Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges
J. B. Greenough, G. L. Kittredge, A. A. Howard, Benj. L. D'Ooge, Ed.

[*] a. The relative is never omitted in Latin, as it often is in English:—

1. liber quem mihi dedistī, the book you gave me.
2. is sum quī semper fuī, I am the same man I always was.
3. eō in locō est dē quō tibi locūtus sum, he is in the place I told you of.

[*] b. When two relative clauses are connected by a copulative conjunction, a relative pronoun sometimes stands in the first and a demonstrative in the last:—

1. “erat profectus obviam legiōnibus Macedonicīs quattuor, quās sibi conciliāre pecūniā cōgitābat eāsque ad urbem addūcere ” (Fam. 12.23.2) , he had set out to meet four legions from Macedonia, which he thought to win over to himself by a gift of money and to lead (them) to the city.

[*] c. A relative clause in Latin often takes the place of some other construction in English,—particularly of a participle, an appositive, or a noun of agency:—

1. lēgēs quae nunc sunt, the existing laws (the laws which now exist).
2. Caesar quī Galliam vīcit, Cæsar the conqueror of Gaul.
3. “iūsta glōria quī est frūctus virtūtis ” (Pison. 57) , true glory [which is] the fruit of virtue.
4. ille quī petit, the plaintiff (he who sues).
5. quī legit, a reader (one who reads).

[*] d. In formal or emphatic discourse, the relative clause usually comes first, often containing the antecedent noun (cf. § 307. b):—

1. “ quae pars cīvitātis Helvētiae īnsīgnem calamitātem populō Rōmānō intulerat, ea prīnceps poenās persolvit ” (B. G. 1.12) , the portion of the Helvetian state which had brought a serious disaster on the Roman people was the first to pay the penalty.

[*] Note.--In colloquial language, the relative clause in such cases often contains a redundant demonstrative pronoun which logically belongs in the antecedent clause: as,ille quī cōnsultē cavet, diūtinē ūtī bene licet partum bene (Plaut. Rud. 1240), he who is on his guard, he may long enjoy what he has well obtained.

[*] e. The relative with an abstract noun may be used in a parenthetical clause to characterize a person, like the English such:—

1. “quae vestra prūdentia est ” (Cael. 45) , such is your wisdom. [Equivalent to prō vestrā prūdentiā .]
2. “audīssēs cōmoedōs vel lēctōrem vel lyristēn, vel, quae mea līberālitās, omnēs ” (Plin. Ep. 1.15) , you would have listened to comedians, or a reader, or a lyre-player, or—such is my liberality—to all of them.

[*] f. A relative pronoun (or adverb) often stands at the beginning of an independent sentence or clause, serving to connect it with the sentence or clause that precedes:—

1. “Caesar statuit exspectandam classem; quae ubi convēnit ” (B. G. 3.14) , Cæsar decided that he must wait for the fleet; and when this had come together, etc.
2. quae quī audiēbant, and those who heard this (which things).
3. quae cum ita sint, and since this is so.
4. “ quōrum quod simile factum ” (Cat. 4.13) , what deed of theirs like this?
5. quō cum vēnisset, and when he had come there (whither when he had come).

[*] Note.--This arrangement is common even when another relative or an interrogative follows. The relative may usually be translated by an English demonstrative, with or without and.

[*] g. A relative adverb is regularly used in referring to an antecedent in the Locative case; so, often, to express any relation of place instead of the formal relative pronoun:—

1. “mortuus Cūmīs quō sē contulerat ” (Liv. 2.21) , having died at Cumœ, whither he had retired. [Here in quam urbem might be used, but not in quās.]
2. locus quō aditus nōn erat, a place to which (whither) there was no access.
3. “rēgna unde genus dūcis ” (Aen. 5.801) , the kingdom from which you derive your race.
4. unde petitur, the defendant (he from whom something is demanded).

[*] h. The relatives quī , quālis , quantus , quot , etc. are often rendered simply by as in English:—

1. idem quod semper, the same as always.
cum esset tālis quālem tē esse videō; (Mur. 32), since he was such a man as I see you are.
2. “tanta dīmicātiō quanta numquam fuit ” (Att. 7.1.2) , such a fight as never was before.
3. tot mala quot sīdera (Ov. Tr. 1.5.47), as many troubles as stars in the sky.

[*] i. The general construction of relatives is found in clauses introduced by relative adverbs: as, ubi , quō , unde , cum , quārē .