THE CASES
[*] 1279. Of the cases belonging to the Indo-European language, Greek has lost the free use of three: instrumental, locative, and ablative. A few of the
forms of these cases have been preserved (
341,
1449,
1535); the syntactical
functions of the instrumental and locative were taken over by the dative; those of the ablative by the genitive. The genitive and dative cases are therefore
composite or
mixed cases.
N.—The reasons that led to the formation of
composite cases are either (1) formal or (2) functional. Thus (1)
χώρᾳ is both dat. and loc.;
λόγοις represents the instr.
λόγοις and the loc.
λόγοισι; in consonantal stems both ablative and genitive ended in
-ος; (2) verbs of ruling may take either the dat. or the loc., hence the latter case would be absorbed by the former; furthermore the use of prepositions especially with loc. and instr. was attended by a certain indifference as regards the form of the case.
[*] 1280. Through the influence of one construction upon another it often becomes impossible to mark off the later from the original use of the genitive and dative. It must be remembered that since language is a natural growth and Greek was spoken and written before formal categories were set up by Grammar, all the uses of the cases cannot be apportioned with definiteness.
[*] 1281. The cases fall into two main divisions. Cases of the Subject: nominative (and vocative). Cases of the Predicate: accusative, dative. The genitive may define either the subject (with nouns) or the predicate (with verbs). On the nominative, see
938 ff.
[*] 1282. The content of a thought may be expressed in different ways in different languages. Thus,
πείθω σε, but
persuadeo tibi (in classical Latin): and even in the same language, the same verb may have varying constructions to express different shades of meaning.
VOCATIVE
[*] 1283. The vocative is used in exclamations and in direct address: ““
ὦ Ζεῦ καὶ θεοί”
oh Zeus and ye gods”
P. Pr. 310d, ““
ἄνθρωπε”
my good fellow”
X. C. 2.2.7. The vocative forms an incomplete sentence (904 d).
a. The vocative is never followed immediately by
δέ or
γάρ.
[*] 1284. In ordinary conversation and public speeches, the polite
ὦ is usually added. Without
ὦ the vocative may express astonishment, joy, contempt, a threat, or a warning, etc. Thus
ἀκούεις Αἰσχίνη;
d'ye hear,
Aeschines? D. 18.121. But this distinction is not always observed, though in general
ὦ has a familiar tone which was unsuited to elevated poetry.
[*] 1285. The vocative is usually found in the interior of a sentence. At the beginning it is emphatic. In prose
ἔφη, in poetry
ὦ, may stand between the vocative and an attributive or between an attributive and the vocative; in poetry
ὦ may be repeated for emphasis.
[*] 1286. In late poetry a predicate adjective may be attracted into the vocative:
ὄλβιε κῶρε γένοιο blessed,
oh boy, mayest thou be Theocr. 17. 66. Cp.
Matutine pater seu Iane libentius audis Hor. S. 2. 6. 20.
[*] 1287. By the omission of
σύ or
ὑ_μεῖς the nominative with the article may stand in apposition to a vocative:
ὦ ἄνδοες οἱ παρόντες you,
gentlemen,
who are present P. Pr. 337c, ““
ὦ Κῦρε καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι Πέρσαι”
Cyrus and the rest of you Persians”
X. C. 3.3.20; and in apposition to the pronoun in the verb:
ὁ παῖς, ἀκολούθει boy,
attend me Ar. Ran. 521.
[*] 1288. The nominative may be used in exclamations as a predicate with the subject unexpressed: ““
ὦ πικρὸς θεοῖς”
oh loathed of heaven”
S. Ph. 254, ““
φίλος ὦ Μενέλα_ε”
ah dear Menelaus”
Δ 189; and connected with the vocative by
and: ““
ὦ πόλις καὶ δῆμε”
oh city and people”
Ar. Eq. 273. In exclamations about a person: ““
ὢ γενναῖος”
oh the noble man”
P. Phae. 227c.
a. οὗτος is regular in address:
οὗτος, τί πάσχεις, ὦ Ξανθία_;
ho there,
I say,
Xanthias,
what is the matter with you? Ar. Vesp. 1;
ὦ οὗτος, Αἴα_ς ho there,
I say,
Ajax S. Aj. 89.
GENITIVE
[*] 1289. The genitive most commonly limits the meaning of substantives, adjectives, and adverbs, less commonly that of verbs.
Since the genitive has absorbed the ablative it includes (1) the genitive proper, denoting the class to which a person or thing belongs, and (2) the ablatival genitive.
a. The name
genitive is derived from
casus genitivus, the case of origin, the inadequate Latin translation of
γενικὴ πτῶσις case denoting the class.
THE GENITIVE PROPER WITH NOUNS: (ADNOMINAL GENITIVE)
[*] 1290. A substantive in the genitive limits the meaning of a substantive on which it depends.
[*] 1291. The genitive limits for the time being the scope of the substantive on which it depends by referring it to a particular class or description, or by regarding it as a part of a whole. The genitive is akin in meaning to the adjective and may often be translated by an epithet. Cp.
στέφανος χρυ_σίου with
χρυ_σοῦς στέφανος, φόβος πολεμίου with
πολέμιος φόβος, τὸ εὖρος πλέθρου with
τὸ εὖρος πλεθριαῖον (
1035). But the use of the adjective is not everywhere parallel to that of the genitive.
[*] 1292. In poetry a genitive is often used with
βία_, μένος, σθένος might, etc., instead of the corresponding adjective:
βίη Διομήδεος mighty Diomede E 781.
[*] 1293. In poetry
δέμας form,
κάρα_ and
κεφαλή head, etc., are used with a genitive to express majestic or loved persons or objects:
Ἰσμήνης κάρα_ S. Ant. 1.
[*] 1294.
χρῆμα thing is used in prose with a genitive to express size, strength, etc.: ““
σφενδονητῶν πάμπολύ τι χρῆμα”
a very large mass of slingers”
X. C. 2.1.5. Cp.
1322.
[*] 1295. The genitive with substantives denotes in general a connection or dependence between two words. This connection must often be determined (1) by the meaning of the words, (2) by the context, (3) by the facts presupposed as known (
1301). The same construction may often be placed under more than one of the different classes mentioned below; and the connection between the two substantives is often so loose that it is difficult to include with precision all cases under specific grammatical classes.
a. The two substantives may be so closely connected as to be equivalent to a single compound idea:
τελευτὴ τοῦ βίου ‘life-end’ (cp.
life-time)
X. A. 1.1.1. Cp.
1146.
b. The genitive with substantives has either the attributive (
1154), or, in the case of the genitive of the divided whole (
1306), and of personal pronouns (
1185), the predicate, position (
1168).
[*] 1296. Words denoting number, especially numerals or substantives with numerals, often agree in case with the limited word instead of standing in the genitive: ““
φόρος τέσσαρα τάλαντα”
a tribute of four talents”
T. 4.57 (cp.
1323),
ἐς τὰ_ς ναῦς, αἳ ἐφρούρουν δύο, καταφυγόντες fleeing to the ships, two of which were keeping guard 4. 113. So with
οἱ μέν, οἱ δέ in apposition to the subject (
981).
GENITIVE OF POSSESSION OR BELONGING
[*] 1297. The genitive denotes ownership, possession, or belonging: ““
ἡ οἰκία_ ἡ Σίμωνος”
the house of Simon”
L. 3.32, ““
ὁ Κύ_ρου στόλος”
the expedition of Cyrus”
X. A. 1.2.5. Cp. the dative of possession (
1476).
[*] 1298. Here may be classed the genitive of origin: ““
οἱ Σόλωνος νόμοι”
the laws of Solon”
D. 20.103,
ἡ ἐπιστολὴ τοῦ Φιλίππου the letter of Philip 18. 37,
κύ_ματα παντοίων ἀνέμων waves caused by all kinds of winds B 396.
[*] 1299. The possessive genitive is used with the neuter article (singular or plural) denoting affairs, conditions, power, and the like: ““
τὸ τῶν ἐφόρων”
the power of the ephors”
P. L. 712d, ““
τὸ τῆς τέχνης”
the function of the art”
P. G. 450c, ““
τὸ τοῦ Σόλωνος”
the maxim of Solon”
P. Lach. 188b, ““
ἄδηλα τὰ τῶν πολέμων”
the chances of war are uncertain”
T. 2.11, ““
τὰ τῆς πόλεως”
the interests of the State”
P. A. 36c, ““
τὰ τοῦ δήμου φρονεῖ”
is on the side of the people”
Ar. Eq. 1216. Sometimes this is almost a mere periphrasis for the thing itself: ““
τὸ τῆς τύχης”
chance”
D. 4.12 τὰ τῆς σωτηρία_ς safety 23. 163,
τὸ τῆς ὁσία_ς, ὁτιδήποτ᾽ ἐστί the quality of holiness, whatever it is 21. 126, ““
τὸ τῶν πρεσβυτέρων ἡμῶν”
we elders”
P. L. 657d. So
τὸ τούτου S. Aj. 124 is almost =
οὗτος, as
τοὐμόν is =
ἐγώ or
ἐμέ. Cp.
L. 8.19.
[*] 1300. The genitive of possession may be used after a demonstrative or relative pronoun: ““
τοῦτό μου διαβάλλει”
he attacks this action of mine”
D. 18.28.
[*] 1301. With persons the genitive may denote the relation of child to parent, wife to husband, and of inferior to superior:
Θουκυ_δίδης ὁ Ὀλόρου Thucydides,
the son of Olorus T. 4.104 (and so
υιός is regularly omitted in Attic official documents),
Διὸς Ἄρτεμις Artemis,
daughter of Zeus S. Aj. 172, ““
ἡ Σμι_κυθίωνος Μελιστίχη”
Melistiche wife of Smicythion”
Ar. Eccl. 46,
Αυ_δὸς ὁ Φερεκλέους Lydus,
the slave of Pherecles And. 1.17, ““
οἱ Μένωνος”
the troops of Menon”
X. A. 1.5.13 (
οἱ τοῦ Μένωνος στρατιῶται 1. 5.
11).
a. In poetry we may have an attributive adjective:
Τελαμώνιος Αἴα_ς ( =
Αἴα_ς ὁ Τελαμῶνος) B 528. Cp. 846 f.
[*] 1302. The word on which the possessive genitive depends may be represented by the article:
ἀπὸ τῆς ἑαυτῶν from their own country (
γῆς)
T. 1.15 (cp.
1027 b). A word for
dwelling (
οἰκία_, δόμος, and also
ἱερόν) is perhaps omitted after
ἐν, εἰς, and sometimes after
ἐξ. Thus, ““
ἐν Ἀρίφρονος”
at Ariphron's”
P. Pr. 320a,
ἐν Διονύ_σου (
scil.
ἱερῷ)
at the shrine of Dionysus D. 5.7, ““
εἰς διδασκάλου φοιτᾶν”
to go to school”
X. C. 2.3.9, ““
ἐκ Πατροκλέους ἔρχομαι”
I come from Patroclus's”
Ar. Plut. 84. So, in Homer,
εἰν（
εἰς)
Ἀίδα_ο.
[*] 1303.
Predicate Use.—The genitive may be connected with the noun it limits by means of a verb.
““
Ἱπποκράτης ἐστὶ οἰκία_ς μεγάλης”
Hippocrates is of an influential house”
P. Pr. 316b, ““
Βοιωτῶν ἡ πόλις ἔσται”
the city will belong to the Boeotians”
L. 12.58, ““
ἡ Ζέλειά ἐστι τῆς Ἀσία_ς”
Zelea is in Asia”
D. 9.43, ““
οὐδὲ τῆς αὐτῆς Θρᾴκης ἐγένοντο”
nor did they belong to the same Thrace”
T. 2.29, ““
ἃ διώκει τοῦ ψηφίσματος, ταῦτ᾽ ἐστίν”
the clauses in the bill which he attacks, are these”
D. 18.56.
[*] 1304. The genitive with
εἰμί may denote the person whose
nature,
duty,
custom, etc., it is to do that set forth in an infinitive subject of the verb:
πενία_ν φέρειν οὐ παντός, ἀλλ᾽ ἀνδρὸς σοφοῦ '
tis the sage, not every one, who can bear poverty Men. Sent. 463, ““
δοκεῖ δικαίου τοῦτ᾽ εἶναι πολί_του”
this seems to be the duty of a just citizen”
D. 8.72, ““
τῶν νι_κώντων ἐστὶ καὶ τὰ ἑαυτῶν σῴζειν καὶ τὰ τῶν ἡττωμένων λαμβάνειν”
it is the custom of conquerors to keep what is their own and to take the possessions of the defeated”
X. A. 3.2.39.
[*] 1305. With verbs signifying to refer or attribute, by thought, word, or action, anything to a person or class. Such verbs are
to think, regard,
make,
name,
choose,
appoint, etc.
““
λογίζου . . . τὰ δ᾽ ἄλλα τῆς τύχης”
deem that the rest belongs to chance”
E. Alc. 789, ““
τῶν ἐλευθερωτάτων οἴκων νομισθεῖσα”
deemed a daughter of a house most free”
E. And. 12, ““
ἐμὲ γράφε τῶν ἱππεύειν ὑπερεπιθυ_μούντων”
put me down as one of those who desire exceedingly to serve on horseback”
X. C. 4.3.21, ““
τῆς πρώτης τάξεως τεταγμένος”
assigned to the first class”
L. 14.11, ““
τῆς ἀγαθῆς τύχης τῆς πόλεως εἶναι τίθημι”
I reckon as belonging to the good fortune of the State”
D. 18.254, ““
εἰ δέ τινες τὴν Ἀσία_ν ἑαυτῶν ποιοῦνται”
but if some are claiming Asia as their own”
X. Ages. 1.33, ““
νομίζει ὑ_μᾶς ἑαυτοῦ εἶναι”
he thinks that you are in his power”
X. A. 2.1.11.
GENITIVE OF THE DIVIDED WHOLE (PARTITIVE GENITIVE)
[*] 1306. The genitive may denote a whole, a part of which is denoted by the noun it limits. The genitive of the divided whole may be used with any word that expresses or implies a part.
[*] 1307.
Position.—The genitive of the whole stands before or after the word denoting the part: ““
τῶν Θρᾳκῶν πελτασταί”
targeteers of the Thracians”
T. 7.27, ““
οἱ ἄποροι τῶν πολι_τῶν”
the needy among the citizens”
D. 18.104; rarely between the limited noun and its article: ““
οἱ τῶν ἀδίκων ἀφικνούμενοι”
those of the unrighteous who come here”
P. G. 525c. Cp.
1161 N. 1.
[*] 1308. When all are included there is no partition: so in
οὗτοι πάντες all of these,
all these,
τέτταρες ἡμεῖς ἦμεν there were four of us, ““
τὸ πᾶν πλῆθος τῶν ὁπλι_τῶν”
the entire body of the hoplites”
T. 8.93,
ὅσοι ἐστὲ τῶν ὁμοίων as many of you as belong to the ‘
peers’
X. A. 4.6.14.
[*] 1309. The idea of division is often not explicitly stated. See third example in 1310.
[*] 1310. (I) The genitive of the divided whole is used with substantives.
““
μέρος τι τῶν βαρβάρων”
some part of the barbarians”
T. 1.1,
οἱ Δωριῆς ἡμῶν those of us who are Dorians 4. 61. The governing word may be omitted:
Ἀρχία_ς τῶν Ἡρα_κλειδῶν Archias (one)
of the Heraclidae T. 6.3. To an indefinite substantive without the article may be added a genitive denoting the special sort:
Φεραύλα_ς Πέρσης τῶν δημοτῶν Pheraulas,
a Persian,
one of the common people X. C. 2.3.7.
[*] 1311.
Chorographic Genitive.—““
τῆς Ἀττικῆς ἐς Οἰνόην”
to Oenoë in Attica”
T. 2.18 (or
ἐς Οἰνόην τῆς Ἀττικῆς,
not ἐς τῆς Ἀττικῆς Οἰνόην),
τῆς Ἰταλία_ς Αοκροί the Locrians in Italy 3. 86. The article, which is always used with the genitive of the country (as a place well known), is rarely added to the governing substantive (““
τὸ Κήναιον τῆς Εὐβοία_ς”
Cenaeum in Euboea”
T. 3.93).
[*] 1312. (II) With substantive adjectives and participles.
““
οἱ ἄδικοι τῶν ἀνθρώπων”
the unjust among men”
D. 27.68 (but always
οἱ θνητοὶ ἄνθρωποι), ““
μόνος τῶν πρυτάνεων”
alone of the prytans”
P. A. 32b, ““
ὀλίγοι αὐτῶν”
few of them”
X. A. 3.1.3, ““
τῶν ἄλλων Ἑλλήνων ὁ βουλόμενος”
whoever of the rest of the Greeks so desires”
T. 3.92. So ““
τὸ καταντικρὺ αὐτῶν τοῦ σπηλαίου”
the part of the cavern facing them”
P. R. 515a. For
nihil novi the Greek says
οὐδὲν καινόν.
[*] 1313. Adjectives denoting magnitude, and some others, may conform in gender to the genitive, instead of appearing in the neuter: ““
ἔτεμον τῆς γῆς τὴν πολλήν”
they ravaged most of the land”
T. 2.56,
τῆς γῆς ἡ ἀρίστη the best of the land 1. 2. This construction occurs more frequently in prose than in poetry.
[*] 1314. But such adjectives, especially when singular, may be used in the neuter: ““
τῶν Ἀργείων λογάδων τὸ πολύ”
the greater part of the picked Argives”
T. 5.73,
ἐπὶ πολὺ τῆς χώρα_ς over a great part of the land 4. 3.
[*] 1315. (III) With comparatives and superlatives.
““
ἡμῶν ὁ γεραίτερος”
the elder of us”
X. C. 5.1.6 (1066 b), ““
οἱ πρεσβύτατοι τῶν στρατηγῶν”
the oldest of the generals”
X. A. 3.3.11, ““
σί_τῳ πάντων ἀνθρώπων πλείστῳ χρώμεθ᾽ ἐπεισάκτῳ”
we make use of imported grain more than all other people”
D. 18.87. So with a superlative adverb: ““
ἡ ναῦς ἄριστά μοι ἔπλει παντὸς τοῦ στρατοπέδου”
my ship was the best sailer of the whole squadron”
L. 21.6.
[*] 1316. In poetry this use is extended to positive adjectives:
ἀριδείκετος ἀνδρῶν conspicuous among men A 248, ““
ὦ φίλα_ γυναικῶν”
oh dear among women”
E. Alc. 460. In tragedy an adjective may be emphasized by the addition of the same adjective in the genitive: ““
ἄρρητ᾽ ἀρρήτων”
horrors unspeakable”
S. O. T. 465. Cp.
1064.
[*] 1317. (IV) With substantive pronouns and numerals.
““
οἱ μὲν αὐτῶν, οἱ δ᾽ οὔ”
some of them and not others”
P. A. 24e, ““
οἳ ὕστερον ἐλήφθησαν τῶν πολεμίων”
those of the enemy who were taken later”
X. A. 1.7.13, ““
οὐδεὶς ἀνθρώπων”
no one in the world”
P. S. 220a, ““
τὶ τοῦ τείχους”
a part of the wall”
T. 7.4, ““
τὶς θεῶν”
one of the gods”
E. Hec. 164 (““
τὶς θεός”
a god”
X. C. 5.2.12), ““
ἓν τῶν πολλῶν”
one of the many things”
P. A. 17a; rarely after demonstrative pronouns:
τούτοις τῶν ἀνθρώπων to these (
of)
men T. 1.71.
a. With
ὀλίγοι and with numerals
ἀπό and
ἐξ are rarely added: ““
ἐκ τριῶν ἕν”
one of three”
S. Tr. 734.
ἐξ with superlatives is also rare. See also
1688. 1 c.
[*] 1318. The genitive of the divided whole may do duty as the subject of a finite verb (928 b) or of the infinitive: (
ἔφασαν)
ἐπιμειγνύναι σφῶν πρὸς ἐκείνους they said that some
of their number associated with them X. A. 3.5.16.
[*] 1319.
Predicate Use.—““
ἦν δ᾽ αὐτῶν Φαλῖνος”
and among them was Phalinus”
X. A. 2.1.7,
Σόλων τῶν ἑπτὰ σοφιστῶν ἐκλήθη Solon was called one
of the Seven Sages I. 15.235, ““
τῶν ἀτοπωτάτων ἂν εἴη”
it would be very strange”
D. 1.26; and often with verbs signifying
to be, become,
think,
say,
name,
choose. With some of these verbs
εἷς with the genitive may be used instead of the genitive alone.
GENITIVE OF QUALITY
[*] 1320. The genitive to denote quality occurs chiefly as a predicate.
““
ἐὼν τρόπου ἡσυχίου”
being of a peaceful disposition”
Hdt. 1.107, ““
οἱ δέ τινες τῆς αὐτῆς γνώμης ὀλίγοι κατέφυγον”
but some few of the same opinion fled”
T. 3.70, ““
ταῦτα παμπόλλων ἐστὶ λόγων”
this calls for a thorough discussion”
P. L. 642a,
θεωρήσατ᾽ αὐτόν, μὴ ὁποτέρου τοῦ λόγου, ἀλλ᾽ ὁποτέρου τοῦ βίου ἐστίν consider,
not the manner of his speech, but the manner of his life Aes. 3.168, ““
εἰ δοκεῖ ταῦτα καὶ δαπάνης μεγάλης καὶ πόνων πολλῶν καὶ πρα_γματεία_ς εἶναι”
if these matters seem to involve great expense and much toil and trouble”
D. 8.48.
a. The attributive use occurs in poetry: ““
χόρτων εὐδένδρων Εὐρώπα_ς”
Europe with its pastures amid fair trees”
E. I. T. 134,
λευκῆς χιόνος πτέρυξ a wing white as snow (of white snow)
S. Ant. 114.
[*] 1321. The use of the genitive to express quality, corresponding to the Latin genitive, occurs in the non-predicate position, only when
age or
size is exactly expressed by the addition of a numeral (genitive of measure,
1325). The Latin genitive of quality in
mulier mirae pulchritudinis is expressed by
γυνὴ θαυμασία_ κάλλος (or
τοῦ κάλλους),
γυνὴ θαυμασία_ ἰδεῖν, γυνὴ ἔχουσα θαυμάσιον σχῆμα, etc.
GENITIVE OF EXPLANATION (APPOSITIVE GENITIVE)
[*] 1322. The genitive of an explicit word may explain the meaning of a more general word.
Ἰ_λίου πόλις E 642, as urbs Romae, ““
ἄελλαι παντοίων ἀνέμων”
blasts formed of winds of every sort”
ε 292. This construction is chiefly poetic, but in prose we find
ὑὸς μέγα χρῆμα a monster (great affair,
1294)
of a boar Hdt. 1.36, ““
τὸ ὄρος τῆς Ἰστώνης”
Mt. Istone”
T. 4.46 (very rare, 1142 c). An articular infinitive in the genitive often defines the application of a substantive: ““
ἀμαθία_ ἡ τοῦ οἴεσθαι εἰδέναι α:` οὐκ οἶδεν”
the ignorance of thinking one knows what one does not know”
P. A. 29b.
a. But with
ὄνομα the person or thing named is usually in apposition to
ὄνομα: ““
τῷ δὲ νεωτάτῳ ἐθέμην ὄνομα Καλλίστρατον”
I gave the youngest the name Callistratus”
D. 43.74.
GENITIVE OF MATERIAL OR CONTENTS
[*] 1323. The genitive expresses material or contents.
ἕρκος ὀδόντων the fence (consisting)
of the teeth Δ 350, ““
κρήνη ἡδέος ὕδατος”
a spring of sweet water”
X. A. 6.4.4,
σωροὶ σί_του, ξύλων, λίθων heaps of corn,
wood,
stones X. H. 4.4.12, ““
ἑξακόσια τάλαντα φόρου”
six hundred talents in taxes”
T. 2.13 (cp.
1296).
[*] 1324.
Predicate Use: ““
στεφάνους ῥόδων ὄντας, ἀλλ᾽ ου᾽ χρυ_σίου”
crowns that were of roses, not of gold”
D. 22.70, ““
ἐστρωμένη ἐστὶ ὁδὸς λίθου”
a road was paved with stone”
Hdt. 2.138, and often with verbs of making, which admit also the instrumental dative. Hdt. has
ποιεῖσθαι ἀπό and
ἔκ τινος.
GENITIVE OF MEASURE
[*] 1325. The genitive denotes measure of space, time, or degree.
““
ὀκτὼ σταδίων τεῖχος”
a wall eight stades long”
T. 7.2,
πέντε ἡμερῶν σι_τία provisions for five days 7. 43 (cp.
fossa pedum quindecim, exilium decem annorum Less commonly with a neuter adjective or pronoun:
ἐπὶ μέγα ἐχώρησαν δυνά<*> they advanced to a great pitch of power T. 1.118,
τὶ δόξης some honour (
aliq<*> famae) 1. 5,
ἀμήχανον εὐδαιμονία_ς (
something infinite in the way of happiness)
infinite happiness P. A. 41c (with emphasis on the adj.). But the phrases
εἰς τοῦτο, εἰς τοσοῦτο ἀφικέσθαι (
ἤκειν, ἐλθεῖν, προσβαίνειν, usually with a personal subject) followed by the genitive of abstracts are common: ““
εἰς τοῦτο θράσους ἀφί_κετο”
he reached such a pitch of boldness”
D. 21.194, ““
ἐν παντὶ ἀθυ_μία_ς”
in utter despondency”
T. 7.55,
ἐν τούτῳ παρασκευῆς in this stage of preparation 2. 17,
κατὰ τοῦτο καιροῦ at that critical moment 7. 2. The article with this genitive is unusual in classical Greek: ““
εἰς τοῦτο τῆς ἡλικία_ς”
to this stage of life”
L. 5.3. Some of these genitives may also be explained by 1306.
[*] 1326. Under the head of
measure belongs
amount: ““
δυοῖν μναῖν πρόσοδος”
an income of two minae”
X. Vect. 3.10. Cp.
1296,
1323.
[*] 1327.
