein. This intaglio recess is then filled by a trowel with clay compounds, in the liquid or slip state, and which r
e directions and armed with scrapingedges, are surmounted by elastic feed rollers, and provided each with an adjustable curved surface for pressing the entrails against the scrapingedges. Entrail-cleaner. En′tre-sol. (Architecture.) A low story or part of a story in a building, between two higher ones. Intersol. En-tro′pi-um For′ceps. Forceps for grasping and returning to the natural position the eyelid, in which, by inversion, the eyelashes have become turned inwardly. Dr. Prout's Entropium forceps. En′ve-lope. 1. A paper case to contain a folded letter. 2. (Fortification.) The exterior line of works surrounding a fort or fortified position. The besieged are said to be enveloped when completely surrounded by the works of the besiegers. Enve-lope-ma-chine′. The manufacture of envelopes is said to have been introduced by an English stationer named Brewer, some fifty years ago. He cut them from the sheet with the aid of metallic formers, and
Humphry Davy (search for this): chapter 5
on, which is discharged or caused to change color by electric action. Nicholson and Carlisle discovered, in 1800, that water was decomposed by the voltaic pile, hydrogen being evolved at the negative and oxygen at the positive end of the wire. Davy, afterwards Sir Humphry Davy, by the aid of the apparatus of the Royal Institution at London, the most powerful then in existence, proved by a series of experiments, commencing in 1801, that many substances hitherto considered as elementary bodiesSir Humphry Davy, by the aid of the apparatus of the Royal Institution at London, the most powerful then in existence, proved by a series of experiments, commencing in 1801, that many substances hitherto considered as elementary bodies could be decomposed by voltaic action, and succeeded in 1807 in resolving the fixed alkalies soda and potash. Faraday, 1833, besides his extensive additions to the science of electro-magnetism, established the fact that the chemical power of a current of electricity is in direct proportion to the absolute quantity of electricity which passes; and farther proved that the quantities required for decomposing compound bodies were proportional to the atomic weights of Dalton. Bain's telegraph (1
tic acid, to which are added 1 gallon alcohol, 2 drams arsenic, and 1 dram corrosive sublimate; the fluid is injected into the arteries in a heated state. Dr. Morgan's (English, 1864) is 6 pounds common salt, 1 1/2 pounds nitrate potash, 1 1/2 pounds powdered alum, and 2 drams to 1 ounce arseniate of potash. This, in the form of a solution, is injected into the heart. This process embraces some peculiarities in the mode of treatment of the subject and manner of injecting the fluid. Coffman's (1867). Distilled water, 1 gallon; carbolic acid, 4 ounces; nitrate of potash, 4 ounces; alcohol, 4 ounces. Brunetti, of Italy (1867), expels the blood from the tissues by injections of pure water and of alcohol, and fatty matters by injections of sulphuric ether, and afterwards injects a solution of tannin into the arteries, veins, or excretory canals, after which the body is dried in a case heated by steam to a temperature of 90° centigrade. E de la Granja (1867) employs a solutio
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