Predicate Use.—““
ἐπειδὰν ἐτῶν ᾖ τις τριά_κοντα”
when a man is thirty years old”
P. L. 721a, ““
τὰ τείχη ἦν σταδίων ὀκτώ”
the walls were eight stades long”
T. 4.66.
SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE GENITIVE
[*] 1328. With a verbal noun the genitive may denote the subject or object of the action expressed in the noun.
a. Many of these genitives derive their construction from that of the kindred verbs: ““
τοῦ ὕδατος ἐπιθυ_μία_”
desire for water”
T. 2.52 (
1349),
χόλος υἱός anger because of his son O 138 (
1405). But the verbal idea sometimes requires the accusative, or (less commonly) the dative.
[*] 1329. In poetry an adjective may take the place of the genitive: ““
νόστος ὁ βασίλειος”
the return of the king”
A. Pers. 8. Cp.
1291.
[*] 1330. The
Subjective Genitive is active in sense:
τῶν βαρβάρων φόβος the fear of the barbarians (which they feel:
οἱ βάρβαροι φοβοῦνται)
X. A. 1.2.17,
ἡ βασιλέως ἐπιορκία_ the perjury of the king (
βασιλεὺς ἐπιορκεῖ) 3. 2. 4, ““
τὸ ὀργιζόμενον τῆς γνώμης”
their angry feelings”
T. 2.59 (such genitives with substantive participles are common in Thucydides; cp. 1153 b, N. 2).
[*] 1331. The
Objective Genitive is passive in sense, and is very common with substantives denoting a frame of mind or an emotion:
φόβος τῶν Εἱλώτων the fear of the Helots (felt towards them:
φοβοῦνται τοὺς Εἵλωτας)
T. 3.54,
ἡ τῶν Ἑλλήνων εὔνοια good-will towards the Greeks (
εὐνοεῖ τοῖς Ἕλλησι)
X. A. 4.7.20,
ἡ τῶν καλῶν συνουσία_ intercourse with the good (
σύνεισι τοῖς καλοῖς)
P. L. 838a.
a. The objective genitive often precedes another genitive on which it depends: ““
μετὰ τῆς ξυμμαχία_ς τῆς αἰτήσεως”
with the request for an alliance”
T. 1.32.
[*] 1332. Various prepositions are used in translating the objective genitive: ““
ὁ θεῶν πόλεμος”
war with the gods”
X. A. 2.5.7, ““
ὅρκοι θεῶν”
oaths by the gods”
E. Hipp. 657, ““
θεῶν εὐχαί”
prayers to the gods”
P. Phae. 244e, ““
ἀδικημάτων ὀργή”
anger at injustice”
L. 12.20, ““
ἐγκράτεια ἡδονῆς”
moderation in pleasure”
I. 1.21, ““
ἡ τῶν ἡδονῶν νί_κη”
victory over pleasures”
P. L. 840c, ““
τρόπαια βαρβάρων”
memorials of victory over barbarians”
X. A. 7.6.36, ““
παραινέσεις τῶν ξυναλλαγῶν”
exhortations to reconciliation”
T. 4.59, ““
μῦθος φίλων”
tidings about friends”
S. Ant. 11, ““
σοῦ μῦθος”
speech with thee”
S. O. C. 1161. In ““
θανάτου λύσις”
release from death”
ι 421,
μεταπαυσωλὴ πολέμοιο respite from war T 201, it is uncertain whether the genitive is objective or ablatival (
1392).
[*] 1333. The objective genitive is often used when a prepositional expression, giving greater precision, is more usual:
τὸ Μεγαρέων ψήφισμα the decree relating to (
περί)
the Megarians T. 1.140,
ἀπόβασις τῆς γῆς a descent upon the land (
ἐς τὴν γῆν) 1. 108,
ἀπόστασις τῶν Ἀθηναίων revolt from the Athenians (
ἀπὸ τῶν Ἀθηναίων) 8. 5.
[*] 1334. For the objective genitive a possessive pronoun is sometimes used: ““
σὴν χάριν”
for thy sake”
P. Soph. 242a, ““
διαβολὴ ἡ ἐμή”
calumniation of me”
P. A. 20e.
ὁ ἐμὸς φόβος is usually objective:
the fear which I inspire. (But ““
σοῦ μῦθος”
speech with thee”
S. O. C. 1161.)
[*] 1335.
Predicate Use.—
οὐ τῶν κακούργων οἶκτος, ἀλλὰ τῆς δίκης compassion is not for wrong-doers,
but for justice E. fr. 270.
GENITIVE OF VALUE
[*] 1336. The genitive expresses value.
““
ἱερὰ τριῶν ταλάντων”
offerings worth three talents”
L. 30.20, ““
χι_λίων δραχμῶν δίκην φεύγω”
I am defendant in an action involving a thousand drachmas”
D. 55.25.
[*] 1337.
Predicate Use: ““
τοὺς αἰχμαλώτους τοσούτων χρημάτων λύ_εσθαι”
to ransom the captives at so high a price”
D. 19.222,
τριῶν δραχμῶν πονηρὸς ὤν a threepenny rogue 19. 200.
TWO GENITIVES WITH ONE NOUN
[*] 1338. Two genitives expressing different relations may be used with one noun.
““
οἱ ἄνθρωποι διὰ τὸ αὑτῶν δέος τοῦ θανάτου καταψεύδονται”
by reason of their fear of death men tell lies”
P. Ph. 85a, ““
Διονύ_σου πρεσβυ_τῶν χορός”
a chorus of old men in honour of Dionysus”
P. L. 665b, ““
ἡ τοῦ Αάχητος τῶν νεῶν ἀρχή”
Laches' command of the fleet”
T. 3.115,
ἡ Φαιά_κων προενοίκησις τῆς Κερκύ_ρα_ς the former occupation of Corcyra by the Phaeacians 1.25.
GENITIVE WITH VERBS
[*] 1339. The genitive may serve as the immediate complement of a verb, or it may appear, as a secondary definition, along with an accusative which is the immediate object of the verb (
920,
1392,
1405).
[*] 1340. The subject of an active verb governing the genitive may become the subject of the passive construction:
Νι_κήρατος ἐρῶν τῆς γυναικὸς ἀντερᾶται Niceratus,
who is in love with his wife, is loved in return X. S. 8. 3. Cp. 1745 a.
THE GENITIVE PROPER WITH VERBS
THE PARTITIVE GENITIVE
[*] 1341. A verb may be followed by the partitive genitive if the action affects the object only in part. If the
entire object is affected, the verb in question takes the accusative.
Ἀδρήστοιο δ᾽ ἔγημε θυγατρῶν he married one
of Adrastus' daughters Ξ 121,
τῶν πώλων λαμβάνει he takes some
of the colts X. A. 4.5.35,
λαβόντες τοῦ βαρβαρικοῦ στρατοῦ taking part
of the barbarian force 1. 5. 7,
κλέπτοντες τοῦ ὄρους seizing part of
the mountain secretly 4. 6. 15 (cp.
τοῦ ὄρους κλέψαι τι 4. 6.
11),
τῆς γῆς ἔτεμον they ravaged part of
the land T. 2.56 (cp.
τὴν γῆν πᾶσαν ἔτεμον 2. 57 and
ἔτεμον τῆς γῆς τὴν πολλήν 2.
56),
κατεά_γη τῆς κεφαλῆς he had a hole knocked somewhere
in his head Ar. Vesp. 1428 (““
τὴν κεφαλὴν κατεα_γέναι”
to have one's head broken”
D. 54.35).
[*] 1342. With impersonals a partitive genitive does duty as the subject: ““
πολέμου οὐ μετῆν αὐτῇ”
she had no share in war”
X. C. 7.2.28, ““
ἐμοὶ οὐδαμόθεν προσήκει τούτου τοῦ πρά_γματος”
I have no part whatever in this affair”
And. 4.34. Cp.
1318.
[*] 1343. The genitive is used with verbs of sharing.
““
πάντες μετεῖχον τῆς ἑορτῆς”
all took part in the festival”
X. A. 5.3.9,
μετεδίδοσαν ἀλλήλοις ὧν (=
τούτων ἃ)
εἶχον ἕκαστοι they shared with each other what each had 4. 5. 6, ““
τὸ ἀνθρώπινον γένος μετείληφεν ἀθανασία_ς”
the human race has received a portion of immortality”
P. L. 721b, ““
σί_του κοινωνεῖν”
to take a share of food”
X. M. 2.6.22, ““
δικαιοσύνης οὐδὲν ὑ_μῖν προσήκει”
you have no concern in righteous dealing”
X. H. 2.4.40, ““
πολι_τεία_, ἐν ᾗ πένησιν οὐ μέτεστιν ἀρχῆς”
a form of government in which the poor have no part in the management of affairs”
P. R. 550c. So with
μεταλαγχάνειν get a share (along with somebody else),
συναίρεσθαι and
κοινοῦσθαι take part in,
μεταιτεῖν and
μεταποιεῖσθαι demand a share in.
[*] 1344. The part received or taken, if expressed, stands in the accusative.
οἱ τύραννοι τῶν μεγίστων ἀγαθῶν ἐλάχιστα μετέχουσι tyrants have the smallest por- tion in the greatest blessings X. Hi. 2.6, ““
τούτων μεταιτει_ τὸ μέρος”
he demands his share of this”
Ar. Vesp. 972.
a. With
μέτεστι the part may be added in the nominative: ““
μέτεστι χὐ_μῖν τῶν πεπρα_γμένων μέρος”
ye too have had a share in these doings”
E. I. T. 1299.
[*] 1345. The genitive is used with verbs signifying
to touch, take hold of, make trial of.
（
ἡ νόσος) ““
ἥψατο τῶν ἀνθρώπων”
the plague laid hold of the men”
T. 2.48,
τῆς γνώμης τῆς αὐτῆς ἔχομαι I hold to the same opinion 1. 140, ““
ἐν τῇ ἐχομένῃ ἐμοῦ κλί_νῃ”
on the couch next to me”
P. S. 217d, ““
ἀντιλάβεσθε τῶν πρα_γμάτων”
take our public policy in hand”
D. 1.20,
ὅπως πειρῷντο τοῦ τείχους to make an attempt on (a part of)
the wall T. 2.81. So with
ψαύειν touch (rare in prose),
ἀντέχεσθαι cling to,
ἐπιλαμβάνεσθαι and
συλλαμβάνεσθαι lay hold of.
[*] 1346. The genitive of the
part, with the accusative of the
person (the whole) who has been touched, is chiefly poetical: ““
τὸν δὲ πεσόντα ποδῶν ἔλαβε”
but him as he fell, he seized by his feet”
Δ 463, ““
ἔλαβον τῆς ζώνης τὸν Ὀρόντα_ν”
they took hold of Orontas by the girdle”
X. A. 1.6.10 (but ““
μοῦ λαβόμενος τῆς χειρός”
taking me by the hand”
P. Charm. 153b), ““
ἄγειν τῆς ἡνία_ς τὸν ἵππον”
to lead the horse by the bridle”
X. Eq. 6.9 (cp. ““
βοῦν δ᾽ ἀγέτην κεράων”
they led the cow by the horns”
γ 439).
[*] 1347.
Verbs of beseeching take the genitive by analogy to verbs of touching:
ἐμὲ λισσέσκετο γούνων she besought me by (
clasping)
my knees I 451 (cp.
γενείου ἁψάμενος λίσσεσθαι beseech by touching his chin K
454).
[*] 1348. The genitive is used with verbs of beginning.
a. Partitive: ““
ἔφη Κῦρον ἄρχειν τοῦ λόγου ὧδε”
he said that Cyrus began the discussion as follows”
X. A. 1.6.5,
τοῦ λόγου ἤρχετο ὧδε he began his speech as follows 3. 2. 7. On
ἄρχειν as distinguished from
ἄρχεσθαι see
1734. 5.
b. Ablatival (
1391) denoting the point of departure:
σέο δ᾽ ἄρξομαι I will make a beginning with thee I 97. In this sense
ἀπό or
ἐξ is usually added:
ἀρξάμενοι ἀπὸ σοῦ D. 18.297, ““
ἄρξομαι ἀπὸ τῆς ἰ_α_τρικῆς λέγων”
I will make a beginning by speaking of medicine”
P. S. 186b.
[*] 1349. The genitive is used with verbs signifying
to aim at, strive after,
desire (genitive of the end desired).
““
ἀνθρώπων στοχάζεσθαι”
to aim at men”
X. C. 1.6.29, ““
ἐφι_έμενοι τῶν κερδῶν”
desiring gain”
T. 1.8, ““
πάντες τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἐπιθυ_μοῦσιν”
all men desire what is good”
P. R. 438a, ““
τὸ ἐρᾶν τῶν καλῶν”
the passionate love of what is noble”
Aes. 1.137, ““
πεινῶσι χρημάτων”
they are hungry for wealth”
X. S. 4. 36, ““
πόλις ἐλευθερία_ς διψήσα_σα”
a state thirsting for freedom”
P. R. 562c. So with
ὀϊστεύειν shoot at (poet.),
λιλαίεσθαι desire (poet.),
γλίχεσθαι desire.
φιλεῖν love,
ποθεῖν long for take the accusative.
[*] 1350. The genitive is used with verbs signifying
to reach, obtain (genitive of the end attained).
““
τῆς ἀρετῆς ἐφικέσθαι”
to attain to virtue”
I. 1.5, ““
οἱ ἀκοντισταὶ βραχύτερα ἠκόντιζον ἢ ὡς ἐξικνεῖσθαι τῶν σφενδονητῶν”
the javelin-throwers did not hurl far enough to reach the slingers”
X. A. 3.3.7,
σπονδῶν ἔτυχε he obtained a truce 3. 1. 28. So with
κυρεῖν obtain (poet.),
κληρονομεῖν inherit,
ἀποτυγχάνειν fail to hit.
τυγχάνειν, when compounded with
ἐν, ἐπί, παρά, περί, and
σύν, takes the dative.
λαγχάνειν obtain by lot usually takes the accusative.
a. This genitive and that of 1349 form the
genitive of the goal.
[*] 1351. The genitive of the thing obtained may be joined with an ablatival genitive (
1410) of the person: ““
οὗ δὲ δὴ πάντων οἰόμεθα τεύξεσθαι ἐπαίνου”
in a case where we expect to win praise from all men”
X. A. 5.7.33. But where the thing obtained is expressed by a neuter pronoun, the accusative is employed.
[*] 1352. It is uncertain whether verbs signifying
to miss take a partitive or an ablatival genitive: ““
οὐδεὶς ἡμάρτανεν ἀνδρός”
no one missed his man”
X. A. 3.4.15, ““
σφαλέντες τῆς δόξης”
disappointed in expectations”
T. 4.85.
[*] 1353.
Verbs of approaching and meeting take the genitive according to 1343 or 1349. These verbs are poetical. Thus,
ἀντιόων ταύρων for the purpose of obtaining (his share of)
bulls α 25,
ἀντήσω τοῦδ᾽ ἀνέρος I will encounter this man II 423, ““
πελάσαι νεῶν”
to approach the ships”
S. Aj. 709. In the meaning
draw near to verbs of approaching take the dative (
1463).
[*] 1354. The genitive is used with verbs of smelling.
““
ὄζω μύρου”
I smell of perfume”
Ar. Eccl. 524. So
πνεῖν μύρου to breathe (smell of)
perfume S. fr. 140.
[*] 1355. The genitive is used with verbs signifying
to enjoy, taste,
eat,
drink.
““
ἀπολαύομεν πάντων τῶν ἀγαθῶν”
we enjoy all the good things”
X. M. 4.3.11, ““
εὐωχοῦ τοῦ λόγου”
enjoy the discourse”
P. R. 352b, ““
ὀλίγοι σί_του ἐγεύσαντο”
few tasted food”
X. A. 3.1.3. So (rarely) with
ἥδεσθαι take pleasure in.
a. Here belong
ἐσθίειν, πί_νειν when they do not signify
to eat up or
drink up: ““
ὠμῶν ἐσθίειν αὐτῶν”
to eat them alive”
X. H. 3.3.6, ““
πί_νειν οἴνοιο”
drink some wine”
χ 11, as boire du vin (but ““
πί_νειν οἶνον”
drink wine”
Ξ 5, as
boire le vin). Words denoting
food and
drink are placed in the accusative when they are regarded as kinds of
nourishment.
[*] 1356. The genitive is used with verbs signifying
to remember, remind,
forget,
care for , and
neglect.
““
τῶν ἀπόντων φίλων μέμνησο”
remember your absent friends”
I. 1.26, ““
βούλομαι δ᾽ ὑ_μᾶς ἀναμνῆσαι τῶν ἐμοὶ πεπρα_γμένων”
I desire to remind you of my past actions”
And. 4.41, ““
δέδοικα μὴ ἐπιλαθώμεθα τῆς οἴκαδε ὁδοῦ”
I fear lest we may forget the way home”
X. A. 3.2.25,
ἐπιμελόμενοι οἱ μὲν ὑποζυγίων, οἱ δὲ σκευῶν some taking care of the pack animals, others of the baggage 4. 3. 30, ““
τῆς τῶν πολλῶν δόξης δεῖ ἡμᾶς φροντίζειν”
we must pay heed to the world's opinion”
P. Cr. 48a,
τί ἡμῖν τῆς τῶν πολλῶν δόξης μέλει;
what do we care for the world's opinion? 44 c, ““
τοῖς σπουδαίοις οὐχ οἷόν τε τῆς ἀρετῆς ἀμελεῖν”
the serious cannot disregard virtue”
I. 1.48,
μηδενὸς ὀλιγωρεῖτε μηδὲ καταφρονεῖτε (cp.
1385)
τῶν προστεταγμένων neither neglect nor despise any command laid on you 3. 48.
[*] 1357. So with
μνημονεύειν remember (but usually with the accus., especially of things),
ἀμνημονεῖν not to speak of,
κήδεσθαι care for,
ἐντρέπεσθαι give heed to,
ἐνθυ_μεῖσθαι think deeply of,
προορᾶν make provision for (in Hdt.),
μεταμέλει μοι it repents me,
καταμελεῖν neglect.
[*] 1358. Many of these verbs also take the accusative. With the accus.
μεμνῆσθαι means
to remember something as a whole, with the gen.
to remember something about a thing, bethink oneself. The accus. is usually found with verbs of remembering and forgetting when they mean
to hold or
not to hold in memory, and when the object is a thing. Neuter pronouns must stand in the accus.
ἐπιλανθάνεσθαι forget takes either the genitive or the accusative,
λανθάνεσθαι (usually poetical) always takes the genitive.
μέλει it is a care,
ἐπιμέλεσθαι care for,
μεμνῆσθαι think about may take
περί with the genitive.
οἶδα generally means
I remember when it has a person as the object (in the accusative).
[*] 1359.
Verbs of reminding may take two accusatives: ““
ταῦθ᾽ ὑπέμνησ᾽ ὑ_μᾶς”
I have reminded you of this”
D. 19.25 (
1628).
[*] 1360. With
μέλει, the subject, if a neuter pronoun, may sometimes stand in the nominative (the personal construction): ““
ταῦτα θεῷ μελήσει”
God will care for this”
P. Phae. 238d. Except in poetry the subject in the nominative is very rare with other words than neuter pronouns:
χοροὶ πᾶσι μέλουσι P. L. 835e.
[*] 1361. The genitive is used with verbs signifying
to hear and
perceive: ἀκούειν, κλύειν (poet.)
hear,
ἀκροᾶσθαι listen to,
αἰσθάνεσθαι perceive,
πυνθάνεσθαι hear,
learn of,
συνι_έναι understand,
ὀσφραίνεσθαι scent. The person or thing, whose words, sound, etc. are perceived by the senses, stands in the genitive; the words, sound, etc. generally stand in the accusative.
““
τινὸς ἤκουσ᾽ εἰπόντος”
I heard somebody say”
D. 8.4, ““
ἀκούσαντες τῆς σάλπιγγος”
hearing the sound of the trumpet”
X. A. 4.2.8,
ἀκούσαντες τὸν θόρυβον hearing the noise 4. 4. 21, ““
ἀκροώμενοι τοῦ ᾁδοντος”
listening to the singer”
X. C. 1.3.10, ““
ὅσοι ἀλλήλων ξυνί_εσαν”
all who understood each other”
T. 1.3, ““
ἐπειδὰν συνι_ῇ τις τὰ λεγόμενα”
when one understands what is said”
P. Pr. 325c (verbs of understanding,
συνι_έναι and
ἐπίστασθαι, usually take the accus.), ““
κρομμύων ὀσφραίνομαι”
I smell onions”
Ar. Ran. 654.
a. A supplementary participle is often used in agreement with the genitive of the person from whom something is heard: ““
λέγοντος ἐμοῦ ἀκροά_σονται οἱ νέοι”
the young men will listen when I speak”
P. A. 37d.
b. The accusative is almost always used when the thing heard is expressed by a substantivized neuter adjective or participle, but the genitive plural in the case of
οὗτος, ὅδε, αὐτός, and
ὅς is frequent.
[*] 1362. A double genitive, of the person and of the thing, is rare with
ἀκούειν: ““
τῶν ὐπὲρ τῆς γραφῆς δικαίων ἀκούειν μου”
to listen to my just pleas as regards the indictment”
D. 18.9.
[*] 1363.
ἀκούειν, αἰσθάνεσθαι, πυνθάνεσθαι, meaning
to become aware of, learn, take the accusative (with a participle in indirect discourse, 2112 b) of a personal or impersonal object:
οἱ δέ Πλαταιῆς, ὡς ᾔσθοντο ἔνδον τε ὄντας τοὺς Θηβαίους και κατειλημμένην τὴν πόλιν but the Plataeans,
when they became aware that the Thebans were inside and that the city had been captured T. 2.3,
πυθόμενοι Ἀρταξέρξην τεθνηκότα having learned that Artaxerxes was dead 4. 50.
a. To hear a thing is usually
ἀκούειν τι when the thing heard is something definite and when the meaning is simply
hear, not
listen to.
[*] 1364.
ἀκούειν, ἀκροᾶσθαι, πυνθἁνεσθαι, meaning
to hear from, learn from, take the genitive of the actual source (
1411).
[*] 1365.
ἀκούειν, κλύειν, πυνθάνεσθαίτινος may mean
to hear about, hear of: ““
εἰ δέ κε τεθνηῶτος ἀκούσῃς”
but if you hear that he is dead”
α 289, ““
κλύων σοῦ”
hearing about thee”
S. O. C. 307, ““
ὡς ἐπύθοντο τῆς Πύλου κατειλημμένης”
when they heard of the capture of Pylos”
T. 4.6. For the participle (not in indirect discourse) see 2112 a.
περί is often used with the genitive without the participle.
[*] 1366. In the meaning
heed,
hearken,
obey, verbs of hearing generally take the genitive:
ἄκουε πάντων, ἐκλέγου δ᾽ ἃ συμφέρει listen to everything,
but choose that which is profitable Men. Sent. 566, ““
τῶν πολεμίων ἀκούειν”
to submit to enemies”
X. C. 8.1.4.
πείθεσθαι takes the genitive, instead of the dative, by analogy to this use (
Hdt. 6.12,
T. 7.73). (On the dative with
ἀκούειν obey see
1465.)
[*] 1367.
αἰσθάνεσθαι takes the genitive, or (less frequently) the accusative, of the thing immediately perceived by the senses: ““
τῆς κραυγῆς ᾔσθοντο”
they heard the noise”
X. H. 4.4.4, ““
ᾔσθετο τὰ γιγνόμενα”
he perceived what was happening”
X. C. 3.1.4. The genitive is less common than the accusative when the perception is intellectual: ““
ὡς ᾔσθοντο τειχιζόντων”
when they heard that they were progressing with their fortification”
T. 5.83. Cp.
1363.
[*] 1368. Some verbs, ordinarily construed with the accusative, take the genitive by the analogy of
αἰσθάνεσθαι, etc.: ““
ἔγνω ἄτοπα ἐμοῦ ποιοῦντος”
he knew that I was acting absurdly”
X. C. 7.2.18, ““
ἀγνοοῦντες ἀλλήλων ὅ τι λέγομεν”
each of us mistaking what the other says”
P. G. 517c. This construction of verbs of knowing (and
showing) occurs in Attic only when a participle accompanies the genitive.
[*] 1369. The genitive is used with verbs signifying
to fill, to be full of. The thing filled is put in the accusative.
““
οὐκ ἐμπλήσετε τὴν θάλατταν τριήρων”
; will you not cover the sea with your triremes?”
D. 8.74, ““
ἀναπλῆσαι αἰτιῶν”
to implicate in guilt”
P. A. 32c, ““
τροφῆς εὐπορεῖν”
to have plenty of provisions”
X. Vect. 6.1, ““
τριήρης σεσαγμένη ἀνθρώπων”
a trireme stowed with men”
X. O. 8.8, ““
ὕβρεως μεστοῦσθαι”
to be filled with pride”
P. L. 713c. So with
πλήθειν, πληροῦν, γέμειν, πλουτεῖν, βρί_θειν (poet.),
βρύειν (poet.).
a. Here belong also ““
χεὶρ στάζει θυηλῆς Ἄρεος”
his hand drips with sacrifice to Ares”
S. El. 1423, ““
μεθυσθεὶς τοῦ νέκταρος”
intoxicated with nectar”
P. S. 203b, ““
ἡ πηγὴ ῥεῖ ψυ_χροῦ ὕο̂ατος”
the spring flows with cold water”
P. Phae. 230b. The instrumental dative is sometimes used.
[*] 1370. The genitive is used with verbs signifying
to rule, command,
lead.
““
θεῖον τὸ ἐθελόντων ἄρχειν”
it is divine to rule over willing subjects”
X. O. 21.12, ““
τῆς θαλάττης ἐκράτει”
he was master of the sea”
P. Menex. 239e, ““
Ἔρως τῶν θεῶν βασιλεύει”
Love is king of the gods”
P. S. 195c, ““
ἡγεῖτο τῆς ἐξόδου”
he led the expedition”
T. 2.10,
στρατηγεῖν τῶν ξένων to be general of the mercenaries X. A. 2. 6. 28. So with
τυραννεῖν be absolute master of,
ἀνἀσσειν be lord of (poet.),
ἡγεμονεύειν be commander of. This genitive is connected with that of 1402.
[*] 1371. Several verbs of ruling take the accusative when they mean
to conquer,
overcome (so
κρατεῖν), or when they express the domain over which the rule extends; as ““
τὴν Πελοπόννησον πειρᾶσθε μὴ ἐλά_σσω ἐξηγεῖσθαι”
try not to lessen your dominion over the Peloponnese”
T. 1.71.
ἡγεῖσθαί τινι means
to be a guide to any one, show any one the way. Cp.
1537.
GENITIVE OF PRICE AND VALUE
[*] 1372. The genitive is used with verbs signifying
to buy, sell, cost, value,
exchange. The price for which one gives or does anything stands in the genitive.
““
ἀργυρίου πρίασθαι ἢ ἀποδόσθαι ἵππον”
to buy or sell a horse for money”
P. R. 333b, ““
Θεμιστοκλέα_ τῶν μεγίστων δωρεῶν ἠξίωσαν”
they deemed Themistocles worthy of the greatest gifts”
I. 4.154, ““
οὐκ ἀνταλλακτέον μοι τὴν φιλοτι_μία_ν οὐδενὸς κέρδους”
I must not barter my public spirit for any price”
D. 19.223. So with
τάττειν rate,
μισθοῦν let,
μισθοῦσθαι hire,
ἐργάζεσθαι work, and with any verb of doing anything for a wage, as ““
οἱ τῆς παρ᾽ ἡμέρα_ν χάριτος τὰ μέγιστα τῆς πόλεως ἀπολωλεκότες”
those who have ruined the highest interests of the State to purchase ephemeral popularity”
D. 8.70, ““
πόσου διδάσκει; πέντε μνῶν”
for how much does he teach? for five minae”
P. A. 20b, ““
οἱ Χαλδαῖοι μισθοῦ στρατεύονται”
the Chaldaeans serve for pay”
X. C. 3.2.7.
a. The instrumental dative is also used. With verbs of exchanging,
ἀντί is usual (
1683).
[*] 1373.
To value highly and
lightly is
περὶ πολλοῦ (
πλείονος, πλείστου) and
περὶ ὀλίγου (
ἐλά_ττονος, ἐλαχίστου)
τι_μᾶσθαι or
ποιεῖσθαι: ““
τὰ πλείστου ἄξια περὶ ἐλαχίστου ποιεῖται, τὰ δὲ φαυλότερα περὶ πλείονος”
he makes least account of what is most important, and sets higher what is less estimable”
P. A. 30a. The genitive of value, without
περί, is rare: ““
πολλοῦ ποιοῦμαι ἀκηκοέναι ἃ ἀκήκοα Πρωταγόρου”
I esteem it greatly to have heard what I did from Protagoras”
P. Pr. 328d.
a. The genitive of cause is rarely used to express the thing bought or that for which pay is demanded: ““
οὐδένα τῆς συνουσία_ς ἀργύριον πρά_ττει”
you charge nobody anything for your teaching”
X. M. 1.6.11, ““
τρεῖς μναῖ διφρίσκου”
three minae for a small chariot”
Ar. Nub. 31.
[*] 1374. In legal language
τι_μᾶν τινι θανάτου is
to fix the penalty at death (said of the jury, which is not interested in the result),
τι_μᾶσθαί τινι θανάτου to propose death as the penalty (said of the accuser, who is interested), and
τιμᾶσθαί τινος to propose a penalty against oneself (said of the accused). Cp. ““
τι_μᾶταί μοι ὁ ἀνὴρ θανάτου”
the man proposes death as my penalty”
P. A. 36b,
ἀλλὰ δὴ φυγῆς τι_μήσωμαι; ἴσως γὰρ ἄν μοι τούτου τι_μήσαιτε but shall I propose exile as my penalty? for perhaps you (the jury)
might fix it at this 37 c. So
θανάτου with
κρί_νειν, διώκειν, ὑπάγειν. Cp.
1379.
GENITIVE OF CRIME AND ACCOUNTABILITY
[*] 1375. With verbs of judicial action the genitive denotes the crime, the accusative denotes the person accused.
““
αἰτιᾶσθαι ἀλλήλους τοῦ γεγενημένου”
to accuse one another of what had happened”
X. Ages. 1.33, ““
διώκω μὲν κακηγορία_ς, τῇ δ᾽ αὐτῇ ψήφῳ φόνου φεύγω”
I bring an accusation for defamation and at the same trial am prosecuted for murder”
L. 11.12, ““
ἐμὲ ὁ Μέλητος ἀσεβεία_ς ἐγράψατο”
Meletus prosecuted me for impiety”
P. Euth. 5c, ““
δώρων ἐκρίθησαν”
they were tried for bribery”
L. 27.3. On verbs of accusing and condemning compounded with
κατά, see
1385.
[*] 1376. So with
ἀμύ_νεσθαι and
κολάζειν punish,
εἰσάγειν and
προσκαλεῖσθαι summon into court,
αἱρεῖν convict,
τι_μωρεῖσθαι take vengeance on. With
τι_μωρεῖν avenge and
λαγχάνειν obtain leave to bring a suit, the person avenged and the person against whom the suit is brought are put in the dative. So with
δικάζεσθαί τινί τινος to go to law with a man about something.
[*] 1377. Verbs of judicial action may take a cognate accusative (
δίκην, γραφήν), on which the genitive of the crime depends: ““
γραφὴν ὕβρεως καὶ δίκην κακηγορία_ς φεύξεται”
he will be brought to trial on an indictment for outrage and on a civil action for slander”
D. 21.32. From this adnominal use arose the construction of the genitive with this class of verbs.
[*] 1378.
ἁλίσκεσθαι (
ἁλῶναι)
be convicted,
ὀφλισκάνειν lose a suit,
φεύγειν be prosecuted are equivalent to passives: ““
ἐά_ν τις ἁλῷ κλοπῆς . . . κἂ_ν ἀστρατεία_ς τις ὄφλῃ”
if any one be condemned for theft . . . and if any one be convicted of desertion”
D. 24.103, ““
ἀσεβεία_ς φεύγοντα ὑπὸ Μελήτου”
being tried for impiety on the indictment of Meletus”
P. A. 35d.
ὀφλισκάνειν may take
δίκην as a cognate accus. (““
ὠφληκέναι δίκην”
to be cast in a suit”
Ar. Av. 1457); the crime or the penalty may stand in the genitive (with or without
δίκην), or in the accusative: ““
ὁπόσοι κλοπῆς ἢ δώρων ὄφλοιεν”
all who had been convicted of embezzlement or bribery”
And. 1.74,
ὑφ᾽ ὑ_μῶν θανάτου δίκην ὀφλών having incurred through your verdict the penalty of death, ““
ὑπὸ τῆς ἀληθεία_ς ὠφληκότες μοχθηρία_ν”
condemned by the truth to suffer the penalty of wickedness”
P. A. 39b.
[*] 1379. With verbs of judicial action the genitive of the penalty may be regarded as a genitive of value: ““
θανάτου κρί_νουσι”
they judge in matters of life and death”
X. C. 1.2.14. So ““
ὑπάγειν τινὰ θανάτου”
to impeach a man on a capital charge”
X. H. 2.3.12; cp.
τι_μᾶν θανάτου 1374.
a. With many verbs of judicial action
περί is used.
GENITIVE OF CONNECTION
[*] 1380. The genitive may express a more or less close connection or relation, where
περί is sometimes added.
With verbs of saying or thinking:
τί δὲ ἵππων οἴει;
but what do you think of horses? P. R. 459b. Often in poetry: ““
εἰπὲ δέ μοι πατρός”
but tell me about my father”
λ 174,
τοῦ κασιγνήτου τί φῄς;
what dost thou say of thy brother? S. El. 317.
[*] 1381. The genitive is often used loosely, especially at the beginning of a construction, to state the subject of a remark:
ἵππος ἢν κακουργῇ, τὸν ἱππέα_ κακίζομεν: τῆς δὲ γυναικός, εἰ κακοποιεῖ κτλ.
if a horse is vicious, we lay the fault to the groom; but as regards a wife, if she conducts herself ill, etc.
X. O. 3.11, ““
ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τεχνῶν”
and so in the case of the other arts too”
P. Charm. 165d,
τί δὲ τῶν πολλῶν καλῶν;
what about the many beautiful things? P. Ph. 78d.
GENITIVE WITH COMPOUND VERBS
[*] 1382. The genitive depends on the meaning of a compound verb as a whole (1) if the simple verb takes the genitive without a preposition, as
ὑπείκειν withdraw,
παραλύ_ειν release,
παραχωρεῖν surrender (
1392),
ἐφί_εσθαι desire (
1349); or (2) if the compound has acquired through the preposition a signification different from that of the simple verb with the preposition: thus ““
ἀπογνόντες τῆς ἐλευθερία_ς”
despairing of freedom”
L. 2.46 cannot be expressed by
γνόντες ἀπὸ τῆς ἐλευθερία_ς. But it is often difficult to determine whether the genitive depends on the compound verb as a whole or on the preposition contained in it.
[*] 1383. A verb compounded with a preposition taking the dative or accusative may take the genitive by analogy of another compound verb whose preposition requires the genitive: so ““
ἐμβαίνειν ὅρων”
to set foot on the boundaries”
S. O. C. 400 by analogy to
ἐπιβαίνειν τῶν ὅρων P. L. 778e.
[*] 1384. Many verbs compounded with
ἀπό, πρό, ὑπέρ, ἐπί, and
κατά take the genitive when the compound may be resolved into the simple verb and the preposition without change in the sense: ““
τοὺς συμμάχους ἀποτρέψαντες τῆς γνώμης”
dissuading the allies from their purpose”
And. 3.21, ““
προαπεστάλησαν τῆς ἀποστάσεως”
they were despatched before the revolt”
T. 3.5, ““
πολλοῖς ἡ γλῶττα προτρέχει τῆς διανοία_ς”
in many people the tongue outruns the thought”
I. 1.41, (
οἱ πολέμιοι) ““
ὑπερκάθηνται ἡμῶν”
the enemy are stationed above us”
X. A. 5.1.9, ““
τῷ ἐπιβάντι πρώτῳ τοῦ τείχους”
to the first one setting foot on the wall”
T. 4.116. This use is most frequent when the prepositions are used in their proper signification. Many compounds of
ὑπέρ take the accusative.
a. This use is especially common with
κατά against or
at: ““
μή μου κατείπῃς”
don't speak against me”
P. Th. 149a, ““
κατεψεύσατό μου”
he spoke falsely against me”
D. 18.9, ““
ψευδῆ κατεγλώττιζέ μου”
he mouthed lies at me”
Ar. Ach. 380. The construction in 1384 is post-Homeric.
[*] 1385. The verbs of accusing and condemning (cp.
1375) containing
κατά in composition (
καταγιγνώσκειν decide against,
καταδικάζειν adjudge against,
καταψηφίζεσθαι vote against,
κατακρί_νειν give sentence against) take a genitive of the
person, and an accusative of the
penalty.
κατηγορεῖν accuse,
καταγιγνώσκειν and
καταψηφίζεσθαι take a genitive of the
person, an accusative of the
crime: ““
καταγνῶναι δωροδοκία_ν ἐμοῦ”
to pronounce me guilty of bribery”
L. 21.21,
τούτου δειλία_ν καταψηφίζεσθαι to vote him guilty of cowardice 14. 11, ““
τῶν διαφυγόντων θάνατον καταγνόντες”
having condemned the fugitives to death”
T. 6.60;
person,
crime, and
penalty: ““
πολλῶν οἱ πατέρες μηδισμοῦ θάνατον κατέγνωσαν”
our fathers passed sentence of death against many for favouring the Persians”
I. 4.157. The genitive is rarely used to express the
crime or the
penalty: ““
παρανόμων αὐτοῦ κατηγορεῖν”
to accuse him of proposing unconstitutional measures”
D. 21.5; cp. ““
ἀνθρώπων καταψηφισθέντων θάνατον”
men who have been condemned to death”
P. R. 558a.
[*] 1386. In general, prose, as distinguished from poetry, repeats the preposition contained in the compound; but
κατά is not repeated.
[*] 1387.
Passive.—
θάνατος αὐτῶν κατεγνώσθη sentence of death was passed on them L. 13.39 (so “
κατεψηφισμένος ἦν μου ὁ θάνατος”
X. Ap. 27), ““
κατηγορεῖτο αὐτοῦ οὐχ ἥκιστα μηδισμός”
he was especially accused of favouring the Persians”
T. 1.95.
FREE USES OF THE GENITIVE
[*] 1388. Many verbs ordinarily construed with the accusative are also followed by a genitive of a person, apparently dependent on the verb but in reality governed by an accusative, generally a neuter pronoun or a dependent clause. Thus, ““
τάδ᾽ αὐτοῦ ἅγαμαι”
I admire this in him”
X. Ages. 2.7,
τοῦτο ἐπαινῶ Ἀ_γησιλά_ου I praise this in Agesilaus 8. 4, ““
αὐτῶν ἓν ἐθαύμασα”
I was astonished at one thing in them”
P. A. 17a. ““
Ἀθηναῖοι σφῶν ταῦτα οὐκ ἀποδέξονται”
the Athenians will not be satisfied with them in this”
T. 7.48,
ὂ μέμφονται μάλιστα ἡμῶν which they most censure in us 1. 84,
εἰ ἄγασαι τοῦ πατρὸς ὅσα πέπρα_χε if you admire in my father what he has done (the actions of my father)
X. C. 3.1.15, ““
διαθεώμενος αὐτῶν ὅσην χώρα_ν ἔχοιεν”
contemplating how large a country they possess”
X. A. 3.1.19,
θαυμάζω τῶν στρατηγῶν ὅτι οὐ πειρῶνται ἡμῖν ἐκπορίζειν σι_τηρέσιον I wonder that the generals do not try to supply us with money for provisions 6. 2. 4, ““
ἐνενόησε δὲ αὐτῶν καὶ ὡς ἐπηρώτων ἀλλήλους”
he took note also how they asked each other questions”
X. C. 5.2.18. So with
θεωρεῖν observe,
ὑπονοεῖν feel suspicious of,
ἐνθυ_μεῖσθαι consider, etc.
[*] 1389. From such constructions arose the use of the genitive in actual dependence on the verb without an accusative word or clause: ““
ἄγασαι αὐτοῦ”
you admire him”
X. M. 2.6.33, ““
θαυμάζω τῶν ὑπὲρ τῆς ἰδία_ς δόξης ἀποθνῄσκειν ἐθελόντων”
I wonder at those who are willing to die in defence of their personal opinions”
I. 6.93. The use in 1389 recalls that with
αἰσθάνεσθαι (
1367). On
ἄγασθαι, θαυμάζειν with the genitive of cause, see
1405.
[*] 1390. A form of the genitive of possession appears in poetry with verbal adjectives and passive participles to denote the personal origin of an action (cp.
1298): ““
κείνης διδακτά”
taught of her”
S. El. 344, ““
ἐκδιδαχθεὶς τῶν κατ᾽ οἶκον”
informed by those in the house”
S. Tr. 934, ““
πληγεὶς θυγατρός”
struck by a daughter”
E. Or. 497. Cp.
διόσδοτος given of God; and “beloved of the Lord.”
On the genitive absolute, see
2070.
THE ABLATIVAL GENITIVE WITH VERBS
[*] 1391. The same verb may govern both a true genitive and an ablatival genitive. So
ἄρχεσθαι to begin (1348 a) and
to start from,
ἔχεσθαι to hold to (
1345) and
to keep oneself from. In many cases it is difficult to decide whether the genitive in question was originally the true genitive or the ablatival genitive, or whether the two have been combined; e.g. in
κυνέη ῥι_νοῦ ποιητή a cap made of hide K 262, ““
κύπελλον ἐδέξατο ἧς ἀλόχοιο”
he received a goblet from his wife”
Ω 305. So with verbs
to hear from, know of (
1364,
1411), and verbs of emotion (
1405), the partitive idea, cause, and source are hard to distinguish. Other cases open to doubt are verbs of missing (
1352),
being deceived (
1392), and the exclamatory genitive (
1407).
GENITIVE OF SEPARATION
[*] 1392. With verbs signifying
to cease, release,
remove,
restrain,
give up, fail,
be distant from, etc., the genitive denotes separation.
““
λήγειν τῶν πόνων”
to cease from toil”
I. 1.14, ““
ἐπιστήμη χωριζομένη δικαιοσύνης”
knowledge divorced from justice”
P. Menex. 246e, ““
μεταστὰ_ς τῆς Ἀθηναίων ξυμμαχία_ς”
withdrawing from the alliance with the Athenians”
T. 2.67, ““
παύσαντες αὐτὸν τῆς στρατηγία_ς”
removing him from his office of general”
X. H. 6.2.13, ““
εἴργεσθαι τῆς ἀγορᾶς”
to be excluded from the forum”
L. 6.24, ““
σῶσαι κακοῦ”
to save from evil”
S. Ph. 919, ““
ἐκώλυ_ον τῆς πορεία_ς αὐτόν”
they prevented him from passing”
X. Ages. 2.2, ““
πᾶς ἀσκὸς δύο ἄνδρας ἕξει τοῦ μὴ καταδῦναι”
each skin will keep two men from sinking”
X. A. 3.5.11, ““
λόγου τελευτᾶν”
to end a speech”
T. 3.59, ““
τῆς ἐλευθερία_ς παραχωρῆσαι Φιλίππῳ”
to surrender their freedom to Philip”
D. 18.68,
οὐ πόνων ὑφί_ετο, οὐ κινδύ_νων ἀφί_στατο, οὐ χρημάτων ἐφείδετο he did not relax his toil,
stand aloof from dangers, or spare his money X. Ages. 7.1, ““
ψευσθέντες τῶν ἐλπίδων”
disappointed of their expectations”
I. 4.58 (but cp.
1352), ““
ἡ νῆσος οὐ πολὺ διέχουσα τῆς ἠπείρου”
the island being not far distant from the mainland”
T. 3.51.
[*] 1393. Several verbs of separation, such as
ἐλευθεροῦν (especially with a personal subject), may take
ἀπό or
ἐξ when the local idea is prominent. Many take also the accusative.
[*] 1394. The genitive, instead of the accusative (
1628), may be used with verbs of depriving: ““
ἀποστερεῖ με τῶν χρημάτων”
he deprives me of my property”
I. 17.35, ““
τῶν ἄλλων ἀφαιρούμενοι χρήματα”
taking away property from others”
X. M. 1.5.3.
[*] 1395. The genitive of the place
whence is employed in poetry where a compound verb would be used in prose: ““
βάθρων ἵστασθε”
rise from the steps”
S. O. T. 142 (cp. ““
ὑπανίστανται θά_κων”
they rise from their seats”
X. S. 4.
31), ““
χθονὸς ἀείρα_ς”
raising from the ground”
S. Ant. 417.
[*] 1396. The genitive with verbs signifying
to want, lack,
empty, etc. may be classed with the genitive of separation.
““
τῶν ἐπιτηδείων οὐκ ἀπορήσομεν”
we shall not want provisions”
X. A. 2.2.11, ““
ἐπαίνου οὔποτε σπανίζετε”
you never lack praise”
X. Hi. 1.14, ““
ἀνδρῶν τά_νδε πόλιν κενῶσαι”
to empty this city of its men”
A. Supp. 660. So with
ἐλλείπειν and
στέρεσθαι lack,
ἐρημοῦν deliver from.
[*] 1397.
δέω I lack (the personal construction) usually takes the genitive of quantity: ““
πολλοῦ γε δέω”
nothing of the sort”
P. Phae. 228a, ““
μι_κροῦ ἔδεον ἐν χερσὶ τῶν ὁπλι_τῶν εἶναι”
they were nearly at close quarters with the hoplites”
X. H. 4.6.11, ““
τοσούτου δέω ζηλοῦν”
I am so far from admiring”
D. 8.70 (also
τοσοῦτον δέω).
[*] 1398.
δέομαι I want,
request may take the genitive, or the accusative (regularly of neuter pronouns and adjectives), of the thing wanted; and the genitive of the person:
ἐρωτώμενος ὅτου δέοιτο, Ἀσκῶν, ἔφη, δισχι_λίων δεήσομαι being asked what he needed, he said ‘
I shall have need of two thousand skins’
X. A. 3.5.9, ““
τοῦτο ὑ_μῶν δέομαι”
I ask this of you”
P. A. 17c. The genitive of the thing and of the person is unusual: ““
δεόμενοι Κύ_ρου ἄλλης ἄλλης πρά_ξεως”
petitioning Cyrus about different matters”
X. C. 8.3.19.
[*] 1399.
δεῖ (impersonal) is frequently used with genitives of quantity: ““
πολλοῦ δεῖ οὕτως ἔχειν”
far from that being the case”
P. A. 35d,
οὐδὲ πολλοῦ δεῖ D. 8.42 (only in D.) and
οὐδ᾽ ὀλίγου δεῖ no,
far from it D. 19.184.
δεῖν may be omitted (but not with
πολλοῦ), leaving
ὀλίγου and
μι_κροῦ in the sense of
almost,
all but; <*>λίγου πάντες almost all P. R. 552d, ““
ὀλίγου εἷλον τὴν πόλιν”
they all but. took the city”
T. 8.35. On
δεῖν used absolutely, see
2012 d; on
δέων with numerals, 350 c.
[*] 1400.
δεῖ μοί τινος means
I have need of something. In place of the dative (
1467) an accusative of the person is rarely allowed in poetry on the analogy of
δεῖ with the infinitive (
1985): ““
οὐ πόνου πολλοῦ με δεῖ”
I have need of no great toil”
E. Hipp. 23 (often in E.). The thing needed is rarely put in the accusative: ““
εἴ τι δέοι τῷ χορῷ”
if the chorus need anything”
Ant. 6.12 (here some regard
τὶ as nominative). Cp.
1562.
GENITIVE OF DISTINCTION AND OF COMPARISON
[*] 1401. The genitive is used with verbs of differing.
““
ἄρχων ἀγαθὸς οὐδὲν διαφέρει πατρὸς ἀγαθοῦ”
a good ruler differs in no respect from a good father”
X. C. 8.1.1.
[*] 1402. With verbs signifying
to surpass, be inferior to, the genitive denotes that with which anything is compared.
““
τι_μαῖς τούτων ἐπλεονεκτεῖτε”
you had the advantage over them in honours”
X. A. 3.1.37, ““
ἡττῶντο τοῦ ὕδατος”
they were overpowered by the water”
X. H. 5.2.5, ““
ὑστερεῖν τῶν ἔργων”
to be too late for operations”
D. 4.38, ““
ἡμῶν λειφθέντες”
inferior to us”
X. A. 7.7.31. So with
πρεσβεύειν hold the first place,
ἀριστεύειν be best (poet.),
μειοῦσθαι fall short of,
μειονεκτεῖν be worse off,
ἐλαττοῦσθαι be at a disadvantage.
νικᾶσθαί τινος is chiefly poetic.
ἡττᾶσθαι often takes
ὑπό. Akin to this genitive is that with verbs of ruling (
1370), which are often derived from a substantive signifying
ruler.
[*] 1403. Many verbs compounded with
πρό, περί, ὑπέρ denoting superiority take the genitive, which may depend on the preposition (
1384): ““
τάχει περιεγένου αὐτοῦ”
you excelled him in speed”
X. C. 3.1.19, ““
γνώμῃ προέχειν τῶν ἐναντίων”
to excel the enemy in spirit”
T. 2.62,
τοῖς ὅπλοις αὐτῶν ὑπερφέρομεν we surpass them in our infantry 1. 81. So with
περιεῖναι, ὑπερέχειν. προτι_μᾶν, προκρί_νειν, and
προαιρεῖσθαι prefer,
προεστηκέναι be at the head of certainly take the genitive by reason of the preposition.
ὑπερβάλλειν and
ὑπερβαίνειν surpass take the accusative.
[*] 1404. The object compared may be expressed by
πρό, ἀντί with the genitive, or by
παρά, πρός with the accusative. See under Prepositions. That
in which one thing is superior or inferior to another usually stands in the dative (
1513,
1515).
GENITIVE OF CAUSE
[*] 1405. With verbs of emotion the genitive denotes the cause. Such verbs are
to wonder at, admire,
envy,
praise,
blame. hate,
pity,
grieve for,
be angry at, take vengeance on, and the like.
““
ἐθαύμασα τῆς τόλμης τῶν λεγόντων”
I wondered at the hardihood of the speakers”
L. 12.41, ““
τοῦτον ἀγασθεὶς τῆς πρᾳότητος”
admiring him for his mildness”
X. C. 2.3.21,
ζηλῶ σε τοῦ νοῦ, τῆς δὲ δειλία_ς στυγῶ I envy thee for thy prudence,
I hate thee for thy cowardice S. El. 1027,
σὲ ηὐδαιμόνισα τοῦ τρόπου I thought you happy because of your disposition P. Cr. 43b, ““
συγχαίρω τῶν γεγενημένων”
I share the joy at what has happened”
D. 15.15, ““
ἀνέχεσθαι τῶν οἰκείων ἀμελουμένων”
to put up with the neglect of my household affairs”
P. A. 31b, ““
τὸν ξένον δίκαιον αἰνέσαι προθυ_μία_ς”
it is right to praise the stranger for his zeal”
E. I. A. 1371, ““
οὔποτ᾽ ἀνδρὶ τῷδε κηρυ_κευμάτων μέμψῃ”
never wilt thou blame me for my tidings”
A. Sept. 651, ““
τοῦ πάθους ᾤκτι_ρεν αὐτόν”
he pitied him for his misery”
X. C. 5.4.32, ““
οὐδ᾽ εἰκὸς χαλεπῶς φέρειν αὐτών”
nor is it reasonable to grieve about them”
T. 2.62,
οὐκέτι ὧν οὗτοι κλέπτουσιν ὀργίζεσθε, ἀλλ᾽ ὧν αὐτοὶ λαμβάνετε χάριν ἴστε you are no longer angry at their thefts,
but you are grateful for what you get yourselves L. 27.11, ““
τι_μωρήσασθαι αὐτοὺς τῆς ἐπιθέσεως”
to take revenge on them for their attack”
X. A. 7.4.23. Here belongs, by analogy, ““
συγγιγνώσκειν αὐτοῖς χρὴ τῆς ἐπιθυ_μία_ς”
it is necessary to forgive them for their desire”
P. Eu. 306c (usually
συγγιγνώσκειν τὴν ἐπιθυ_μία_ν τινί or
τῇ ἐπιθυ_μίᾳ τινός).
a. The genitive of cause is partly a true genitive, partly ablatival.
[*] 1406. With the above verbs the person stands in the accusative or dative. Some of these verbs take the dative or
ἐπί and the dative (e.g.
ἀλγεῖν, στένειν, ἄχθεσθαι, φθονεῖν) to express the cause of the emotion. See the Lexicon.
[*] 1407. The genitive of cause is used in exclamations and is often preceded by an interjection: ““
φεῦ τοῦ ἀνδρός”
alas for the man!”
X. C. 3.1.39,
τῆς τύχης my ill luck! 2. 2. 3. In tragedy, the genitive of a pronoun or adjective after
οἴμοι or
ὤμοι refers to the second or third person. For the first person the nominative is used (““
οἴμοι τάλαινα”
ah me, miserable!”
S. Ant. 554).
[*] 1408. Allied to the genitive of cause is the genitive of purpose in
τοῦ with the infinitive (esp. with
μή, 2032 e), and in expressions where
ἕνεκα is usually employed, as ““
ἡ πᾶσ᾽ ἀπάτη συνεσκευάσθη τοῦ περὶ Φωκέα_ς ὀλέθρου”
the whole fraud was contrived for the purpose of ruining the Phocians”
D. 19.76.
[*] 1409. Closely connected with the genitive of cause is the genitive with verbs of disputing: ““
οὐ βασιλεῖ ἀντιποιούμεθα τῆς ἀρχῆς”
we have no dispute with the king about his empire”
X. A. 2.1.23, ““
ἠμφισβήτησεν Ἐρεχθεῖ τῆς πόλεως”
he disputed the possession of the city with Erechtheus”
I. 12.193,
ἆρ᾽ οὖν μὴ ἡμῖν ἐναντιώσεται τῆς ἀπαγωγῆς;
well then he will not oppose us about the removal (of the army),
will he? X. A. 7.6.5.
ἀντιποιεῖσθαι claim may follow 1349 (““
τῆς πόλεως ἀντεποιοῦντο”
they laid claim to the city”
T. 4.122). Verbs of disputing are sometimes referred to 1343 or 1349.
GENITIVE OF SOURCE
[*] 1410. The genitive may denote the source.
““
πίθων ἠφύσσετο οἶνος”
wine was broached from the casks”
ψ 305, ““
Δα_ρείου καὶ Παρυσάτιδος γίγνονται παῖδες δύο”
of Darius and Parysatis are born two sons”
X. A. 1.1.1,
ταῦτα δέ σου τυχόντες obtaining this of you 6. 6. 32, ““
μάθε μου καὶ τάδε”
learn this also from me”
X. C. 1.6.44.
[*] 1411. With verbs of hearing from and the like the genitive is probably ablatival rather than partitive (
1364): ““
ἐμοῦ ἀκούσεσθε πᾶσαν τὴν ἀλήθειαν”
from me you shall hear the whole truth”
P. A. 17b, ““
τούτων πυνθάνομαι ὅτι οὐκ ἄβατόν ἐστι τὸ ὄρος”
I learn from these men that the mountain is not impassable”
X. A. 4.6.17,
τοιαῦτά ““
του παρόντος ἔκλυον”
such a tale I heard from some one who was present”
S. El. 424, ““
εἰδέναι δέ σου χρῄζω”
I desire to know of thee”
S. El. 668.
a. Usually (except with
πυνθάνεσθαι) we have
παρά (
ἀπό rarely),
ἐξ or
πρός (in poetry and Hdt.) with verbs of hearing from.
b. The genitive with
εἶναι in ““
πατρὸς δ᾽ εἴμ᾽ ἀγαθοῖο”
I am of a good father”
Φ 109, ““
τοιούτων μέν ἐστε προγόνων”
of such ancestors are you”
X. A. 3.2.13 is often regarded as a genitive of source, but is probably possessive.
GENITIVE WITH ADJECTIVES
[*] 1412. The genitive is used with many adjectives corresponding in derivation or meaning to verbs taking the genitive.
[*] 1413. The adjective often borrows the construction with the genitive from that of the corresponding verb; but when the verb takes another case (especially the accusative), or when there is no verb corresponding to the adjective, the adjective may govern the genitive to express possession, connection more or less close, or by analogy. Many of the genitives in question may be classed as objective as well as partitive or ablatival. Rigid distinction between the undermentioned classes must not be insisted on.
[*] 1414.
Possession and Belonging (
1297).—““
ὁ ἔρως κοινὸς πάντων ἀνθρώπων”
love common to all men”
P. S. 205a (cp.
κοινωνεῖν 1343), ““
ἱερὸς τοῦ αὐτοῦ θεοῦ”
sacred to the same god”
P. Ph. 85b, ““
οἱ κίνδυ_νοι τῶν ἐφεστηκότων ἴδιοι”
the dangers belong to the commanders”
D. 2.28. So with
οἰκεῖος and
ἐπιχώριος peculiar to.
κοινός (usually),
οἰκεῖος inclined to, appropriate to, and
ἴδιος also take the dative (
1499).
[*] 1415.
Sharing (
1343).—““
σοφία_ς μέτοχος”
partaking in wisdom”
P. L. 689d, ““
ἰσόμοιροι πάντων”
having an equal share in everything”
X. C. 2.1.31, ““
ὕβρεως ἄμοιρος”
having no part in wantonness”
P. S. 181c. So
<*>κληρος without lot in,
ἀμέτοχος not sharing in.
[*] 1416.
Touching,
Desiring,
Attaining,
Tasting (
1345,
1350,
1355).—““
ἄψαυστος ἔγχους”
not touching a spear”
S. O. T. 969, ““
χάρις ὧν πρόθυ_μοι γεγενήμεθα”
gratitude for the objects of our zeal”
T. 3.67,
παιδεία_ς ἐπήβολοι having attained to (possessed of)
culture P. L. 724b, ““
ἐλευθερία_ς ἄγευστος”
not tasting freedom”
P. R. 576a. So
δύσερως passionately desirous of.
[*] 1417.
Connection.—““
ἀκόλουθα ἀλλήλων”
dependent on one another”
X. O. 11.12, ““
τὰ τούτων ἀδελφά”
what is akin to this”
X. Hi. 1.22, ““
τῶν προειρημένων ἑπόμεναι ἀποδείξεις”
expositions agreeing with what had preceded”
P. R. 504b, ““
φέγγος ὕπνου διάδοχον”
light succeeding sleep”
S. Ph. 867. All these adjectives take also the dative; as does
συγγενής akin, which has become a substantive.
[*] 1418.
Capacity and Fitness.—Adjectives in
-ικός from active verbs, and some others: ““
παρασκευαστικὸν τῶν εἰς τὸν πόλεμον τὸν στρατηγὸν εἶναι χρὴ καὶ ποριστικὸν τῶν ἐπιτηδείων τοῖς στρατιώταις”
the general must be able to provide what is needed in war and to supply provisions for his men”
X. M. 3.1.6. So
διδασκαλικός able to instruct,
πρα_κτικός able to effect. Here may belong ““
γάμου ὡραία_”
ripe for marriage”
X. C. 4.6.9.
[*] 1419.
Experience (
1345).—““
ὁδῶν ἔμπειρος”
acquainted with the roads”
X. C. 5.3.35, ““
τῆς θαλάσσης ἐπιστήμων”
acquainted with the sea”
T. 1.142,
ἰδιώτης τούτου ““
τοῦ ἔργου”
unskilled in this business”
X. O. 3.9. So with
τρίβων skilled in,
τυφλός blind,
ἄπειρος unacquainted,
ἀγύμναστος unpractised,
ἀπαίδευτος uneducated,
ἀήθης unaccustomed,
ὀψιμαθής late in learning,
φιλομαθής fond of learning.
[*] 1420.
Remembering,
Caring For (
1356).—““
κακῶν μνήμονες”
mindful of crime”
A. Eum. 382, ““
ἐπιμελὴς τῶν φίλων”
attentive to friends”
X. M. 2.6.35,
ἀμνήμων τ ῶν κινδύ_νων unmindful of dangers Ant. 2.
α. 7; and, by analogy, ““
συγγνώμων τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων ἁμαρτημάτων”
forgiving of human errors”
X. C. 6.1.37. So
ἀμελής careless of,
ἐπιλήσμων forgetful of.
[*] 1421.
Perception (
1361).—Compounds in
-ήκοος from
ἀκούω: ““
λόγων καλῶν ἐπήκοοι”
hearers of noble words”
P. R. 499a, ““
ὑπήκοοι Θεσσαλῶν”
subjects of the Thessalians”
T. 4.78, ““
ὑπήκοος τῶν γονέων”
obedient to parents”
P. R. 463d, ““
ἀνήκοοι παιδεία_ς”
ignorant of culture”
Aes. 1.141. So
συνήκοος hearing together,
κατήκοος obeying.
ἐπήκοος, κατήκοος, and
ὑπήκοος also take the dative.
[*] 1422.
Fulness (
1369).—““
χαρᾶς ἡ πόλις ἦν μεστή”
the city was full of rejoicing”
D. 18.217, ““
παράδεισος ἀγρίων θηρίων πλήρης”
a park full of wild beasts”
X. A. 1.2.7, ““
πλουσιώτερος φρονήσεως”
richer in good sense”
P. Pol. 261e, ““
φιλόδωρος εὐμεϝεία_ς”
generous of good-will”
P. S. 197d, ““
ἄπληστος χρημάτων”
greedy of money”
X. C. 8.2.20. So with
ἔμπλεως, σύμπλεως. πλήρης may take the dative.
[*] 1423.
Ruling (
1370).—““
ταύτης κύ_ριος τῆς χώρα_ς”
master of this country”
D. 3.16, ““
ἀκρατὴς ὀργῆς”
unrestrained in passion”
T. 3.84. So with
ἐγκρατής master of,
αὐτοκράτωρ complete master of,
ἀκράτωρ intemperate in.
[*] 1424.
Value (
1372).—““
τάπις ἀξία_ δέκα μνῶν”
a rug worth ten minae”
X. A. 7.3.27, ““
δόξα χρημάτων οὐκ ὠνητή”
reputation is not to be bought for money”
I. 2.32. So with
ἀντάξιος worth,
ἰσόρροπος in equal poise with (
T. 2.42),
ἀξιόχρεως sufficient,
ἀνάξιος unworthy.
ἄξιόν τινι with the infinitive denotes
it is meet for a person to do something or the like.
[*] 1425.
Accountability (
1375).—““
αἴτιος τούτων”
accountable for this”
P. G. 447a, ““
ἔνοχος λιποταξίου”
liable to a charge of desertion”
L. 14.5, ““
ἀσεβεία_ς ὑπόδικος”
subject to a trial for impiety”
P. L. 907e, ““
ὑποτελὴς φόρου”
subject to tribute”
T. 1.19, ““
τούτων ὑπεύθυ_νος ὑ_μῖν”
responsible to you for this”
D. 8.69,
ἀθῷοι τῶν ἀδικημάτων unpunished for offences Lyc. 79.
ἔνοχος usually takes the dative, and so
ὑπεύθυ_νος meaning
dependent on or
exposed to. The above compounds of
ὑπό take the genitive by virtue of the substantive contained in them.
[*] 1426.
Place.—
ἐναντίος opposite and a few other adjectives denoting nearness or approach (
1353) may take the genitive, chiefly in poetry:
ἐναντίοι ἔσταν Ἀχαιῶν they stood opposite the Achaeans P 343. Cp. ““
τοῦ Πόντου ἐπικάρσιαι”
at an angle with the Pontus”
Hdt. 7.36.
ἐναντίος usually takes the dative.
[*] 1427.
Separation (
1392).—““
φίλων ἀγαθῶν ἔρημοι”
deprived of good friends”
X. M. 4.4.24, ““
ψυ_χὴ ψι_λὴ σώματος”
the soul separated from the body”
P. L. 899a, ““
φειδωλοὶ χρημάτων”
sparing of money”
P. R. 548b (or perhaps under
1356), ““
ὕ_λης καθαρόν”
clear of undergrowth”
X. O. 16.13, ““
ἄπαυστος γόων”
never ceasing lamentations”
E. Supp. 82. So with
ἐλεύθερος free from,
ἁγνός pure from, innocent of,
ὀρφανός bereft of,
γυμνός stripped of,
μόνος alone.
[*] 1428.
Compounds of alpha privative.—In addition to the adjectives with
alpha privative which take the genitive by reason of the notion expressed in the verb, or by analogy, there are many others, some of which take the genitive because of the idea of separation, especially when the genitive is of kindred meaning and an attributive adjective is added for the purpose of more exact definition. Thus,
ἄτι_μος deprived of,
ἀπαθής not suffering,
ἀτελής free from (
1392): as ““
τι_μῆς ἄτι_μος”
deprived of honour”
P. L. 774b, ““
ἄπαις ἀρρένων παίδων”
without male children”
I. 12.126, ““
τοῦ ἡδίστου θεά_ματος ἀθέα_τος”
not seeing the most pleasant sight”
X. M. 2.1.31, ““
ἄφωνος τῆσδε τῆς ἀρᾶς”
without uttering this curse”
S. O. C. 865. This is more frequent in poetry than prose.
a. So when the adjectives are passive: ““
φίλων ἄκλαυτος”
unwept by friends”
S. Ant. 847, cp. ““
κακῶν δυσάλωτος οὐδείς”
no one is hard for evil fortune to capture”
S. O. C. 1722. The genitive with adjectives in
alpha privative is sometimes called the genitive of relation.
[*] 1429.
Want (
1396).—““
ἅρματα κενὰ ἡνιόχων”
chariots deprived of their drivers”
X. A. 1.8.20, ““
ἐνδεὴς ἀρετῆς”
lacking virtue”
P. R. 381c. So with
πένης poor,
ἐλλιπής and
ἐπιδεής lacking.
[*] 1430.
Distinction (
1401).—““
διάφορος τῶν ἄλλων”
different from the rest”
P. Par. 160d, ““
ἕτερον τὸ ἡδὺ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ”
pleasure is different from what is good”
P. G. 500d, ““
ἄλλα τῶν δικαίων”
at variance with justice”
X. M. 4.4.25 (
ἄλλος is almost a comparative). So with
ἀλλοῖος and
ἀλλότριος alien from (also with dat.
unfavourable to, disinclined to).
διάφορος with dative means
at variance with.
[*] 1431.
Comparison (
1402).—Adjectives of the comparative degree or implying comparison take the genitive. The genitive denotes the standard or point of departure from which the comparison is made, and often expresses a condensed comparison when actions are compared. Thus, ““
ἤττων ἀμαθὴς σοφοῦ, δειλὸς ἀνδρείου”
an ignorant man is inferior to a wise man, a coward to a brave man”
P. Phae. 239a, ““
κρεῖττόν ἐστι λόγου τὸ κάλλος τῆς γυναικός”
the beauty of the woman is too great for description”
X. M. 3.11.1, ““
Ἐπύαξα προτέρα_ Κύ_ρου πέντε ἡμέραις ἀφί_κετο”
Epyaxa arrived five days before Cyrus”
X. A. 1.2.25, ““
καταδεεστέρα_ν τὴν δόξαν τῆς ἐλπίδος ἔλαβεν”
the reputation he acquired fell short of his expectation”
I. 2.7. So with
δεύτερος, ὑστεραῖος, περιττός. Comparatives with
ἤ, 1069.
[*] 1432. So with
multiplicatives in
-πλοῦς and
-πλάσιος: ““
διπλάσια ἀπέδωκεν ὧν ἔλαβεν”
it returned double what it received”
X. C. 8.3.38. So with
πολλοστός.
[*] 1433. The genitive with the comparative often takes the place of
ἤ with another construction:
ἀ_θλιώτερόν ἐστι μὴ ὑγιοῦς σώματος ( =
ἢ μὴ ὑγιεῖ σώματι) ““
μὴ ὑγιεῖ ψυ_χῇ συνοικεῖν”
it is more wretched to dwell with a diseased soul than a diseased body”
P. G. 479b,
πλείοσι ναυσὶ τῶν Ἀθηναίων ( =
ἢ οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι) ““
παρῆσαν”
they came with more ships than the Athenians”
T. 8.52.
[*] 1434. The superlative with the genitive is both partitive and ablatival; the latter, when a thing is compared with many things taken singly. Thus,
σοφώτατος ἀνθρώπων P. A. 22c means
wisest among men (part.) and
wiser than any other single man. The partitive idea is the stronger. The comparative and the superlative idea are both expressed in
ἀνὴρ ἐπιεικὴς υἱὸν ἀπολέσα_ς οἴσει ῥᾷστα τῶν ἄλλων a reasonable man will bear the loss of a son more easily than other men (and
most easily of all men)
P. R. 603e, ““
στρατεία_ μεγίστη τῶν πρὸ αὐτῆς”
an expedition greater than any preceding it”
T. 1.10, ““
τῶν ἄλλων ὕστατοι”
the last among nations”
D. 8.72. Cp.
μόνος τῶν ἄλλων =
alone of all D. 21.223.
[*] 1435.
Cause (
1405).—““
εὐδαίμων τοῦ τρόπου”
happy because of his disposition”
P. Ph. 58e, ““
δείλαιος τῆς συμφορᾶς”
wretched because of thy lot”
S. O. T. 1347, ““
βάλανοι θαυμάσιαι τοῦ μεγέθους”
dates wonderful for their size”
X. A. 2.3.15, ““
περίφοβος τοῦ καταφρονηθῆναι”
fearful of becoming an object of contempt”
P. Phae. 239b. So with
τάλα_ς and
τλήμων wretched.
[*] 1436.
Free Use.—a. Compound adjectives formed of a preposition and substantive may take a genitive dependent on the substantive: ““
σκηνῆς ὕπαυλος”
under the shelter of the tent”
S. Aj. 796 ( =
ὑπὸ αὐλῇ). Frequent in poetry.
b. Some adjectives are freely used with the genitive in poetry, as ““
λάμοι Πάριδος ὀλέθριοι φίλων”
the marriage of Paris bringing ruin on his friends”
A. Ag. 1156. This is rare in prose: ““
τὸ πῦρ ἐπίκουρον ψύ_χους”
fire that protects against cold”
X. M. 4.3.7,
κακοῦργος μὲν τῶν ἄλλων, ἑαυτοῦ δὲ κακουργότερος doing evil to the others but more to himself 1. 5. 3, ““
ὁ τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἀλιτήριος”
the curse and destroyer of Greece”
Aes. 3.157. These adjectives are practically equivalent to substantives. Cp.
amans patriae.
GENITIVE WITH ADVERBS
[*] 1437. The genitive is used with adverbs derived from adjectives which take the genitive, and with adverbs akin to verbs followed by the genitive.
““
τὰ τούτου ἑξῆς”
what comes after this”
P. R. 390a (
1345), ““
ἐρωτικῶς ἔχουσι τοῦ κερδαίνειν”
they are in love with gain”
X. O. 12.15 (cp.
1349), ““
εὐθὺ Λυκείου”
straight for the Lyceum”
P. Lys. 203b (cp.
ἴ_θυ_σε νεός he made straight for the ship O 693;
1353), ““
ἐναντίον ἁπάντων”
in the presence of all”
T. 6.25, ““
πλησίον Θηβῶν”
near Thebes”
D. 9.27, ““
Νείλου πέλας”
near the Nile”
A. Supp. 308 (
1353), ““
γονέων ἀμελέστερον ἔχειν”
be too neglectful of one's parents”
P. L. 932a (
1356), ““
ἐκ πάντων τῶν ἐμπείρως αὐτοῦ ἐχόντων”
of all those acquainted with him”
X. A. 2.6.1, ““
μηδενὸς ἀπείρως ἔχειν”
to be inexperienced in nothing”
I. 1.52 (
1345), ““
ἀξίως ἀνδρὸς ἀγαθοῦ”
in a manner worthy of a good man”
P. A. 32e, ““
πρεπόντως τῶν πρα_ξάντων”
in a manner appropriate to the doers”
P. Menex. 239c (
1372), ““
διαφερόντως τῶν ἄλλων ἀνθρώπων”
above the rest of men”
X. Hi. 7.4 (
1401),
πονηρία_ θᾶττον θανάτου θεῖ ‘
wickedness flies faster than fate’
P. A. 39a (
1402), ““
πενθικῶς ἔχουσα τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ”
mourning for her brother”
X. C. 5.2.7 (
1405).
[*] 1438. An adverb with
ἔχειν or
διακεῖσθαι is often used as a periphrasis for an adjective with
εἶναι or for a verb.
[*] 1439. The genitive is used with many adverbs (a) of place, (b) of time, (c) of quantity.
a. ““
ἐμβαλεῖν που τῆς ἐκείνων χώρα_ς”
to make an attack at some point of their country”
X. C. 6.1.42, ““
αἰσθόμενος οὗ ἦν κακοῦ”
perceiving what a plight he was in”
D. 23.156,
οἷ προελήλυθ᾽ ἀσελγεία_ς to what a pitch of wanton arrogance he has come 4. 9,
ἐνταῦθα τῆς πολι_τεία_ς at that point of the administration 18. 62, ““
εἰδέναι ὅπου γῆς ἐστιν”
to know where in the world he is”
P. R. 403e, ““
πόρρω ἤδη τοῦ βίου, θανάτου δὲ ἐγγύς”
already far advanced in life, near death”
P. A. 38c, ““
ἐπὶ τάδε Φασήλιδος”
on this side of Phaselis”
I. 7.80, ““
πρὸς βορέα_ν τοῦ Σκόμβρου”
north of Mt. Scombrus”
T. 2.96,
ἄλλοι ἄλλῃ τῆς πόλεως some in one part, others in another part of the city 2. 4, ““
ἀπαντικρὺ τἠς Ἀττικῆς”
opposite Attica”
D. 8.36. So with
ἐντός inside,
εἴσω within,
ἑκατέρωθεν on both sides,
ὄπισθεν behind,
πρόσθεν before.
b. πηνίκ᾽ ἐστὶν ἄρα τῆς ἡμέρα_ς;
at what time of day? Ar. Av. 1498, ““
τῆς ἡμέρα_ς ὀψέ”
late in the day”
X. H. 2.1.23.
c. ““
τῶν τοιούτων ἅδην”
enough of such matters”
P. Charm. 153d,
τούτων ἅλι<*> enough of this X. C. 8.7.25.
[*] 1440. Most of the genitives in 1439 are partitive. Some of the adverbs falling under 1437 take also the dative (
ἄγχι, ἐγγύς, πλησίον in the poets,
ἑξῆς, ἐφεξῆς).
[*] 1441. The genitive is used with adverbs of manner, especially with the intransitive
ἔχω, ἥκω (Hdt.). The genitive usually has no article:
ὡς τάχους ἕκαστος εἶχεν as fast as each could (with what measure of speed he had)
X. H. 4.5.15, ““
ὡς ποδῶν εἶχον”
as fast as my legs could carry me”
Hdt. 6.116, ““
ἔχοντες εὖ φρενῶν”
being in their right minds”
E. Hipp. 462, ““
εὖ σώματος ἕξειν”
to be in good bodily condition”
P. R. 404d (cp. 407 c,
τοὺς ὑγιεινῶς ἔχοντας τὰ σώματα those who are sound in body: with the article,
1121), ““
χρημάτων εὖ ἥκοντες”
well off”
Hdt. 5.62, ““
τοῦ πολέμου καλῶς ἐδόκει ἡ πόλις καθίστασθαι . . . τῆς τε ἐπὶ Θρᾴκης παρόδου χρησίμως ἕξειν”
they thought that the city was well situated for the war and would prove useful for the march along Thrace”
T. 3.92.
[*] 1442. This use is probably derived from that with adverbs of place: thus
πῶς ἔχεις δόξης;
in what state of mind are you? P. R. 456d is due to the analogy of
ποῦ δόξης; (cp.
ὅποι γνώμης S. El. 922).
[*] 1443. The genitive is used with many adverbs denoting separation. Thus, ““
ἔσται ἡ ψυ_χὴ χωρὶς τοῦ σώματος”
the soul will exist without the body”
P. Ph. 66e, ““
δίχα τοῦ ὑ_μετέρου πλήθους”
separate from your force”
X. C. 6.1.8, ““
πρόσω τῶν πηγῶν”
far from the sources”
X. A. 3.2.22, ““
ἐμποδὼν ἀλλήλοις πολλῶν καὶ ἀγαθῶν ἔσεσθε”
you will prevent one another from enjoying many blessings”
X. C. 8.5.24, ““
λάθρᾳ τῶν στρατιωτῶν”
without the knowledge of the soldiers”
X. A. 1.3.8. So with
ἔξω outside,
ἐκτός without,
outside,
πέρα_ν across,
κρύφα unbeknown to.
GENITIVE OF TIME AND PLACE
[*] 1444.
Time.—The genitive denotes the time
within which, or at a certain point
of which, an action takes place. As contrasted with the accusative of time (
1582), the genitive denotes a portion of time. Hence the genitive of time is partitive. Cp.
τὸν μὲν χειμῶνα ὕ_ει ὁ θεός, τοῦ δὲ θέρεος χρηίσκονται τῷ ὕδατι during the (entire)
winter the goo<*>rains,
but in (a part of)
summer they need the water Hdt. 3.117.
ἡμέρα_ς by day,
νυκτός at or
by night,
μεσημβρία_ς at midday,
δείλης in the afternoon,
ἑσπέρα_ς in the evening,
θέρους in summer,
χειμῶνος in winter,
ἦρος in spring,
ὀπώρα_ς in autumn,
τοῦ λοιποῦ in the future. The addition of article or attributive usually defines the time more exactly. Thus,
οὐκοῦν ἡδὺ μὲν θέρους ψυ_χεινὴν ἔχειν, ἡδὺ δὲ χειμῶνος ἀλεεινήν;
is it not pleasant to have (
a house)
cool in summer, and warm in winter? X. M. 3.8.9, ““
ᾤχετο τῆς νυκτός”
he departed during the night”
X. A. 7.2.17,
καὶ ἡμέρα_ς καὶ νυκτὸς ἄγων ἐπὶ τοὺς πολεμίους both by day and by night leading against the enemy 2. 6. 7,
ἔλεγον τοῦ λοιποῦ μηκέτι ἐξεῖναι ἀνομία_ς ἄρξαι they said that for the future (at any time in the future)
it should no longer be permitted to set an example of lawlessness 5. 7. 34. (Distinguish
τὸ λοιπόν for the (entire)
future 3. 2. 8.)
ἐντός within is sometimes added to the genitive.
[*] 1445. The addition of the article may have a distributive sense: ““
δραχμὴν ἐλάμβανε τῆς ἡμέρα_ς”
he received a drachm a day”
T. 3.17.
[*] 1446. The genitive may denote the time
since an action has happened or the time
until an action will happen: ““
οὐδείς μέ πω ἠρώτηκε καινὸν οὐδὲν πολλῶν ἐτῶν”
for many years nobody has put a new question to me”
P. G. 448a, ““
βασιλεὺς οὐ μαχεῖται δέκα ἡμερῶν”
the king will not fight for ten days”
X. A. 1.7.18.
[*] 1447. The genitive may or may not denote a definite part of the time during which anything takes place; the dative fixes the time explicitly either by specifying a definite point in a given period or by contracting the whole period to a definite point; the accusative expresses the whole extent of time from beginning to end: cp. ““
τῇ δὲ ὑστεραίᾳ οἱ μὲν Ἀθηναῖοι τό τε προάστειον εἷλον καὶ τὴν ἡμέρα_ν ἅπα_σαν ἐδῄουν τὴν γῆν, οἵ τε τρια_κόσιοι τῶν Σκιωναίων τῆς ἐπιούσης νυκτὸς ἀπεχώρησαν”
on the next day the Athenians captured the suburb and laid waste the land for that entire day, while the three hundred Scionaeans departed in the course of the following night”
T. 4.130;
ἡμέρᾳ δὲ ἀρξάμενοι τρίτῃ ὡς οἴκοθεν ὥρμησαν, ταύτην τε εἰργάζοντο καὶ τὴν τετάρτην καὶ τῆς πέμπτης μέχρι ἀ_ρίστου beginning on the third day after their departure, they continued their work (all)
this day and the fourth,
and on the fifth until the mid-day meal 4. 90.
a. The genitive of time is less common than the dative of time (
1539) with ordinals, or with
ὅδε, οὗτος, ἐκεῖνος; as
ταύτης τῆς νυκτός T. 6.97,
P. Cr. 44a, ““
ἐκείνου τοῦ μηνός”
in the course of that month”
X. M. 4.8.2. For
θέρους we find
ἐν θέρει rarely and, in poetry,
θέρει.
T. 4.133 has both
τοῦ αὐτοῦ θέρους and
ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ θέρει in the course of the same summer; cp.
ἶσος ῥέει ἔν τε θέρεϊ καὶ χειμῶνι ὁ Ἴστρος Hdt. 4.50 and
Ἴστρος ἶσος ῥέει θέρεος καὶ χειμῶνος 4. 48 (
the Ister flows with the same volume in summer and winter).
[*] 1448.
Place.—The genitive denotes the place
within which or
at which an action happens. This is more frequent in poetry than in prose.
πεδίοιο διωκέμεν to chase over the plain E 222,
ἷζεν τοίχου τοῦ ἑτέροιο he was sitting by the other wall (lit. in a place of the wall) I 219,
λελουμένος Ὠκεανοῖο having bathed in Oceanus E 6, ““
οὔτε Πύλου ἱερῆς οὔτ᾽ Ἄργεος οὔτε Μυκήνης”
neither in sacred Pylos nor in Argos nor in Mycenae”
φ 108, ““
τόνδ᾽ εἰσεδέξω τειχέων”
thou didst admit this man within the walls”
E. Phoen. 451, ““
ἰέναι τοῦ πρόσω”
to go forward”
X. A. 1.3.1, ““
ἐπετάχυ_νον τῆς ὁδοῦ τοὺς σχολαίτερον προσιόντας”
they hastened on their way those who came up more slowly”
T. 4.47; ““
λαιᾶς χειρὸς οἰκοῦσι”
they dwell on the left hand”
A. Pr. 714 (possibly ablatival).
[*] 1449. Many adverbs of place are genitives in form (
αὐτοῦ there,
ποῦ where? οὐδαμοῦ nowhere). Cp.
341.
DATIVE
[*] 1450. The Greek dative does duty for three cases: the dative proper, and two lost cases, the instrumental and the locative.
a. The dative derives its name (
ἡ δοτικὴ πτῶσις,
casus dativus) from the use with
διδόναι (
1469).
[*] 1451. The dative is a necessary complement of a verb when the information given by the verb is incomplete without the addition of the idea expressed by the dative. Thus,
πείθεται he obeys, calls for the addition of an idea to complete the sense, as
τοῖς νόμοις the laws.
[*] 1452. The dative as a voluntary complement of a verb adds something unessential to the completion of an idea. Thus,
αὐτοῖς οἱ βάρβαροι ἀπῆλθον the barbarians departed—for them (to their advantage). Here belongs the dative of interest, 1474 ff.
[*] 1453. But the boundary line between the necessary and the voluntary complement is not always clearly marked. When the idea of the action, not the object of the action, is emphatic, a verb, usually requiring a dative to complete its meaning, may be used alone, as
πείθεται he is obedient.
[*] 1454. With many intransitive verbs the dative is the sole complement. With transitive verbs it is the indirect complement (dative of the
indirect or
remoter object, usually a person); that is, it further defines the meaning of a verb already defined in part by the accusative.
[*] 1455. Many verbs so vary in meaning that they may take the dative either alone or along with the accusative (sometimes the genitive). No rules can be given, and English usage is not always the same as Greek usage.
[*] 1456. The voice often determines the construction. Thus,
πείθειν τινά to persuade some one,
πείθεσθαί τινι to persuade oneself for some one (
obey some one),
<*>λεύειν τινὰ ταῦτα ποιεῖν to order some one to do this,
παρακελεύεσθαί τινι ταῦτα τοιεῖν to exhort some one to do this.
DATIVE PROPER
[*] 1457. The dative proper denotes that
to or
for which something is or is done.
[*] 1458. It is either (1) used with single words (verbs, adjectives, and sometimes with adverbs and substantives) or (2) it serves to define an entire sentence; herein unlike the genitive and accusative, which usually modify single members <*> a sentence. The connection between dative and verb is less intimate than that between genitive or accusative and verb.
[*] 1459. The dative proper is largely personal, and denotes the person who is interested in or affected by the action; and includes 1461-1473 as well as 1474 ff. The dative proper is not often used with things; when so used there is usually personification or semi-personification.
THE DATIVE DEPENDENT ON A SINGLE WORD
DATIVE AS DIRECT COMPLEMENT OF VERBS
[*] 1460. The dative may be used as the sole complement of many verbs that are usually transitive in English. Such are
[*] 1461. (I)
To benefit, help,
injure, please,
displease, be friendly or
hostile,
blame,
be angry, threaten,
envy.
““
βοηθεῖν τοῖσιν ἠδικημένοις”
to help the wronged”
E. I. A. 79, ““
οὐκ ἂν ἠνώχλει νῦν ἡμῖν”
he would not now be troubling us”
D. 3.5,
<*>ντὶ τοῦ συνεργεῖν ἑαυτοῖς τὰ συμφέροντα ἐπηρεάζουσιν ἀλλήλοις instead of coöperating for their mutual interests, they revile one another X. M. 3.5.16, ““
εἰ τοῖς πλέοτιν ἀρέσκοντές ἐσμεν, τοῖσδ᾽ ἂν μόνοις οὐκ ὀρθῶς ἀπαρέσκοιμεν”
if we are pleasing to the majority, it would not be right if we should displease them alone”
T. 1.38, ““
εὐνοεῖν τοῖς κακόνοις”
to be friendly to the ill-intentioned”
X. C. 8.2.1, ““
ἐμοὶ ὀργίζονται”
they are angry at me”
P. A. 23c, ““
τῷ Θηρα_μένει ἠπείλουν”
they threatened Theramenes”
T. 8.92, ““
οὐ φθονῶν τοῖς πλουτοῦσιν”
not cherishing envy against the rich”
X. A. 1.9.19.
[*] 1462. Some verbs of benefiting and injuring take the accusative (
ὠφελεῖν, βλάπτειν, 1591 a);
μι_σεῖν τινα hate some one.
λυ_σιτελεῖν, συμφέρειν be of advantage take the dative.
[*] 1463. (II)
To meet, approach,
yield.
““
ἐπεὶ δὲ ἀπήντησαν αὐτοῖς οἱ στρατηγοί”
but when the generals met them”
X. A. 2.3.17, ““
περιτυγχάνει Φιλοκράτει”
he meets Philocrates”
X. H. 4.8.24, ““
ποίοις οὐ χρὴ θηρίοις πελάζειν”
what wild beasts one must not approach”
X. C. 1.4.7,
σὺ δ᾽ εἶκ᾽ ἀνάγκῃ καὶ θεοῖσι μὴ μάχου yield to necessity and war not with heaven E. fr. 716. On the genitive with verbs of approaching, see
1353.
[*] 1464. (III)
To obey, serve,
pardon,
trust,
advise,
command, etc.
““
τοῖς νόμοις πείθου”
obey the laws”
I. 1.16, ““
τῷ ὑ_μετέρῳ ξυμφόρῳ ὑπακούειν”
to be subservient to your interests”
T. 5.98, ““
ἂ_ν μηδεμιᾷ δουλεύῃς τῶν ἡδονῶν”
if you are the slave of no pleasure”
I. 2.29, ““
ἐπίστευον αὐτῷ αἱ πόλεις”
the cities trusted him”
X. A. 1.9.8,
στρατηγῷ στρατιώταις παραινοῦντι a general advising his men P. Ion 540 d, ““
τῷ Μυ_σῷ ἐσήμηνε φεύγειν”
he ordered the Mysian to flee”
X. A. 5.2.30, ““
τῷ Κλεάρχῳ ἐβόα_ ἄγειν”
he shouted to Clearchus to lead”
X. A. 1.8.12.
[*] 1465.
κελεύειν command (strictly
impel) may be followed in Attic by the accusative and (usually) the infinitive; in Hom. by the dative either alone or with the infinitive. Many verbs of commanding (
παραγγέλλειν, διακελεύεσθαι) take in Attic the accusative, not the dative, when used with the infinitive (
1996 N.).
ὑπακούειν (and
ἀκούειν =
obey) may take the genitive (
1366).
[*] 1466. (IV)
To be like or
unlike,
compare,
befit.
““
ἐοικέναι τοῖς τοιούτοις”
to be like such men”
P. R. 349d,
τί οὖν πρέπει ἀνδρὶ πένητι;
what then befits a poor man? P. A. 36d.
[*] 1467. The dative of the person and the genitive of the thing are used with the impersonals
δεῖ (
1400),
μέτεστι, μέλει, μεταμέλει, προσήκει. Thus, ““
μισθοφόρων ἀνδρὶ τυράννῳ δεῖ”
a tyrant needs mercenaries”
X. Hi. 8.10, ““
ὡς οὐ μετὸν αὐτοῖς Ἐπιδάμνου”
inasmuch as they had nothing to do with Epidamnus”
T. 1.28, ““
οὐχ ὧν ἐβιά_σατο μετέμελεν αὐτῷ”
he did not repent of his acts of violence”
And. 4.17, ““
τούτῳ τῆς Βοιωτία_ς προσήκει οὐδέν”
he has nothing to do with Boeotia”
X. A. 3.1.31.
ἔξεστί μοι it is in my power does not take the genitive. For the accusative instead of the dative, see
1400. Cp.
1344.
a. For
δοκεῖ μοι it seems to me (
mihi videtur),
δοκῶ μοι (
mihi videor) may be used.
b. For other cases of the dative as direct complement see
1476,
1481.
[*] 1468. An intransitive verb taking the dative can form a personal passive, the dative becoming the nominative subject of the passive. Cp.
1745.
DATIVE AS INDIRECT COMPLEMENT OF VERBS
[*] 1469. Many verbs take the dative as the indirect object together with an accusative as the direct object. The indirect object is commonly introduced in English by
to.
““
Κῦρος δίδωσιν αὐτῷ ἓξ μηνῶν μισθόν”
Cyrus gives him pay for six months”
X. A. 1.1.10, ““
τῷ Ὑρκανίῳ ἵππον ἐδωρήσατο”
he presented a horse to the Hyrcanian”
X. C. 8.4.24, ““
τὰ δὲ ἄλλα διανεῖμαι τοῖς στρατηγοῖς”
to distribute the rest to the generals”
X. A. 7.5.2, ““
μι_κρὸν μεγάλῳ εἰκάσαι”
to compare a small thing to a great thing”
T. 4.36, ““
πέμπων αὐτῷ ἄγγελον”
sending a messenger to him”
X. A. 1.3.8,
ὑπισχνοῦμαί σοι δέκα τάλαντα I promise you ten talents 1. 7. 18, ““
τοῦτο σοὶ δ᾽ ἐφί_εμαι”
I lay this charge upon thee”
S. Aj. 116, ““
παρῄνει τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις τοιάδε”
he advised the Athenians as follows”
T. 6.8, ““
ἐμοὶ ἐπιτρέψαι ταύτην τὴν ἀρχήν”
to entrust this command to me”
X. A. 6.1.31.
λέγειν ταῦτα τοῖς στρατιώταις to say this to the soldiers 1. 4. 11 (
λέγειν πρός τινα lacks the personal touch of the dative, which indicates interest in the person addressed). A dependent clause often represents the accusative.
[*] 1470.
Passive.—The accusative of the active becomes the subject of the passive, the dative remains: ““
ἐκείνῳ αὕτη ἡ χώρα_ ἐδόθη”
this land was given to him”
X. H. 3.1.6.
DATIVE AS DIRECT OR INDIRECT COMPLEMENT OF VERBS
[*] 1471. Many verbs may take the dative either alone or with the accusative.
““
οὐδενὶ μέμφομαι”
I find fault with no one”
D. 21.190,
τί ἄν μοι μέμφοιο;
what fault would you have to find with me? X. O. 2.15; ““
ὑπηρετῶ τοῖς θεοῖς”
I am a servant of the gods”
X. C. 8.2.22, ““
Ἔρωτι πᾶν ὑπηρετεῖ”
he serves Eros in everything”
P. S. 196c; ““
παρακελεύονται τοῖς περὶ νί_κης ἁμιλλωμένοις”
they exhort those who are striving for victory”
I. 9.79, ““
ταῦτα τοῖς ὁπλί_ταις παρακελεύομαι”
I address this exhortation to the hoplites”
T. 7.63; ““
ὀνειδίζετε τοῖς ἀδικοῦσιν”
you reproach the guilty”
L. 27.16 (also accus.), ““
Θηβαίοις τὴν ἀμαθία_ν ὀνειδίζουσι”
they upbraid the Thebans with their ignorance”
I. 15.248; ““
θεοῖς εὐξάμενοι”
having prayed to the gods”
T. 3.58, ““
εὐξάμενοι τοῖς θεοῖς τἀ_γαθά”
having prayed to the gods for success”
X. C. 2.3.1 (cp.
αἰτεῖν τινά τι,
1628). So
ἐπιτι_μᾶν (
ἐγκαλεῖν)
τινι to censure (
accuse)
some one,
ἐπιτι_μᾶν (
ἐγκαλεῖν)
τί τινι censure something in (
bring an accusation against)
some one. So
ἀπειλεῖν threaten; and
ἀμύ_νειν, ἀλέξειν, ἀρήγειν ward off (
τινί τι in poetry,
1483).
[*] 1472.
τι_μωρεῖν (poet.
τι_μωρεῖσθαί)
τινι means
to avenge some one (
take vengeance for some one), as
τι_μωρήσειν σοι τοῦ παιδὸς ὑπισχνοῦμαι I promise to avenge you because of (on the murderer of)
your son X. C. 4.6.8,
εἰ τι_μωρήσεις ““
Πατρόκλῳ τὸν φόνον”
if you avenge the murder of Patroclus”
P. A. 28c.
τιμωρεῖσθαί (rarely
τι_μωρεῖν)
τινα means
to avenge oneself upon some one (
punish some one).
[*] 1473. For the dative of purpose (
to what end?), common in Latin with a second dative (
dono dare), Greek uses a predicate noun: ““
ἐκείνῳ ἡ χώρα_ δῶρον ἐδόθη”
the country was given to him as a gift”
X. H. 3.1.6. The usage in Attic inscriptions (““
ἧλοι ταῖς θύραις”
nails for the doors”
C.I.A. /lref>, add. 834 b, 1,
38) is somewhat similar to the Latin usage. Cp.
1502.
a. The infinitive was originally, at least in part, a dative of an abstract substantive, and served to mark purpose:
τίς τ᾽ ἄρ σφωε θεῶν ἔριδι ξυνέηκε μάχεσθαι;
who then of the gods brought the twain together (for)
to contend in strife? A 8. Cp. “what went ye out for to see?” St. Matth. 11. 8.
DATIVE AS A MODIFIER OF THE SENTENCE
DATIVE OF INTEREST
[*] 1474. The person
for whom something is or is done, or in reference to whose case an action is viewed, is put in the dative.
a. Many of the verbs in 1461 ff. take a dative of interest. 1476 ff. are special cases.
[*] 1475. After verbs of motion the dative (usually personal) is used, especially in poetry: ““
χεῖρας ἐμοὶ ὀρέγοντας”
reaching out their hands to me”
μ 257,
ψυ_χὰ_ς Ἄϊδι προΐαψεν hurled their souls on to Hades (a person) A 3; rarely, in prose, after verbs not compounded with a preposition:
σχόντες (
scil.
τὰ_ς ναῦς) ““
Π̔ηγίῳ”
putting in at Rhegium”
T. 7.1. Cp.
1485.
[*] 1476.
Dative of the Possessor.—The person for whom a thing exists is put in the dative with
εἶναι, γίγνεσθαι, ὑπάρχειν, φῦναι (poet.), etc., when he is regarded as interested in its possession.
““
ἄλλοις μὲν χρήματά ἐστι, ἡμῖν δὲ ξύμμαχοι ἀγαθοί”
others have riches, we have good allies”
T. 1.86, ““
τῷ δικαίῳ παρὰ θεῶν δῶρα γίγνεται”
gifts are bestowed upon the just man by the gods”
P. R. 613e, ““
ὑπάρχει ἡμῖν οὐδὲν τῶν ἐπιτηδείων”
we have no supply of provisions”
X. A. 2.2.11, ““
πᾶσι θνα_τοῖς ἔφυ_ μόρος”
death is the natural lot of all men”
S. El. 860.
[*] 1477. So with verbs of thinking and perceiving:
τὸν ἀγαθὸν ἄρχοντα βλέποντα νόμον ἀνθρώποις ἐνόμισεν Cyrus
considered that a good ruler was a living law to man X. C. 8.1.22, ““
θαρροῦσι μάλιστα πολέμιοι, ὅταν τοῖς ἐναντίοις πρά_γματα πυνθάνωνται”
the enemy are most courageous when they learn that the forces opposed to them are in trouble”
X. Hipp. 5.8.
[*] 1478. In the phrase
ὄνομά (
ἐστί)
τινι the name is put in the same case as
ὄνομα. Thus, ““
ἔδοξα ἀκοῦσαι ὄνομα αὐτῷ εἶναι Ἀγάθωνα”
I thought I heard his name was Agathon”
P. Pr. 315e.
ὄνομά μοί ἐστι and
ὄνομα (
ἐπωνυμία_ν)
ἔχω are treated as the passives of
ὀνομάζω. Cp. 1322 a.
[*] 1479. Here belong the phrases (1)
τί (
ἐστιν)
ἐμοὶ καὶ σοί;
what have I to do with thee?; cp.
τί τῷ νόμῳ καὶ τῇ βασάνῳ;
what have the law and torture in common? D. 29.36. (2)
τί ταῦτ᾽ ἐμοί;
what have I to do with this? D. 54.17. (3)
τί ἐμοὶ πλέον;
what gain have I? X. C. 5.5.34.
[*] 1480. The dative of the possessor denotes that something is at the disposal of a person or has fallen to his share temporarily. The genitive of possession lays stress on the
person who owns something. The dative answers the question
what is it that he has?, the genitive answers the question
who is it that has something? The uses of the two cases are often parallel, but not interchangeable. Thus, in
Κῦρος, οὗ σὺ ἔσει τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦδε Cyrus,
to whom you will henceforth belong X. C. 5.1.6,
ᾧ would be inappropriate. With a noun in the genitive the dative of the possessor is used (
τῶν ἑκατέροις ξυμμάχων T. 2.1); with a noun in the dative, the genitive of the possessor (
τοῖς ἑαυτῶν ξυμμάχοις 1.
18).
[*] 1481.
Dative of Advantage or Disadvantage (
dativus commodi et incommodi).—The person or thing for whose advantage or disadvantage, anything is or is done, is put in the dative. The dative often has to be translated as if the possessive genitive were used; but the meaning is different.
ἐπειδὴ αὐτοῖς οἱ βάρβαροι ἐκ τῆς χώρα_ς ἀπῆλθον after the barbarians had departed (for them, to their advantage)
from their country T. 1.89, ““
ἄλλο στράτευμα αὐτῷ συνελέγετο”
another army was being raised for him”
X. A. 1.1.9, ““
ἄλλῳ ὁ τοιοῦτος πλουτεῖ, καὶ οὐχ ἑαυτῷ”
such a man is rich for another, and not for himself”
P. Menex. 246e, ““
στεφανοῦσθαι τῷ θεῷ”
to be crowned in honour of the god”
X. H. 4.3.21, ““
Φιλιστίδης ἔπρα_ττε Φιλίππῳ”
Philistides was working in the interest of Philip”
D. 9.59,
τὰ χρήματ᾽ αἴτι᾽ ἀνθρωποῖς κακῶν money is
a cause of misery to mankind E. Fr. 632,
οἱ Θρᾷκες οἱ τῷ Δημοσθένει ὑστερήσαντες the Thracians who came too late (for, i.e.)
to help Demosthenes T. 7.29,
ἥδε ἡ ἡμέρα_ τοῖς Ἕλλησι μεγάλων κακῶν ἄρξει this day will be to the Greeks the beginning of great sorrows 2. 12, ““
ἄ_ν τίς σοι τῶν οἰκετῶν ἀποδρᾷ”
if any of your slaves runs away”
X. M. 2.10.1.
a. For the middle denoting to do something for oneself, see
1719.
b. In the last example in 1481, as elsewhere, the dative of a personal pronoun is used where a possessive pronoun would explicitly denote the owner.
[*] 1482. A dative, dependent on the sentence, may appear to depend on a substantive: ““
σοὶ δὲ δώσω ἄνδρα τῇ θυγατρί”
to you I will give a husband for your daughter”
X. C. 8.4.24. Common in Hdt.
[*] 1483. With verbs of depriving, warding off, and the like, the dative of the person may be used:
τὸ συστρατεύειν ἀφελεῖν σφίσιν ἐδεήθησαν they asked him to relieve them (lit.
take away for them)
from serving in the war X. C. 7.1.44,
Δαναοῖσιν λοιγὸν ἄμυ_νον ward off ruin from (for)
the Danai A 456. So
ἀλέξειν τινί τι (poet.). Cp.
1392,
1628.
[*] 1484. With verbs of receiving and buying, the person who
gives or
sells may stand in the dative. In
δέχεσθαί τί τινι (chiefly poetic) the dative denotes the interest of the recipient in the donor:
Θέμιστι δέκτο δέπας she took the cup from (for, i.e. to please)
Themis O 87. So with
πόσου πρίωμαί σοι τὰ χοιρίδια;
at what price am I to buy the pigs of you? Ar. Ach. 812.
[*] 1485. With verbs of motion the dative of the person
to whom is properly a dative of advantage or disadvantage:
ἦλθε τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις ἡ ἀγγελία_ the message came to (for)
the Athenians T. 1.61. Cp.
1475.
[*] 1486.
Dative of Feeling (Ethical Dative).—The personal pro nouns of the first and second person are often used to denote the interest of the speaker, or to secure the interest of the person spoken to, in an action or statement.
““
μέμνησθέ μοι μὴ θορυβεῖν”
pray remember not to make a disturbance”
P. A. 27b, ““
ἀμουσότεροι γενήσονται ὑ_μῖν οἱ νέοι”
your young men will grow less cultivated”
P. R. 546d, ““
τοιοῦτο ὑ_μῖν ἐστι ἡ τυραννίς”
such a thing, you know, is despotism”
Hdt. 5.92 η, Ἀρταφέρνης ὑ_μῖν Ὑστάσπεός ἐστι παῖς Artaphernes,
you know, is Hystaspes' son 5. 30. The dative of feeling may denote surprise: ““
ὦ μῆτερ, ὡς καλός μοι ὁ πάππος”
oh mother, how handsome grandpa is”
X. C. 1.3.2. With the dative of feeling cp. “knock me here” Shakesp.
T. of Sh. 1. 2. 8, “study me how to please the eye”
L. L. L. i. 1. 80.
τοὶ surely, often used to introduce general statements or maxims, is a petrified dative of feeling (=
σοί).
a. This dative in the third person is very rare (
αὐτῇ in
P. R. 343a).
b. This construction reproduces the familiar style of conversation and may often be translated by
I beg you, please,
you see, let me tell you, etc. Sometimes the idea cannot be given in translation. This dative is a form of 1481.
[*] 1487.
ἐμοὶ βουλομένῳ ἐστί, etc.—Instead of a sentence with a finite verb, a participle usually denoting
inclination or
aversion is added to the dative of the person interested, which depends on a form of
εἶναι, γ<*>γνεσθαι, etc.
τῷ πλήθει τῶν Πλαταιῶν οὐ βουλομένῳ ἦν τῶν Ἀθηναίων ἀφίστασθαι the Plataean democracy did not wish to revolt from the Athenians (=
τὸ πλῆθος οὐκ ἐβούλετο ἀφίστασθαι)
T. 2.3 (lit.
it was not for them when wishing),
ἂ_ν βουλομένοις ἀκούειν ᾖ τουτοισί_, μνησθήσομαι if these men (the jury)
desire to hear it,
I shall take the matter up later (=
ἂ_ν οὗτοι ἀκούειν βούλωνται)
D. 18.11, ““
ἐπανέλθωμεν, εἴ σοι ἡδομένῳ ἐστίν”
let us go back if it is your pleasure to do so”
P. Ph. 78b, ““
εἰ μὴ ἀσμένοις ὑ_μῖν ἀφῖγμαι”
if I have come against your will”
T. 4.85,
Νι_κίᾳ προσδεχομένῳ ἦν τὰ παρὰ τῶν Ἐγεσταίων Nicias was prepared for the news from the Egestaeans 6. 46, ““
ἦν δὲ οὐ τῷ Ἀ_γησιλά_ῳ ἀχθομένῳ”
this was not displeasing to Agesilaus”
X. H. 5.3.13. Cp.
quibus bellum volentibus erat.
[*] 1488.
Dative of the Agent.—With passive verbs (usually in the perfect and pluperfect) and regularly with verbal adjectives in
-τός and
-τέος, the person in whose interest an action is done, is put in the dative. The notion of agency does not belong to the dative, but it is a natural inference that the person interested is the agent.
ἐμοὶ καὶ τούτοις πέπρα_κται has been done by (for)
me and these men D. 19.205, ““
ἐπειδὴ αὐτοῖς παρεσκεύαστο”
when they had got their preparations ready”
T. 1.46, ““
τοσαῦτά μοι εἰρήσθω”
let so much have been said by me”
L. 24.4, ““
ἐψηφίσθαι τῇ βουλῇ”
let it have been decreed by the senate”
C.I.A. /lref>a. With verbal adjectives in
-τός and
-τέος (
2149): ““
τοῖς οἴκοι ζηλωτός”
envied by those at home”
X. A. 1.7.4, ““
ἡμῖν γ᾽ ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐλευθερία_ς ἀγωνιστέον”
we at least must struggle to defend our freedom”
D. 9.70. For the accus. with
-τέον, see 2152 a.
[*] 1489. The usual restriction of the dative to tenses of completed action seems to be due to the fact that the agent is represented as placed in the position of viewing an already completed action in the light of its relation to himself (interest, advantage, possession).
[*] 1490. The dative of the agent is rarely employed with other tenses than perfect and pluperfect: ““
λέγεται ἡμῖν”
is said by us”
P. L. 715b,
τοῖς Κερκυ_ραίοις οὐχ ἑωρῶντο the ships
were not seen by (were invisible to)
the Corcyraeans T. 1.51; present,
T. 4.64, 109; aorist
T. 2.7.
[*] 1491. The person
by whom (not
for whom) an action is explicitly said to be done, is put in the genitive with
ὑπό (
1698. 1. b).
[*] 1492. The dative of the personal agent is used (1) when the subject is impersonal, the verb being transitive or intransitive, (2) when the subject is persal and the person is treated as a thing in order to express scorn (twice only in the orators:
D. 19.247, 57.
10).
[*] 1493.
ὑπό with the genitive of the personal agent is used (1) when the subject is a person, a city, a country, or is otherwise quasi-personal, (2) when the verb is intransitive even if the subject is a thing, as ““
τῶν τειχῶν ὑπὸ τῶν βαρβάρων πεπτωκότων”
the walls having been destroyed by the barbarians”
Aes. 2.172, (3) in a few cases with an impersonal subject, usually for the sake of emphasis, as ““
ὡς ἑταίρα_ ἦν . . . ὑπὸ τῶν ἄλλων οἰκείων καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν γειτόνων μεμαρτύρηται”
that she was an hetaera has been testified by the rest of his relatives and by his neighbours”
Is. 3.13.
a.
νι_κᾶσθαι, ἡττᾶσθαι to be conquered may be followed by the dative of a person, by
ὑπό τινος, or by the genitive (
1402).
[*] 1494. When the agent is a thing, not a person, the dative is commonly used whether the subject is personal or impersonal. If the subject is personal,
ὑπό may be used; in which case the inanimate agent is personified (see
1698. 1. N. 1).
ὑπό is rarely used when the subject is impersonal.
ὑπό is never used with the impersonal perfect passive of an intransitive verb.
DATIVE OF RELATION
[*] 1495. The dative may be used of a person to whose case the statement of the predicate is limited.
““
φευγειν αὐτοῖς ἀσφαλέστερόν ἐστιν ἢ ἡμῖν”
it is safer for them to flee than for us”
X. A. 3.2.19,
τριήρει ἐστὶν εἰς Ἡρά_κλειαν ἡμέρα_ς μακρᾶς πλοῦς for a trireme it is a long day's sail to Heraclea 6. 4. 2. Such cases as ““
δρόμος ἐγένετο τοῖς στρατιώταις”
the soldiers began to run”
X. A. 1.2.17 belong here rather than under 1476 or 1488.
a.
ὡς restrictive is often added:
μακρὰ_ ὡς γέροντι ὁδός a long road (at least)
for an old man S. O. C. 20,
σωφροσύνης δὲ ὡς πλήθει οὐ τὰ τοιάδε μέγιστα;
for the mass of men are not the chief points of temperance such as these? P. R. 389d.
[*] 1496.
Dative of Reference.—The dative of a noun or pronoun often denotes the person in whose opinion a statement holds good.
““
γάμους τοὺς πρώτους ἐγάμει Πέρσῃσι ὁ Δα_ρεῖος”
Darius contracted marriages most distinguished in the eyes of the Persians”
Hdt. 3.88, ““
πᾶσι νι_κᾶν τοῖς κριταῖς”
to be victorious in the judgment of all the judges”
Ar. Av. 445, ““
πολλοῖσιν οἰκτρός”
pitiful in the eyes of many”
S. Tr. 1071.
παρά is often used, as in
παρὰ Δα_ρείῳ ““
κριτῇ”
in the opinion of Darius”
Hdt. 3.160.
[*] 1497. The dative participle, without a noun or pronoun, is frequently used in the singular or plural to denote indefinitely the person judging or observing. This construction is most common with participles of verbs of coming or going and with participles of verbs of considering.
““
ἡ Θρᾴκη ἐστὶν ἐπὶ δεξιὰ εἰς τὸν Πόντον εἰσπλέοντι”
Thrace is on the right as you sail into the Pontus”
X. A. 6.4.1,
ἔλεγον ὅτι ἡ ὁδὸς διαβάντι τὸν ποταμὸν ἐπὶ Λυ_δία_ν φέροι they said that, when you had crossed the river, the road led to Lydia 3. 5. 15,
οὐκ οὖν ἄτοπον διαλογιζομένοις τὰ_ς δωρεὰ_ς νυ_νὶ πλείους εἶναι;
is it not strange,
when we reflect, that gifts are more frequent now? Aes. 3.179, ““
τὸ μὲν ἔξωθεν ἁπτομένῳ σῶμα οὐκ ἄγα_ν θερμὸν ἦν”
if you touched the surface the body was not very hot”
T. 2.49, ““
πρὸς ὠφέλειαν σκοπουμένῳ ὁ ἐπαινέτης τοῦ δικαίου ἀληθεύει”
if you look at the matter from the point of view of advantage, the panegyrist of justice speaks the truth”
P. R. 589c. So (
ὡς)
συνελόντι εἰπεῖν (
X. A. 3.1.38)
to speak briefly (lit.
for one having brought the matter into small compass),
συνελόντι D. 4.7.
a. The participle of verbs of coming or going is commonly used in statements of geographical situation.
b. The present participle is more common than the aorist in the case of all verbs belonging under 1497.
[*] 1498.
Dative of the Participle expressing Time.—In expressions of time a participle is often used with the dative of the person interested in the action of the subject, and especially to express the time that has passed
since an action has occurred (cp. “and this is the sixth month with her, who was called barren” St. Luke i.
36).
““
ἀποροῦντι δ᾽ αὐτῷ ἔρχεται Προμηθεύς”
Prometheus comes to him in his perplexity”
P. Pr. 321c, ““
Ξενοφῶντι πορευομένῳ οἱ ἱππεῖς ἐντυγχάνουσι πρεσβύ_ταις”
while Xenophon was on the march, his horsemen fell in with some old men”
X. A. 6.3.10. The idiom is often transferred from persons to things:
ἡμέραι μάλιστα ἦσαν τῇ Μυτιλήνῃ ἑα_λωκυίᾳ ἑπτά, ὅτ᾽ ἐς τὸ Ἔμβατον κατέπλευσαν about seven days had passed since the capture of Mytilene,
when they sailed into Embatum T. 3.29. This construction is frequent in Hom. and Hdt. The participle is rarely omitted (
T. 1.13.).
a. A temporal clause may take the place of the participle: ““
τῇ στρατιᾷ, ἀφ᾽ οὗ ἐξέπλευσεν εἰς Σικελία_ν, ἤδη ἐστὶ δύο καὶ πεντήκοντα ἔτη”
it is already fifty-two years since the expedition sailed to Sicily”
Is. 6.14.
DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES, ETC.
[*] 1499. Adjectives, adverbs, and substantives, of kindred meaning with the foregoing verbs, take the dative to define their meaning.
““
βασιλεῖ φίλοι”
friendly to the king”
X. A. 2.1.20, ““
εὔνους τῷ δήμῳ”
well disposed to the people”
And. 4.16, ““
τοῖς ϝόμοις ἔνοχος”
subject to the laws”
D. 21.35,
ἐχθρὸν ἐλευθερίᾳ καὶ νόμοις ἐναντίον hostile to liberty and opposed to law 6. 25, ““
ξυμμαχίᾳ πίσυνοι”
relying on the alliance”
T. 6.2,
φόρῳ ὑπήκοοι subject to tribute 7. 57,
ἢν ποιῆτε ὅμοια τοῖς λόγοις if you act in accordance with your words 2. 72,
στρατὸς ἴσος καὶ παραπλήσιος τῷ προτέρῳ an army equal or nearly so to the former 7. 42, ““
ἀδελφὰ τὰ βουλεύματα τοῖς ἔργοις”
plans like the deeds”
L. 2.64, ““
ἀλλήλοις ἀνομοίως”
in a way unlike to each other”
P. Tim. 36d. For substantives see
1502.
a. Some adjectives, as
φίλος, ἐχθρός, may be treated as substantives and take the genitive. Some adjectives often differ slightly in meaning when they take the genitive.
[*] 1500.
With ὁ αὐτός the same.—““
τὴν αὐτὴν γνώμην ἐμοὶ ἔχειν”
to be of the same mind as I am”
L. 3.21, ““
τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἐμοὶ πατρός”
of the same father as I am”
D. 40.34,
ταὐτὰ φρονῶν ἐμοί agreeing with me 18. 304.
[*] 1501. With adjectives and adverbs of similarity and dissimilarity the comparison is often condensed (
brachylogy)
: ὁμοία_ν ταῖς δούλαις εἶχε τὴν ἐσθῆτα she had a dress on like (that of)
her servants X. C. 5.1.4 (the possessor for the thing possessed, =
τῇ ἐσθῆτι τῶν δουλῶν),
Ὀρφεῖ γλῶσσα ἡ ἐναντία_ a tongue unlike (that of)
Orpheus A. Ag. 1629.
a. After adjectives and adverbs of likeness we also find
καί, ὅσπερ (
ὥσπερ). Thus, ““
παθεῖν ταὐτὸν ὅπερ πολλάκις πρότερον πεπόνθατε”
to suffer the same as you have often suffered before”
D. 1.8,
οὐχ ὁμοίως πεποιήκα_σι καὶ Ὅμηρος they have not composed their poetry as Homer did P. Ion 531 d.
[*] 1502. The dative after substantives is chiefly used when the substantive expresses the act denoted by the kindred verb requiring the dative: ““
ἐπιβουλὴ ἐμοί”
a plot against me”
X. A. 5.6.29,
διάδοχος Κλεάνδρῳ a successor to Cleander 7. 2. 5, ““
ἡ ἐμὴ τῷ θεῷ ὑπηρεσία_”
my service to the god”
P. A. 30a. But also in other cases: ““
φιλία_ τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις”
friendship for the Athenians”
T. 5.5, ““
ὕμνοι θεοῖς”
hymns to the gods”
P. R. 607a, ““
ἐφόδια τοῖς στρατευομένοις”
supplies for the troops”
D. 3.20,
ἧλοι ταῖς θύραις nails for the doors (
1473).
a. Both a genitive and a dative may depend on the same substantive: ““
ἡ τοῦ θεοῦ δόσις ὑ_μῖν”
the god's gift to you”
P. A. 30d.
INSTRUMENTAL DATIVE
[*] 1503. The Greek dative, as the representative of the lost instrumental case, denotes that
by which or
with which an action is done or accompanied. It is of two kinds: (1) The instrumental dative proper; (2) The comitative dative.
[*] 1504. When the idea denoted by the noun in the dative is the
instrument or
means, it falls under (1); if it is a person (not regarded as the instrument or means) or any other living being, or a thing regarded as a person, it belongs under (2); if an action, under (2).
[*] 1505. Abstract substantives with or without an attributive often stand in the instrumental dative instead of the cognate accusative (
1577).
INSTRUMENTAL DATIVE PROPER
[*] 1506. The dative denotes instrument or means, manner, and cause.
[*] 1507.
Instrument or Means.—““
ἔβαλλέ με λίθοις”
he hit me with stones”
L. 3.8,
ἵ_ησι τῇ ἀξί_νῃ he hurls his ax at him (
hurls with his ax)
X. A. 1.5.12,
ταῖς μαχαίραις κόπτοντες hacking them
with their swords 4. 6. 26, ““
οὐδὲν ἤνυε τούτοις”
he accomplished nothing by this”
D. 21.104,
ἐζημίωσαν χρήμασιν they punished him
by a fine T. 2.65,
ὕ_οντος πολλῷ (
ὕδατι)
during a heavy rain X. H. 1.1.16 (
934). So with
δέχεσθαι:
τῶν πόλεων οὐ δεχομένων αὐτοὺς ἀγορᾷ οὐδὲ ἄστει, ὕδατι δὲ καὶ ὅρμῳ as the cities did not admit them to a market nor even into the town, but (only)
to water and anchorage T. 6.44. Often with passives: ““
ᾠκοδομημένον πλίνθοις”
built of bricks”
X. A. 2.4.12.
a. The instrumental dative is often akin to the comitative dative: ““
ἀλώμενος νηί τε καὶ ἑτάροισι”
wandering with his ship and companions”
λ 161, ““
νηυσὶν οἰχήσονται”
they shall go with their ships”
Ω 731, ““
θυ_μῷ καὶ ῥώμῃ τὸ πλέον ἐναυμάχουν ἢ ἐπιστήμῃ”
they fought with passionate violence and brute force rather than by a system of tactics”
T. 1.49.
b. Persons may be regarded as instruments: ““
φυλαττόμενοι φύλαξι”
defending themselves by pickets”
X. A. 6.4.27. Often in poetry (
S. Ant. 164).
c. Verbs of raining or snowing take the dative or accusative (1570 a).
[*] 1508. Under
Means fall:
a. The dative of price (cp.
1372): ““
μέρει τῶν ἀδικημάτων τὸν κίνδυ_νον ἐξεπρίαντο”
they freed themselves from the danger at the price of a part of their unjust gains”
L. 27.6.
b. Rarely, the dative with verbs of filling (cp.
1369): ““
δάκρυσι πᾶν τὸ στράτευμα πλησθέν”
the entire army being filled with tears”
T. 7.75.
c. The dative of material and constituent parts: ““
κατεσκευάσατο ἅρματα τροχοῖς ἰσχυ_ροῖς”
he made chariots with strong wheels”
X. C. 6.1.29.
[*] 1509.
χρῆσθαι use (strictly
employ oneself with, get something done with; cp.
uti), and sometimes
νομίζειν, take the dative. Thus,
οὔτε τούτοις (
τοῖς νομίμοις) ““
χρῆται οὔθ᾽ οἷς ἡ ἄλλη Ἑλλὰς νομίζει”
neither acts according to these institutions nor observes those accepted by the rest of Greece”
T. 1.77. A predicate noun may be added to the dative: ““
τούτοις χρῶνται δορυφόροις”
they make use of them as a body-guard”
X. Hi. 5.3. The use to which an object is put may be expressed by a neuter pronoun in the accus. (
1573);
τί χρησόμεθα τούτῳ;
what use shall we make of it? D. 3.6.
[*] 1510. The instrumental dative occurs after substantives: ““
μί_μησις σχήμασι”
imitation by means of gestures”
P. R. 397b.
[*] 1511. The instrumental dative of means is often, especially in poetry, reinforced by the prepositions
ἐν, σύν, ὑπό: ““
ἐν λόγοις πείθειν”
to persuade by words”
S. Ph. 1393, ““
οἱ θεοὶ ἐν τοῖς ἱεροῖς ἐσήμηναν”
the gods have shown by the victims”
X. A. 6.1.31; ““
σὺν γήρᾳ βαρεῖς”
heavy with old age”
S. O. T. 17;
πόλις χερσὶν ὑφ᾽ ἡμετέρῃσιν ἁλοῦσα a city captured by our hands B 374.
[*] 1512.
Dative of Standard of Judgment.—That by which anything is measured, or judged, is put in the dative:
ξυνεμετρήσαντο ταῖς ἐπιβολαῖς τῶν πλίνθων they measured the ladders
by the layers of bricks.
T. 3.20, ““
τῷδε δῆλον ἦν”
it was plain from what followed”
X. A. 2.3.1, ““
οἷς πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους πεποίηκε δεῖ τεκμαίρεσθαι”
we must judge by what he has done to the rest”
D. 9.10,
τίνι χρὴ κρί_νεσθαι τὰ μέλλοντα καλῶς κριθήσεσθαι; ἆρ᾽ οὐκ ἐμπειρίᾳ τε καὶ φρονήσει καὶ λόγῳ;
by what standard must we judge that the judgment may be correct? Is it not by experience and wisdom and reasoning? P. R. 582a. With verbs of judging
ἐκ and
ἀπό are common.
[*] 1513.
Manner (see also
1527).—The dative of manner is used with comparative adjectives and other expressions of comparison to mark the degree by which one thing differs from another (
Dative of Measure of Difference).
κεφαλῇ ἐλά_ττων a head shorter (lit.
by the head)
P. Ph. 101a, ““
οὐ πολλαῖς ἡμέραις ὕστερον ἦλθεν”
he arrived not many days later”
X. H. 1.1.1, ““
ἰόντες δέκα ἡμέραις πρὸ Παναθηναίων”
coming ten days before the Panathenaic festival”
T. 5.47, ““
τοσούτῳ ἥδι_ον ζῶ ὅσῳ πλείω κέκτημαι”
the more I possess the more pleasant is my life”
X. C. 8.3.40, ““
πολλῷ μείζων ἐγίγνετο ἡ βοὴ ὅσῳ δὴ πλείους ἐγίγνοντο”
the shouting became much louder as the men increased in number”
X. A. 4.7.23. So with
πολλῷ by much,
ὀλίγῳ by little,
τῷ παντί in every respect (by all odds).
a. With the superlative: ““
μακρῷ ἄριστα”
by far the best”
P. L. 858e.
[*] 1514. With comparatives the accusatives (
1586)
τί, τὶ, οὐδέν, μηδέν without a substantive are always used: ““
οὐδὲν ἧττον”
nihilo minus”
X. A. 7.5.9. In Attic prose (except in Thuc.)
πολύ and
ὀλίγον are more common than
πολλῷ and
ὀλίγῳ with comparatives. Hom. has only
πολὺ μείζων.
[*] 1515. Measure of difference may be expressed by
ἔν τινι; εἴς τι, κατά τι; or by
ἐπί τινι.
[*] 1516. The dative of manner may denote the particular point of view from which a statement is made. This occurs chiefly with intransitive adjectives but also with intransitive verbs (
Dative of Respect). (Cp.
1600.)
““
ἀνὴρ ἡλικίᾳ ἔτι νέος”
a man still young in years”
T. 5.43,
τοῖς σώμασι τὸ πλέον ἰσχύ_ουσα ἢ τοῖς χρήμασιν a power
stronger in men than in money 1. 121, ““
ἀσθενὴς τῷ σώματι”
weak in body”
D. 21.165, ““
τῇ φωνῇ τρα_χύς”
harsh of voice”
X. A. 2.6.9, ““
φρονήσει διαφέρων”
distinguished in understanding”
X. C. 2.3.5, ““
τῶν τότε δυνάμει προύχων”
superior in power to the men of that time”
T. 1.9,
ὀνόματι σπονδαί a truce so far as the name goes 6. 10.
a. The accusative of respect (
1600) is often nearly equivalent to the dative of respect.
[*] 1517.
Cause.—The dative, especially with verbs of emotion, expresses the occasion (external cause) or the motive (internal cause).
Occasion: ““
τῇ τύχῃ ἐλπίσα_ς”
confident by reason of his good fortune”
T. 3.97,
θαυμάζω τῇ ἀποκλῄσει μου τῶν πυλῶν I am astonished at being shut out of the gates 4. 85, ““
τούτοις ἥσθη”
he was pleased at this”
X. A. 1.9.26,
ἠχθόμεθα τοῖς γεγενημένοις we were troubled at what had occurred 5. 7. 20,
χαλεπῶς φέρω τοῖς παροῦσι πρά_γμασιν I am troubled at the present occurrences 1. 3. 3. Motive: ““
φιλίᾳ καὶ εὐνοίᾳ ἑπόμενοι”
following out of friendship and good will”
X. A. 2.6.13. Occasion and motive:
οἱ μὲν ἀπορίᾳ ἀκολούθων, οἱ δὲ ἀπιστίᾳ some (carried their own food)
because they lacked servants, others through distrust of them T. 7.75, ““
ὕβρει καὶ οὐκ οἴνῳ τοῦτο ποιῶν”
doing this out of insolence and not because he was drunk”
D. 21.74.
[*] 1518. Some verbs of emotion take
ἐπί (with dat.) to denote the cause; so always
μέγα φρονεῖν to plume oneself, and often
χαίρειν rejoice,
λυ_πεῖσθαι grieve,
ἀγανακτεῖν be vexed,
αἰσχύ_νεσθαι be ashamed. Many verbs take the genitive (
1405).
[*] 1519. The dative of cause sometimes approximates to a dative of purpose (
1473):
Ἀθηναῖοι ἐφ᾽ ἡμᾶς ὥρμηνται Λεοντί_νων κατοικίσει the Athenians have set out against us (
with a view to)
to restore the Leontines T. 6.33. This construction is common with other verbal nouns in Thucydides.
[*] 1520. Cause is often expressed by
διά with the accusative,
ὑπό with the genitive, less frequently by
ἀμφί or
περί with the dative (poet.) or
ὑπέρ with the genitive (poet.).
COMITATIVE DATIVE
[*] 1521. The comitative form of the instrumental dative denotes the persons or things which accompany or take part in an action.
[*] 1522. Prepositions of accompaniment (
μετά with gen.,
σύν) are often used, especially when the verb does not denote accompaniment or union.
[*] 1523.
Dative of Association.—The dative is used with words denoting friendly or hostile association or intercourse. This dative is especially common in the plural and after middle verbs.
a. ““
κακοῖς ὁμι_λῶν καὐτὸς ἐκβήσῃ κακός”
if thou associate with the evil, in the end thou too wilt become evil thyself”
Men. Sent. 274, ““
ἀλλήλοις διειλέγμεθα”
we have conversed with each other”
P. A. 37a, ““
τῷ πλήθει τὰ ῥηθέντα κοινώσαντες”
communicating to the people what had been said”
T. 2.72,
δεόμενοι τοὺς φεύγοντας ξυναλλάξαι σφίσι asking that they reconcile their exiles with them 1. 24, ““
εἰς λόγους σοι ἐλθεῖν”
to have an interview with you”
X. A. 2.5.4, ““
μετεσχήκαμεν ὑ_μῖν θυσιῶν”
we have participated in your festivals”
X. H. 2.4.20,
ἀλλήλοις σπονδὰ_ς ἐποιήσαντο they made a truce with one another 3. 2. 20, ““
αὐτοῖς διὰ φιλία_ς ἰέναι”
to enter into friendship with them”
X. A. 3.2.8. So with verbs of meeting:
προσέρχεσθαι, προστυγχάνειν and
ἐντυγχάνειν, ἀπαντᾶν.
b. ““
πολλοῖς ὀλίγοι μαχόμενοι”
few fighting with many”
T. 4.36,
Κύ_ρῳ πολεμοῦντες waging war with Cyrus 1. 13,
ἀμφισβητοῦσι μὲν δι᾽ εὔνοιαν οἱ φίλοι τοῖς φίλοις, ἐρίζουσι δὲ οἱ διάφοροι ἀλλήλοις friends dispute with friends good-naturedly,
but adversaries wrangle with one another P. Pr. 337b, ““
δίκα_ς ἀλλήλοις δικάζονται”
they bring lawsuits against one another”
X. M. 3.5.16, ““
διαφέρεσθαι τούτοις”
to be at variance with these men”
D. 18.31 (and so many compounds of
διά), ““
οὐκ ἔφη τοὺς λόγους τοῖς ἔργοις ὁμολογεῖν”
he said their words did not agree with their deeds”
T. 5.55. So also
τινὶ διὰ πολέμου (
διὰ μάχης, εἰς χεῖρας)
ἰέναι, τινὶ ὁμόσε χωρεῖν, etc.
N. 1.—
πολεμεῖν (
μάχεσθαι)
σύν τινι (
μετά τινος) means
to wage war in conjunction with some one.
N. 2.—Verbs of friendly or hostile association, and especially periphrases with
ποιεῖσθαι (
πόλεμον, σπονδά_ς), often take the accusative with
πρός.
[*] 1524.
Dative of Accompaniment.—The dative of accompaniment is used with verbs signifying
to accompany, follow, etc.
““
ἀκολουθεῖν τῷ ἡγουμένῳ”
to follow the leader”
P. R. 474c,
ἕπεσθαι ὑ_μῖν βούλομαι I am willing to follow you X. A. 3.1.25.
μετά with the genitive is often used, as are
σύν and
ἅμα with the dative.
[*] 1525.
With αὐτός.—The idea of accompaniment is often expressed by
αὐτός joined to the dative. This use is common when the destruction of a person or thing is referred to. Thus, ““
τῶν ϝεῶν μία αὐτοῖς ἀνδράσιν”
one of the ships with its crew”
T. 4.14, ““
εἶπεν ἥκειν εἰς τὰ_ς τάξεις αὐτοῖς στεφάνοις”
he bade them come to their posts, crowns and all”
X. C. 3.3.40. The article after
αὐτός is rare; and
σύν is rarely added (
X. C. 2.2.9). Hom. has this dative only with lifeless objects.
[*] 1526.
Dative of Military Accompaniment.—The dative is used in the description of military movements to denote the accompaniment (troops, ships, etc.) of a leader: ““
ἐξελαύνει τῷ στρατεύματι παντί”
he marches out with all his army”
X. A. 1.7.14.
σύν is often used with words denoting troops (
T. 6.62).
a. An extension of this usage occurs when the persons in the dative are essentially the same as the persons forming the subject (distributive use): ““
ἡμῖν ἐφείποντο οἱ πολέμιοι καὶ ἱππικῷ καὶ πελταστικῷ”
the enemy pursued us with their cavalry and peltasts”
X. A. 7.6.29.
b. The dative of military accompaniment is often equivalent to a dative of means when the verb does not denote the leadership of a general.
[*] 1527.
Dative of Accompanying Circumstance.—The dative, usually of an abstract substantive, may denote accompanying circumstance and manner.
a. The substantive has an attribute: ““
πολλῇ βοῇ προσέκειντο”
they attacked with loud shouts”
T. 4.127,
παντὶ σθένει with all one's might 5. 23, ““
τύχῃ ἀγαθῇ”
with good fortune”
C.I.A. /lref>So
παντὶ (
οὐδενὶ, ἄλλῳ, τούτῳ τῷ)
τρόπῳ. Manner may be expressed by the adjective, as
βιαίῳ θανάτῳ ἀποθνῄσκειν to die (
by)
a violent death X. Hi. 4.3 (=
βίᾳ).
b. Many particular substantives have no attribute and are used adverbially: ““
θεῖν δρόμῳ”
to run at full speed”
X. A. 1.8.19,
βίᾳ by force,
δίκῃ justly,
δόλῳ by craft, (
τῷ)
ἔργῳ in fact,
ἡσυχῇ quietly,
κομιδῇ (
with care)
entirely,
κόσμῳ in order,
duly,
κύκλῳ round about, (
τῷ)
λόγῳ in word,
προφάσει ostensibly,
σι_γῇ, σιωπῇ in silence,
σπουδῇ hastily,
with difficulty,
τῇ ἀληθείᾳ in truth,
τῷ ὄντι in reality,
ὀργῇ in anger,
φυγῇ in hasty flight.
N.—When no adjective is used, prepositional phrases or adverbs are generally employed:
σὺν κραυγῇ, σὺν δίκῃ, μετὰ δίκης, πρὸς βία_ν (or
βιαίως).
c. Here belongs the dative of feminine adjectives with a substantive (
ὁδῷ, etc.) omitted, as
ταύτῃ in this way, here,
ἄλλῃ in another way, elsewhere,
πῇ, ᾗ in what (
which)
way. So
δημοσίᾳ at public expense,
ἰδίᾳ privately,
κοινῇ in common,
πεζῇ on foot.
N.—Some of these forms are instrumental rather than comitative, e.g.
ταύτῃ.
[*] 1528.
Space and Time.—The dative of space and time may sometimes be regarded as comitative.
a. Space:
the way by which (
qua), as
ἐπορεύετο τῇ ὁδῷ ἣν πρότερον ἐποιήσατο he marched by the road (or
on the road?)
which he had made before T. 2.98;
b. Time:
κατηγόρει ὡς ἐκείνη τῷ χ<*>όνῳ πεισθείη she charged that she had been persuaded in (
by)
the course of time L. 1.20. Some of these uses are instrumental rather than comitative.
WITH ADJECTIVES, ETC.
[*] 1529. Many adjectives and adverbs, and some substantives, take the instrumental dative by the same construction as the corresponding verbs.
““
σύμμαχος αὐτοῖς”
their ally”
D. 9.58,
χώρα_ ὅμορος τῇ Λακεδαιμονίων a country bordering on that of the Lacedaemonians 15. 22,
ἀκόλουθα τούτοις conformable to this 18. 257. So
κοινός (cp.
1414),
σύμφωνος, συγγενής, μεταίτιος, and
διάφορος meaning
at variance with.—““
ἑπομένως τῷ νόμῳ”
conformably to the law”
P. L. 844e, ““
ὁ ἑξῆς νόμος τούτῳ”
the law next to this”
D. 21.10. Many of the adjectives belonging here also take the genitive when the idea of possession or connection is marked.—
ἅμα chiefly in the meaning
at the same time.—““
κοινωνία_ τοῖς ἀνδράσι”
intercourse with men”
P. R. 466c, ““
ἐπιδρομὴ τῷ τειχίσματι”
attack on the fort”
T. 4.23.
LOCATIVE DATIVE
[*] 1530. The dative as the representative of the locative is used to express place and time.
a. On the instrumental dative of space and time, see
1528.
[*] 1531.
Dative of Place.—In poetry the dative without a preposition is used to denote place.
a. Where a person or thing is: ““
στὰ_ς μέσῳ ἕρκεϊ”
taking his stand in the middle of the court”
Ω 306, ““
γῇ ἔκειτο”
she lay on the ground”
S. O. T. 1266,
ναίειν ὄρεσιν to dwell among the mountains O. T. 1451. Often of the parts of the body (Hom.
θυ_μῷ, καρδίῃ, etc.). With persons (generally in the plural):
ἀριπρεπὴς Τρώεσσιν conspicuous among the Trojans Z 477.
τοῖσι δ᾽ ἀνέστη A 68 may be
rose up among them or a dative proper (
for them).
b. Place whither (limit of motion):
πεδίῳ πέσε fell on the ground E 82, ““
κολεῷ ἄορ θέο”
put thy sword into its sheath”
κ 333.
[*] 1532. After verbs of motion the dative, as distinguished from the locative, denotes direction
towards and is used of persons (
1485), and is a form of the dative of interest.
[*] 1533. Many verbs capable of taking the locative dative in poetry, require, in prose, the aid of a preposition in composition. The limit of motion is usually (
1589) expressed by the accusative with a preposition (e.g.
εἰς, πρός).
[*] 1534. In prose the dative of place (chiefly
place where) is used only of proper names:
Πυ_θοῖ at Pytho,
Ἰσθμοῖ at the Isthmus,
Σαλαμῖνι at Salamis,
Ὀλυμπία_σι at Olympia,
Ἀθήνησι at Athens (inscr.); especially with the names of Attic demes, as
Φαληροῖ, Θορικοῖ, Μαραθῶνι. But
ἐν Μαραθῶνι and
ἐν Πλαταιαῖς occur. Some deme-names require
ἐν, as
ἐν Κοίλῃ.
[*] 1535. Many adverbs are genuine locatives, as
οἴκοι, πάλαι, πανδημεί, Φαληροῖ; Ἀθήνησι, Πλαταιᾶσι; others are datives in form, as
κύκλῳ, Πλαταιαῖς.
[*] 1536. With names of countries and places,
ἐν is more common than the locative dative, and, with the above exceptions, the place
where is expressed in Attic prose with
ἐν.
[*] 1537.
Verbs of ruling often take the dative, especially in Homer:
Μυρμιδόνεσσιν ἄνασσε Α 180,
Γιγάντεσσιν βασίλευεν η 59,
ἦρχε δ᾽ ἄρα σφιν Ἀγαμέμνων Ξ 134. Rarely in prose:
ἡγεῖσθαί τινι to serve as guide (leader)
to some one,
ἐπιστατεῖν τινι to be set over one; ἄρχειν τινί means only =
to be archon (
Πυ_θοδώρου ἄρχοντος Ἀθηναίοις T. 2.2). Cp.
1371.
a. Only when stress is not laid on the idea of supremacy is the dative, instead of the genitive (
1370), used with verbs of ruling.
[*] 1538. It is not clear whether the dative with verbs of ruling is a dative proper (
for), a locative (
among; cp.
ἐν Φαίηξιν ἄνασσε η 62), or an instrumental (
by).
ἄρχειν, ἡγεῖσθαι may take the dative proper,
ἀνάσσειν, βασιλεύειν, κρατεῖν may take the locative dative.
[*] 1539.
Dative of Time.—The dative without a preposition is commonly used to denote a definite point of time (chiefly
day,
night,
month,
year,
season)
at which an action occurred. The dative contrasts one point of time with another, and is usually accompanied by an attributive.
[*] 1540. The dative denotes the time
at which an action takes place and the date of an event.
ταύτην μὲν τὴν ἡμέρα_ν αὐτοῦ ἔμειναν, τῇ δὲ ὑστεραίᾳ κτλ.
throughout that day they waited there, but on the day following, etc.
X. H. 1.1.14. So
τῇ προτεραίᾳ the day before,
τῇ δευτέρᾳ the second day,
Ἐλαφηβολιῶνος μηνὸς ἕκτῃ (
ἡμέρᾳ) ““
φθίνοντος”
on the sixth of waning Elaphebolion”
Aes. 2.90, ““
ἕνῃ καὶ ϝέᾳ”
on the last of the month”
D. 18.29; ““
τρίτῳ μηνί”
in the third month”
L. 21.1, ““
περιιόντι τῷ θέρει”
when summer was coming to an end”
T. 1.30,
ἐξηκοστῷ ἔτει in the sixtieth year 1. 12; also with
ὥρᾳ (““
χειμῶνος ὥρᾳ”
in the winter season”
And. 1.137).
[*] 1541. The names of the regular recurring festivals which serve to date an <*>ccurrence stand in the dative: ““
Παναθηναίοις”
at the Panathenaea”
D. 21.156,
<*>οῖς Διονυ_σίοις at the Dionysia 21. 1,
ταῖς πομπαῖς at the processions 21. 171,
τοῖς <*>οαγῳδοῖς at the representations of the tragedies Aes. 3.176.
ἐν is rarely added.
[*] 1542.
ἐν is added:
a. To words denoting time when there is no attributive: ““
ἐν τῷ χειμῶνι”
in winter”
X. O. 17.3; cp.
1444.
b. When the attributive is a pronoun (sometimes): (
ἐν)
ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ.
c. To statements of the time within the limits of which an event may take place (where
ἐντός with the genitive is common); to statements of how much time anything takes; with numbers,
ὀλίγος, πολύς, etc. Thus,
ἐν τρισὶν ἡμέραις for (during)
three days X. A. 4.8.8, ““
οὐ ῥᾴδιον τὰ ἐν ἅπαντι τῷ χρόνῳ πρα_χθέντα ἐν μιᾷ ἡμέρᾳ δηλωθῆναι”
it is not easy to set forth in a single day the acts of all time”
L. 2.54, ““
ἐξελέσθαι τὴν διαβολὴν ἐν οὕτως ὀλίγῳ χρόνῳ”
to clear myself of calumny in so brief a time”
P. A. 19a.
ἐν is rarely omitted in prose, and chiefly when there is an attributive:
μιᾷ νυκτὶ T. 6.27.
d. Always with adjectives or adverbs used substantively:
ἐν τῷ παρόντι, ἐν τῷ τότε.
e. To words denoting the date of an event, not a point of time: ““
ἐν τῇ προτέρᾳ πρεσβείᾳ”
in the first embassy”
Aes. 2.123. Thuc. employs
ἐν, as
ἐν τῇ ὑστεραίᾳ ἐκκλησίᾳ in the assembly held the day after 1. 44, but usu. the simple dative, as
μάχῃ in the battle 3. 54,
ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἐσβολῇ in that incursion 2. 20,
τῇ προτέρᾳ ἐκκλησίᾳ in the first assembly 1. 44.
[*] 1543. The dative and genitive of time are sometimes employed with only a slight difference (1447 a).
DATIVE WITH COMPOUND VERBS
[*] 1544. Many compound verbs take the dative because of their meaning as a whole. So
ἀντέχειν hold out against,
ἀμφισβητεῖν dispute with (1523 b).
[*] 1545. The dative is used with verbs compounded with
σύν (regularly), with many compounded with
ἐν, ἐπί, and with some compounded with
παρά, περί, πρός, and
ὑπό, because the preposition keeps a sense that requires the dative.
““
ἐμβλέψα_ς αὐτῷ”
looking at him”
P. Charm. 162d, ““
ἐλπίδας ἐμποιεῖν ἀνθρώποις”
to create expectations in men”
X. C. 1.6.19, ““
αὐτοῖς ἐπέπεσε τὸ Ἑλληνικόν”
the Greek force fell upon them”
X. A. 4.1.10,
ἐπέκειντο αὐτοῖς they pressed hard upon them 5. 2. 5,
συναδικεῖν αὐτοῖς to be their accomplice in wrong-doing 2. 6. 27,
ξυνίσα_σι Μελήτῳ ψευδομένῳ they are conscious that Meletus is speaking falsely (i.e. they know it as well as he does)
P. A. 34b, ““
οὗτοι οὐ παρεγένοντο βασιλεῖ”
these did not join the king”
X. A. 5.6.8,
παρέστω ὑ_μῖν ὁ κῆρυξ let the herald come with us 3. 1. 46,
Ξενοφῶντι προσέτρεχον δύο νεα_νίσκω two youths ran up to Xenophon 4. 3. 10, ““
ὑποκεῖσθαι τῷ ἄρχοντι”
to be subject to the ruler”
P. G. 510c.
a. So especially with verbs of motion and rest formed from
ἰέναι, πί_πτειν, τιθέναι, τρέχειν, εἶναι, γίγνεσθαι, κεῖσθαι, etc.
[*] 1546. Some verbs of motion compounded with
παρά, περί, ὑπό take the accusative (
1559).
[*] 1547. Some verbs have an alternative construction, e.g.
περιβάλλειν:
τινί τι <*>nvest a person with something,
τί τινι surround something with something.
[*] 1548. Compounds of
σύν take the instrumental, compounds of
ἐν take the locative dative.
[*] 1549. When the idea of place is emphatic, the preposition may be repeated: ““
ἐμμείναντες ἐν τῇ Ἀττικῇ”
remaining in Attica”
T. 2.23; but it is generally not repeated when the idea is figurative: ““
τοῖς ὅρκοις ἐμμένων”
abiding by one's oath”
I. 1.13.
μετά may be used after compounds of
σύν: ““
μετ᾽ ἐμοῦ συνέπλει”
he sailed in company with me”
L. 21.8.
[*] 1550. The prepositions are more frequently repeated in prose than in poetry.
ACCUSATIVE
[*] 1551. The accusative is a form of defining or qualifying the verb.
a. The accusative derives its name from a mistranslation (
casus accusativus) of the Greek (
ἡ αἰτια_τικὴ πτῶσις, properly
casus effectivus, 1554 a).
[*] 1552. A noun stands in the accusative when the idea it expresses is most immediately (in contrast to the dative) and most completely (in contrast to the genitive) under the influence of the verbal conception (in contrast to the nominative).
[*] 1553. The accusative is the case of the direct object (
919). The accusative is used with all transitive verbs (and with some intransitive verbs used transitively), with some verbal nouns, and with adjectives.
[*] 1554. The direct object is of two kinds:
a. The internal object (object effected):
ὁ ἀνὴρ τύπτει πολλὰ_ς πληγά_ς the man strikes many blows.
N. 1.—Here the object is already contained (or implied) in the verb, and its addition is optional. The accusative of the internal object is sometimes called the accusative of content. The object stands in apposition to the result of the verbal action. The effect produced by the verb is either (1) transient, when the object is a
nomen actionis, and disappears with the operation of the verb, as in
μάχην μάχεσθαι to fight a battle, or (2) permanent, and remains after the verbal action has ceased, as in
τεῖχος τειχίζειν to build a wall. The latter form is the accusative of result (
1578).
N. 2.—Almost any verb may take one of the varieties of the internal object.
b. The external object (object affected):
ὁ ἀνὴρ τύπτει τὸν παῖδα the man strikes the boy.
N.—Here the object is not contained in the verb, but is necessary to explain or define the character of the action in question. The external object stands outside the verbal action.
[*] 1555. Many verbs may take an accusative either of the external or of the internal object:
τέμνειν ὕ_λην fell timber,
τέμνειν τὰ_ς τρίχας cut off the hair,
τέμνειν ὁδόν open a road, but
σπονδὰ_ς or
ὅρκια τέμνειν, with a specialized verbal idea,
to make a treaty by slaying a victim (pass.
ὅρκια ἐτμήθη),
τέμνειν ὁδόν make one's way (poet.),
τειχίζειν χωρίον fortify a place, but
τειχίζειν τεῖχος build a wall. Cp.
E. Supp. 1060: A.
νι_κῶσα νί_κην τίνα; μαθεῖν χρῄζω σέθεν. B.
πά_σα_ς γυναῖκας, κτλ. A.
Victorious in what victory? This I would learn of thee. B.
Over all women. Here the construction shifts from the internal to the external object.
[*] 1556. The direct object of an active transitive verb becomes the subject of the passive:
ὁ παῖς ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς τύπτεται the boy is struck by the man.
a. The object of a verb governing the genitive or dative as principal object may also become the subject of the passive (
1340).
[*] 1557. In Greek many verbs are transitive the ordinary English equivalents of which are intransitive and require a preposition. So
σιωπᾶν τι, σι_γᾶν τι to keep silence about something.
[*] 1558. Many verbs that are usually intransitive are also used transitively in Greek. Thus,
ἀσεβεῖν sin against,
δυσχεραίνειν be disgusted at,
χαίρειν rejoice at,
ἥδεσθαι be pleased at,
δακρύ_ειν weep for. Cp. 1595 b.
a. Poetical:
ᾁσσειν agitate, ““
περᾶν πόδα”
pass on her way”
E. Hec. 53,
πλεῖν sail,
κροταλίζειν rattle along (““
κροτεῖν”
strike”
Hdt. 6.58),
λάμπειν make shine,
χορεύειν θεόν, ἑλίσσειν θεόν celebrate the god by choruses, by dancing.
[*] 1559. Many intransitive verbs are used transitively when compounded with a preposition, e.g.
ἀναμάχεσθαι fight over again.—
ἀπομάχεσθαι drive off,
ἀποστρέφεσθαι abandon,
ἀποχωρεῖν leave.—
διαβαίνειν pass over,
διαπλεῖν sail across,
διεξέρχεσθαι go through.—
εἰσιέναι come into the mind,
εἰσπλεῖν said into.—
ἐκβαίνειν pass,
ἐκτρέπεσθαι get out of the way of,
ἐξαναχωρεῖν shun,
ἐξίστασθαι avoid.—
ἐπιστρατεύειν march against.—
καταναυμαχεῖν beat at sea,
καταπολεμεῖν subdue completely,
καταπολι_τεύεσθαι reduce by policy.—
μετέρχεσθαι seek,
pursue,
μετιέναι go in quest of.—
παραβαίνειν transgress.—
περιιέναι go round,
περιίστασθαι surround.—
προσοικεῖν dwell in,
προσπαίζειν sing in praise of.—
ὑπερβαίνειν omit.—
ὑπεξέρχεσθαι escape from.—
ὑπέρχεσθαι fawn on,
ὑποδύ_εσθαι withstand,
ὑποχωρεῖν shun,
ὑφίστασθαι withstand.
[*] 1560. Conversely, many verbs that are usually transitive are used intransitively (with gen., dat., or with a preposition). Some of these are mentioned in 1591, 1592, 1595. Sometimes there is a difference in meaning, as
ἀρέσκειν =
satisfy, with accus., =
please, with dat.
[*] 1561. The same verb may be used transitively or intransitively, often with little difference of signification. Cp.
1709. This is generally indicated in the treatment of the cases, e.g.
αἰσθάνεσθαί τι or
τινος perceive something,
ἐνθυ_μεῖσθαί τι or
τινι consider something,
μέμφεσθαί τινα or
τινι blame some one.
[*] 1562. On
δεῖ μοί τινος and
δεῖ μέ τινος see
1400. With the inf. the accus. is usual (dat. and inf.
X. A. 3.4.35).
χρή μέ τινος is poetical; with the inf.
χρή takes the accus. (except
L. 28.10, where some read
δικαίους). (
χρή is an old noun; cp.
χρεώ, χρεία need and 793.)
INTERNAL OBJECT (OBJECT EFFECTED）
COGNATE ACCUSATIVE
[*] 1563. The cognate accusative is of two kinds, of which the second is an extension of the first.
[*] 1564. (I) The substantive in the accusative is of the
same origin as the verb.
““
πολλὴν φλυα_ρία_ν φλυα_ροῦντα”
talking much nonsense”
P. A. 19c,
ξυνέφυγε τὴν φυγὴν ταύτην he shared in the recent exile 21 a, ““
τὴν ἐν Σαλαμῖνι ναυμαχία_ν ναυμαχήσαντες”
victorious in the sea-fight at Salamis”
D. 59.97,
τὰ_ς ὑποσχέσεις ἃ_ς οὗτος ὑπι_σχνεῖτο the promises which he made 19. 47, ““
ἡ αἰτία_ ἣν αἰτιῶνται”
the charge they bring”
Ant. 6.27.
a. Sometimes the verb may be suppressed, as
ἡμῖν μὲν εὐχὰ_ς τά_σδε (
εὔχομαι)
for us these prayers A. Ch. 142.
[*] 1565. The cognate accusative occurs even with adjectives of an intransitive character: ““
μήτε τι σοφὸς ὢν τὴν ἐκείνων σοφία_ν μήτε ἀμαθὴς τὴν ἀμαθία_ν”
being neither at all wise after the fashion of their wisdom nor ignorant after the fashion of their ignorance”
P. A. 22e,
ἀτί_μους ἐποίησαν ἀτι_μία_ν τοιά_νδε ὥστε κτλ.
they disfranchised them in such a way that, etc.
T. 5.34 (
ἀτί_μους ἐποίησαν ῀ ἠτί_μησαν, cp.
1598).
[*] 1566.
Passive: ““
πόλεμος ἐπολεμεῖτο”
war was waged”
X. H. 4.8.1.
[*] 1567. (II) The substantive in the accusative is of
kindred meaning with the verb.
““
ἐξῆλθον ἄλλα_ς ὁδούς”
they went forth on other expeditions”
X. H. 1.2.17, ““
τὸν ἱερὸν καλούμενον πόλεμον ἐστράτευσαν”
they waged what is called the Sacred War”
T. 1.112, ““
ἠσθένησε ταύτην τὴν νόσον”
he fell ill of this disease”
I. 19.24, ““
ἀνθρώπου φύσιν βλαστών”
born to man's estate”
S. Aj. 760.
[*] 1568.
Passive: ““
πόλεμος ἐταράχθη”
war was stirred up”
D. 18.151.
[*] 1569. An extension of the cognate accusative appears in poetry with
κεῖσθαι, στῆναι, καθίζειν and like verbs: ““
τόπον, ὅντινα κεῖται”
the place in which he is situated”
S. Ph. 145,
τί ἕστηκε πέτρα_ν;
why stands she on the rock? E. Supp. 987, ““
τρίποδα καθίζων”
sitting on the tripod”
E. Or. 956.
[*] 1570. An attributive word is usually necessary (but not in Hom.); otherwise the addition of the substantive to the verb would be tautologous. But the attribute is omitted:
a. When the nominal idea is specialized: ““
φυλακὰ_ς φυλάττειν”
to stand sentry”
X. A. 2.6.10,
φόρον φέρειν to pay tribute 5. 5. 7.
b. When the substantive is restricted by the article: ““
τὸν πόλεμον πολεμεῖν”
to wage the present war”
T. 8.58,
τὴν πομπὴν πέμπειν to conduct the procession 6. 56.
c. When a plural substantive denotes repeated occurrences: ““
ἐτριηράρχησε τριηραρχία_ς”
he performed the duty of trierarch”
D. 45.85.
d. In various expressions: ““
Ὀλύμπια νι_κᾶν”
to win an Olympian victory”
T. 1.126, ““
τὴν ναυμαχία_ν νι_κῆσαι”
to be victorious in the sea-fight”
L. 19.28, ““
θύ_ειν τὰ εὐαγγέλια”
to offer a sacrifice in honour of good news”
X. H. 1.6.37.
e. In poetry the use of a substantive to denote a special form of the action of the verb is much extended:
στάζειν αἷμα to drip (drops of)
blood S. Ph. 783, ““
Ἄρηπνεῖν”
to breathe war”
A. Ag. 375,
πῦρ δεδορκώς looking (a look of)
fire τ 446. This use is common, especially in Aristophanes, with verbs signifying the
look of another than the speaker:
βλέπειν νᾶπυ to look mustard Eq. 631,
βλέπειν ἀπιστία_ν to look unbelief Com. fr. 1. 341 (No.
309); cp. “looked his faith”: Holmes.
[*] 1571. The substantive without an attribute is (rarely) added to the verb as a more emphatic form of statement:
λῆρον ληρεῖν to talk sheer nonsense Ar. Pl. 517, ““
ὕβριν ὑβρίζειν”
to insult grievously”
E. H. F. 708. Often in Euripides.
[*] 1572. The substantive may be omitted, leaving only the adjectival attribute:
παῖσον διπλῆν (
scil.
πληγήν)
strike twice (a double blow)
S. El. 1415,
τοῦτον ἀνέκραγον ὡς ὀλίγα_ς (
scil.
πληγὰ_ς)
παίσειεν they called out that he had dealt him too (
1063)
few blows
X. A. 5.8.12. Cp.
1028.
[*] 1573. Usually an adjective, pronoun, or pronominal adjective is treated as a neuter substantive. Cp. ““
μεγάλ᾽ ἁμαρτάνειν”
to commit grave errors”
D. 5.5 with
μέγιστα ἁμαρτήματα ἁμαρτάνουσι P. G. 525d. The singular adjective is used in certain common phrases in prose, but is mainly poetical; the plural is ordinarily used in prose.
ἡδὺ γελᾶν poet. (=
ἡδὺν γέλωτα γελᾶν)
to laugh sweetly,
μέγα (
ψεῦδος)
ψεύδεται he is a great liar, ““
μέγα φρονήσα_ς ἐπὶ τούτῳ”
highly elated at this”
X. A. 3.1.27,
μεῖζον φρονεῖ he is too proud 5. 6. 8, ““
τὰ τῶν Ἑλλήνων φρονεῖν”
to be on the side of the Greeks”
D. 14.34, ““
μέγιστον ἐδύναντο”
had the greatest influence”
L. 30.14, ““
δεινὰ ὑβρίζειν”
to maltreat terribly”
X. A. 6.4.2, ““
ταὐτὰ ἐπρεσβεύομεν”
we fulfilled our mission as ambassadors in the same way”
D. 19.32,
τί βούλεται ἡμῖν χρῆσθαι;
what use does he wish to make of us? X. A. 1.3.18 (=
τίνα βούλεται χρεία_ν χρῆσθαι, cp.
χρῆσθαί τινι χρείαν P. L. 868b).
[*] 1574.
Passive: ““
τοῦτο οὐκ ἐψεύσθησαν”
they were not deceived in this”
X. A. 2.2.13, ““
ταῦτα οὐδεὶς ἂν πεισθείη”
no one would be persuaded of this”
P. L. 836d.
[*] 1575. For a cognate accusative in conjunction with a second object, see
1620.
[*] 1576. Note the expressions
δικάζειν δίκην decide a case,
δικάζεσθαι δίκην τινί go to law with somebody,
διώκειν γραφήν τινα indict somebody,
φεύγειν δίκην τινός be put on one's trial for something; γράφεσθαί τινα γραφήν indict one for a public offence,
φεύγειν γραφήν be put on one's trial for a public offence. Also
ἀγωνίζεσθαι στάδιον (=
ἀγῶνα σταδίου)
be a contestant in the race-course,
νι_κᾶν στάδιον be victorious in the race-course,
νι_κᾶν δίκην win a case,
νι_κᾶν γνώμην carry a resolution (pass.
γνώμην ἡττᾶσθαι),
ὀφλεῖν δίκην lose a case.
[*] 1577. The (rarer) dative (
φόβῳ ταρβεῖν, βιαίῳ θανάτῳ ἀποθνῄσκειν, φεύγειν φυγῇ) expresses the cause (
1517), manner (
1513), or means (
1507).
ACCUSATIVE OF RESULT
[*] 1578. The accusative of result denotes the effect enduring after the verbal action has ceased.
ἕλκος οὐτάσαι to smite (and thus
make)
a wound E 361 (so
οὐλὴν ἐλαύνειν ψ 74),
πρεσβεύειν τὴν εἰρήνην to negotiate the peace (go as ambassadors (
πρέσβεις) to make the peace)
D. 19.134, but
πρεσβεύειν πρεσβεία_ν to go on an embassy Dinarchus 1. 16, ““
νόμισμα κόπτειν”
to coin money”
Hdt. 3.56,
σπονδὰ_ς, or
ὅρκια, τέμνειν (
1555).
[*] 1579. Verbs signifying
to effect anything (
αἴρειν raise,
αὔξειν exalt,
διδάσκειν teach,
τρέφειν rear,
παιδεύειν train) show the result of their action upon a substantive or adjective predicate to the direct object: ““
σὲ Θῆβαί γ᾽ οὐκ ἐπαίδευσαν κακόν”
Thebes did not train thee to be base”
S. O. C. 919, ““
τοῦτον τρέφειν τε καὶ αὔξειν μέγαν”
to nurse and exalt him into greatness”
P. R. 565c, ““
ἐποικοδομήσαντες αὐτὸ ὑψηλότερον”
raising it higher”
T. 7.4. Such predicate nouns are called proleptic. Passive: ““
μέγας ἐκ μι_κροῦ Φίλιππος ηὔξηται”
Philip has grown from a mean to be a mighty person”
D. 9.21. Cp.
1613.
ACCUSATIVE OF EXTENT
[*] 1580. The accusative denotes extent in space and time.
[*] 1581.
Space.—The accusative denotes the space or way
over which an action is extended, and the measure of the space traversed.
ἄγειν (
στρατιὰ_ν) ““
στενὰ_ς ὁδούς”
to lead an army over narrow roads”
X. C. 1.6.43,
ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς τρεῖς, παρασάγγα_ς εἴκοσι καὶ δύο he advances three stages, twenty- two parasangs X. A. 1.2.5, ““
ἀπέχει ἡ Πλάταια τῶν Θηβῶν σταδίους ἑβδομήκοντα”
Plataea is seventy stades distant from Thebes”
T. 2.5.
a. This use is analogous to the cognate accusative after verbs of motion (
ἐξόδους ἐξελθεῖν, πλεῖν θάλατταν).
[*] 1582.
Time.—The accusative denotes extent of time.
““
ἔμεινεν ἡμέρα_ς ἑπτά”
he remained seven days”
X. A. 1.2.6, ““
ξυμμαχία_ν ἐποιήσαντο ἑκατὸν ἔτη”
they made an alliance for a hundred years”
T. 3.114.
[*] 1583. The accusative of time implies that the action of the verb covers the
entire period. When emphasis is laid on the uninterrupted duration of an action,
παρά with the accusative (
1692. 3. b) and
διά with the genitive (
1685. 1. b) are used. The accusative of time is rarely employed where the dative (
1540) is properly in place:
τήνδε τὴν ἡμέρα_ν Aes. 3.7.
[*] 1584. Duration of life may be expressed by
γεγονώς: ““
ἔτη γεγονὼς ἑβδομήκοντα”
seventy years old”
P. A. 17d. (Also by
εἶναι and the genitive, 1327.)
[*] 1585. To mark (a)
how long a situation has lasted or (b) how much time has elapsed since something happened, an ordinal is used without the article, but often with the addition of
οὑτοσί_. The current day or year is included. Thus (a) ““
τὴν μητέρα τελευτήσα_σαν τρίτον ἔτος τουτί_”
my mother who died two years ago”
L. 24.6, ““
ἐπιδεδήμηκε τρίτην ἤδη ἡμέρα_ν”
he has been in the city since day before yesterday”
P. Pr. 309d. (b) ““
ἀπηγγέλθη Φίλιππος τρίτον ἢ τέταρτον ἔτος τουτὶ_ Ἡραῖον τεῖχος πολιορκῶν”
this is the third or fourth year since it was announced that Philip was besieging fort Heraeum”
D. 3.4.
[*] 1586. On the accusative of extent in degree, see
1609. With a comparative we find
πολύ and
ὀλίγον as well as
πολλῷ and
ὀλίγῳ (
1514); and always
τί, τὶ, οὐδέν with the comparative.
[*] 1587. Time and degree are often expressed by prepositions with the accusative. See Prepositions under
ἀμφί, ἀνά, διά, ἐπί, κατά, παρά, πρός, ὑπό.
TERMINAL ACCUSATIVE (IN POETRY)
[*] 1588. In poetry after verbs of motion the accusative may be used without a preposition to express the goal.
““
ἄστυ Καδμεῖον μολών”
having come to the city of Cadmus”
S. O. T. 35, ““
πέμψομέν νιν Ἑλλάδα”
we will convey her to Greece”
E. Tro. 883. Of
persons in Hom. (especially with
ἱκνέομαι, ἵκω, ἱκά_νω =
reach) and in the lyric parts of the drama: ““
μνηστῆρας ἀφί_κετο”
came unto the suitors”
α 332. Cp. “arrived our coast”: Shakesp. In
Hdt. 9.26 φαμὲν ἡμέας ἱκνέεσθαι means
we declare that it befits us.
[*] 1589. The limit of motion is also expressed by
-δε (
ἄστυδε Hom., in prose,
Ἀθήναζε ῀ Ἀθήνα_ς ¨ δε; χαμᾶζε or
χαμάζε ῀ χαμα_ς ¨ δε, cp.
χαμα-ί; οἴκαδε) and, regularly in prose, by
εἰς, ἐπί, παρά, πρός, ὡς (with a person) with the accusative.
EXTERNAL OBJECT (OBJECT AFFECTED）
[*] 1590. Of the many transitive verbs taking this accusative the following deserve mention:
[*] 1591. (I)
To do anything to or
say anything of a person.
a. εὖ (
καλῶς)
ποιεῖν, δρᾶν (rarely with
πρά_ττειν),
εὐεργετεῖν, ὀνινάναι, ὠφελεῖν (also with dat.),
θεραπεύειν, κακῶς ποιεῖν, κακοῦν, κακουργεῖν, βλάπτειν, ἀδικεῖν, ὑβρίζειν, βιάζεσθαι, ἀμείβεσθαι requite,
τι_μωρεῖσθαι punish,
λυ_μαίνεσθαι (also with dat.),
λωβᾶσθαι (also with dat.).
b. εὖ (
καλῶς)
λέγειν, εὐλογεῖν, κολακεύειν, θωπεύειν, προσκυνεῖν, κακῶς λέγειν, κακολογεῖν, κακηγορεῖν, λοιδορεῖν.
[*] 1592.
συμφέρειν and
λυ_σιτελεῖν profit,
βοηθεῖν help,
λοιδορεῖσθαι rail at take the dat.,
ἀδικεῖν injure and
ὑβρίζειν insult also take
εἴς τινα or
πρός τινα.
[*] 1593.
εὖ (
κακῶς)
ἀκούειν, πάσχειν are used as the passives of
εὖ (
κακῶς)
λέγειν, ποιεῖν. Cp.
1752.
[*] 1594. Many of the above-mentioned verbs take a double accusative (
1622).
[*] 1595. (II) Verbs expressing emotion and its manifestations.
a. φοβεῖσθαι, δεδιέναι, τρεῖν, ἐκπλήττεσθαι, καταπλήττεσθαι fear,
πτήσσειν crouch before,
εὐλαβεῖσθαι beware of,
θαρρεῖν have no fear of (have confidence in),
αἰδεῖσθαι stand in awe of,
αἰσχύ_νεσθαι feel shame before,
δυσχεραίνειν be disgusted at,
ἐλεεῖν pity,
πενθεῖν, θρηνεῖν, δακρύ_ειν, κλά_ειν (
κλαίειν)
lament,
weep over.
b. χαίρειν rejoice at and
ἥδεσθαι be pleased to hear take the accus. of a person only in the poets and only with a predicate participle (
2100).
αἰσχύ_νεσθαι, χαίρειν, ἥδεσθαι, δυσχεραίνειν usually take the dat. in prose.
θαρρεῖν may take the instr. dat. (
Hdt. 3.76).
[*] 1596. (III) Verbs of swearing.
ὀμνύναι swear by (
τοὺς θεούς, pass.
Ζεὺς ὀμώμοται) and
swear to (
τὸν ὅρκον, pass.
ὁ ὅρκος ὀμώμοται). So
ἐπιορκεῖν swear falsely by.
a. ὀμνύναι τοὺς θεούς may be an abbreviation of
ὀμνύναι ὅρκον (internal object)
τῶν θεῶν.
b. The accusative is used in asseverations with the adverbs of swearing
μά, οὐ μά, ναὶ μά, νή.
Nay,
by Zeus: μὰ (
τὸν)
Δία, οὐ μὰ (
τὸν)
Δία.
Yea,
by Zeus: ναὶ μὰ (
τὸν)
Δία, νὴ (
τὸν)
Δία.
μά is negative, except when preceded by
ναί. μά may stand alone when a negative precedes (often in a question) or when a negative follows in the next clause:
μὰ τὸν Ἀπόλλω, οὔκ Ar. Thesm. 269.
μά is sometimes omitted after
οὐ, and after
ναί:
οὐ τὸν Ὄλυμπον S. O. T. 1088,
ναὶ τὰ_ν κόρα_ν Ar. Vesp. 1438.
c. The name of the deity may be omitted in Attic under the influence of sudden scrupulousness:
μὰ τὸν—ου᾽ σύ γε not you, by—
P. G. 466e.
[*] 1597. (IV) Various other verbs.
φεύγειν flee from,
ἀποδιδρά_σκειν escape from,
ἐνεδρεύειν lie in wait for,
φθάνειν anticipate,
φυλάττεσθαι guard oneself against,
ἀμύ_νεσθαι defend oneself against,
λανθάνειν escape the notice of,
μένειν wait for,
ἐκλείπειν and
ἐπιλείπειν give out,
fail (““
τὸ στράτευμα ὁ σῖτος ἐπέλιπε”
corn failed the army”
X. A. 1.5.6).
[*] 1598. The accusative is rarely found after verbal nouns and adjectives, and in periphrastic expressions equivalent to a transitive verb. (This usage is post-Homeric and chiefly poetical.)
χοὰ_ς προπομπός (=
προπέμπουσα)
escorting the libations A. Ch. 23, ““
τὰ μετέωρα φροντιστής”
a speculator about things above the earth”
P. A. 18b, ““
ἐπιστήμονες ἦσαν τὰ προσήκοντα”
they were acquainted with their duties”
X. C. 3.3.9,
πόλεμος ἄπορα πόριμος war providing difficulties (things for which there is no provision)
A. Pr. 904,
πολλὰ συνίστωρ (a house)
full of guilty secrets A. Ag. 1090, ““
σὲ φύξιμος”
able to escape thee”
S. Ant. 787;
ἔξαρνός εἰμι (=
ἐξαρνοῦμαι)
τὰ ἐρωτώμενα say ‘
no’
to the question P. Charm. 158c, ““
τεθνᾶσι τῷ δέει τοὺς ἀποστόλους”
they are in mortal fear of the envoys”
D. 4.45; other cases 1612.
[*] 1599.
Elliptical Accusative.—The accusative is sometimes used elliptically.
οὗτος, ὦ σέ τοι (
scil.
καλῶ)
ho! you there,
I am calling you! Ar. Av. 274,
μή, πρός σε θεῶν τλῇς με προδοῦναι (=
μή, πρὸς θεῶν σε αἰτῶ)
do not,
I implore thee by the gods, have the heart to leave me! E. Alc. 275,
μή μοι πρόφασιν (
scil.
πάρεχε)
no excuse! Ar. Ach. 345. Cp.
946.
FREE USES OF THE ACCUSATIVE
ACCUSATIVE OF RESPECT
[*] 1600. To verbs denoting a state, and to adjectives, an accusative may be added to denote a thing
in respect to which the verb or adjective is limited.
a. The accusative usually expresses a local relation or the instrument. The word restricted by the accusative usually denotes
like or
similar to, good or
better,
bad or
worse, a physical or a mental quality, or an emotion.
[*] 1601. The accusative of respect is employed
a. Of the parts of the body: ““
ὁ ἄνθρωπος τὸν δάκτυλον ἀλγεῖ”
the man has a pain in his finger”
P. R. 462d, ““
τυφλὸς τά τ᾽ ὦτα τόν τε νοῦν τά τ᾽ ὄμματ᾽ εἶ”
blind art thou in ears, and mind, and eyes”
S. O. T. 371,
πόδας ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεύς Hom.
N.—The accusative of the
part in apposition to the
whole (
985) belongs here, as is seen by the passive. Cp. ““
τὸν πλῆξ᾽ αὐχένα”
him he smote on the neck”
Λ 240 (
βάλε θοῦρον Ἄρηα κατ᾽ αὐχένα Φ 406) with
βέβληαι κενεῶνα thou art smitten in the abdomen E 284.
b. Of qualities and attributes (nature, form, size, name, birth, number, etc.): ““
διαφέρει γυνὴ ἀνδρὸς τὴν φύσιν”
woman differs from man in nature”
P. R. 453b, ““
οὐδὲ ἔοικεν θνητὰ_ς ἀ_θανάτῃσι δέμας καὶ εἶδος ἐρίζειν”
nor is it seemly that mortal women should rival the immortals in form and appearance”
ε 213,
ποταμός, Κύδνος ὄνομα, εὖρος δύο πλέθρων a river,
Cydnus by name, two plethra in width X. A. 1.2.23 (so with
ὕψος, βάθος, μέγεθος),
πλῆθος ὡς δισχί_λιοι about two thousand in number 4. 2. 2, ““
λέξον ὅστις εἶ γένος”
tell me of what race thou art”
E. Bacch. 460.
c. Of the sphere in general: ““
δεινοὶ μάχην”
terrible in battle”
A. Pers. 27, ““
γένεσθε τὴν διάνοιαν”
transfer yourselves in thought”
Aes. 3.153, ““
τὸ μὲν ἐπ᾽ ἐμοὶ οἴχομαι, τὸ δ᾽ ἐπὶ σοὶ σέσωσμαι”
so far as I myself was concerned I was lost, but through you am saved”
X. C. 5.4.11. Often of indefinite relations: ““
πάντα κακός”
base in all things”
S. O. T. 1421, ““
ταῦτα ἀγαθὸς ἕκαστος ἡμῶν, ἅπερ σοφός, ἃ δὲ ἀμαθής, ταῦτα δὲ κακός”
each one of us is good in matters in which he is skilled, but bad in those in which he is ignorant”
P. Lach. 194d.
[*] 1602. Very rarely after substantives:
χεῖρας αἰχμητής a warrior valiant with (
thy)
arm π 242, ““
νεα_νίαι τὰ_ς ὄψεις”
youths by their appearance”
L. 10.29.
[*] 1603. For the acccusative of respect the instrumental dative (
1516) is also employed, and also the prepositions
εἰς, κατά, πρός, e.g.
διαφέρειν ἀρετῇ or
εἰς ἀρετήν.
[*] 1604. Not to be confused with the accusative of respect is the accusative after intransitive adjectives (
1565) or after the passives of 1632.
[*] 1605. The accusative of respect is probably in its origin, at least in part, an accusative of the internal object.
ADVERBIAL ACCUSATIVE
[*] 1606. Many accusatives marking limitations of the verbal action serve the same function as adverbs.
[*] 1607. Most of these adverbial accusatives are accusatives of the internal object: thus, in
τέλος δὲ εἶπε but at last he said,
τέλος is to be regarded as standing in apposition to an unexpressed object of the verb—
words,
which were the end. Many adverbial accusatives are thus accusatives in apposition (
991) and some are accusatives of respect (
1600). It is impossible to apportion all cases among the varieties of the accusatives; many may be placed under different heads. The use of adjectives as adverbs (
μέγα πλούσιος very rich) is often derived from the cognate accusative with verbs (
μέγα πλουτεῖν).
[*] 1608.
Manner.—
τρόπον τινά in some way,
τίνα τρόπον in what way? τόνδε (
τοῦτον)
τὸν τρόπον in this way,
πάντα τρόπον in every way (also
παντὶ τρόπῳ),
τὴν ταχίστην (
ὁδόν)
in the quickest way,
τὴν εὐθεῖαν (
ὁδόν)
straightforward,
προῖκα, δωρεά_ν gratis (
1616),
δίκην after the fashion of (““
δίκην τοξότου”
like an archer”
P. L. 705e),
πρόφασιν in pretence (““
ἔπλεε πρόφασιν ἐπ᾽ Ἑλλησπόντου”
he sailed professedly for the Hellespont”
Hdt. 5.33),
χάριν for the sake of (lit.
favour）
: ““
οὐ τὴν Ἀθηναίων χάριν ἐστρατεύοντο”
did not engage in the expedition out of good will to the Athenians”
Hdt. 5.99, ““
τοῦ χάριν”
for what reason?”
Ar. Plut. 53, ““
τὴν σὴν ἥκω χάριν”
for thy sake I have come”
S. Ph. 1413. Cp.
993.
[*] 1609.
Measure and Degree.—
μέγα, μεγάλα greatly,
πολύ, πολλά much,
τὸ πολύ, τὰ πολλά for the most part,
ὅσον as much as,
οὐδέν, μηδέν not at all,
τοσοῦτον so much,
τὶ somewhat,
ἀρχήν or
τὴν ἀρχήν at all with
οὐ or
μή (““
ἐν τῷ παραχρῆμα οὐκ ἔστιν ἀρχὴν ὀρθῶς βουλεύεσθαι”
it is utterly impossible to deliberate correctly offhand”
Ant. 5.73).
[*] 1610.
Motive.—
τί why? τοῦτο, ταῦτα for this reason (cognate accus.):
τί ἦλθες quid (
cur)
venisti =
τίνα ἷξιν ἦλθες; τοῦτο χαίρω ( =
ταύτην τὴν χαρὰ_ν χαίρω)
therefore I rejoice, ““
αὐτὰ ταῦτα ἥκω”
for this very reason have I come”
P. Pr. 310e, ““
τοῦτ᾽ ἄχθεσθε”
for this reason you are vexed”
X. A. 3.2.20.
[*] 1611.
Time and Succession (
1582):
τὸ νῦν now,
τὸ πάλαι of old,
πρότερον before,
τὸ πρότερον the former time,
πρῶτον first,
τὸ κατ᾽ ἀρχά_ς in the beginning,
τὸ πρῶτον in the first place,
τὸ τελευταῖον in the last place (for
τὸ δεύτερον in a series use
ἔπειτα or
ἔπειτα δέ),
τὸ λοιπόν for the future,
ἀκμήν at the point, just,
καιρόν in season.
TWO ACCUSATIVES WITH ONE VERB
[*] 1612. A compound expression, consisting of the accusative of an abstract substantive and
ποιεῖσθαι, τίθεσθαι, ἔχειν, etc., is often treated as a simple verb; and, when transitive, governs the accusative:
τὴν χώρα_ν καταδρομαῖς λεία_ν ἐποιεῖτο ( =
ἐλῄζετο)
he ravaged the country by his incursions T. 8.41,
Ἰ_λίου φθορὰ_ς ψήφους ἔθεντο ( =
ἐψηφίσαντο)
they voted for the destruction of Ilium A. Ag. 814,
μομφὴν ἔχω ἓν μὲν πρῶτά σοι ( =
ἓν μέμφομαι)
I blame thee first for one thing E. Or. 1069,
τὰ δ᾽ ἐν μέσῳ λῆστιν ἴσχεις ( =
ἐπιλανθάνει)
what lies between thou hast no memory of S. O. C. 583. See
1598. So with other periphrases in poetry:
τέκνα μηκύ_νω λόγον ( =
μακρότερον προσφωνῶ)
I speak at length to my children S. O. C. 1120,
εἰ δέ μ᾽ ὧδ᾽ ἀεὶ λόγους ἐξῆρχες ( =
ἤρχου λέγειν)
if thou didst always (
begin to)
address me thus S. El. 556.
EXTERNAL OBJECT AND PREDICATE ACCUSATIVE
[*] 1613. Verbs meaning
to appoint, call,
choose,
consider,
make,
name,
show, and the like, may take a second accusative as a predicate to the direct object.
““
στρατηγὸν αὐτὸν ἀπέδειξε”
he appointed him general”
X. A. 1.1.2,
πατέρα ἐμὲ ἐκαλεῖτε you were wont to call me father 7. 6. 38, ““
αἱρεῖσθαι αὐτὸν τὸν Ἰνδῶν βασιλέα_ δικαστήν”
to choose the king of the Indians himself to be arbitrator”
X. C. 2.4.8, ““
οὐ γὰρ δίκαιον οὔτε τοὺς κακοὺς μάτην χρηστοὺς νομίζειν οὔτε τοὺς χρηστοὺς κακούς”
for it is not just to consider bad men good at random, or good men bad”
S. O. T. 609, ““
Τι_μόθεον στρατηγὸν ἐχειροτόνησαν”
they elected Timotheus general”
X. H. 6.2.11, ““
τὴν σι_γήν σου ξυγχώρησιν θήσω”
I shall consider your silence as consent”
P. Crat. 435b, ““
ἑαυτὸν δεσπότην πεποίηκεν”
he has made himself master”
X. C. 1.3.18, ““
ἐὰ_ν ἐμὲ σὸν θεράποντα ποιήσῃ”
if you make me your servant”
X. O. 7.42, ““
εἰς τοὺς Ἕλληνας σαυτὸν σοφιστὴν παρέχων”
showing yourself a sophist before the Greeks”
P. Pr. 312a, ““
εὐμαθῆ πάντα παρέχειν”
to render everything easy to learn”
X. O. 20.14. Cp.
1579.
[*] 1614. The absence of the article generally distinguishes the predicate noun from the object: ““
ἐπηγγέλλετο τοὺς κόλακας τοὺς αὑτοῦ πλουσιωτάτους τῶν πολι_τῶν ποιήσειν”
he promised to make his flatterers the richest of the citizens”
L. 28.4.
[*] 1615. Especially in Plato and Herodotus, after verbs signifying
to name, to call, the predicate noun may be connected with the external object by (a redundant)
εἶναι (
911); ““
σοφιστὴν ὀνομάζουσι τὸν ἄνδρα εἶναι”
they call the man a sophist”
P. Pr. 311e, ““
ἐπωνυμία_ν ἔχει σμι_κρός τε καὶ μέγας εἶναι”
he is called both short and tall”
P. Ph. 102c. This is due to the analogy of verbs signifying
to think or
say (
1041).
[*] 1616. A predicate accusative may stand in apposition to the object:
ἔδωκα δωρειὰ_ν τὰ λύτρα I gave them
the price of their ransom as a free gift D. 19.170.
[*] 1617. This use is the source of many adverbial accusatives (
993,
1606 ff.).
[*] 1618.
Passive: both the object and the predicate accusative of the active construction become nominative (
1743) in the passive construction:
αὐτὸς στρα- ““
τηγὸς ᾑρέθη”
he himself was chosen general”
L. 12.65, ““
αὐτοὶ νομοθέται κληθήσονται”
they shall themselves be called lawgivers”
P. L. 681d.
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL OBJECT WITH ONE VERB
[*] 1619. Many verbs take both an internal and an external object.
[*] 1620. The external object refers to a person, the internal object (cognate accusative, 1563 ff.) refers to a thing. Here the internal object stands in closer relation to the verb.
““
ὁ πόλεμος ἀείμνηστον παιδεία_ν αὐτοὺς ἐπαίδευσε”
the war taught them a lesson they will hold in everlasting remembrance”
Aes. 3.148, ““
τοσοῦτον ἔχθος ἐχθαίρω σε”
I hate thee with such an hate”
S. El. 1034, ““
Μέλητός με ἐγράψατο τὴν γραφὴν ταύτην”
Meletus brought this accusation against me”
P. A. 19b,
ἕλκος, τό μιν βάλε the wound that he dealt him E 795 (
1578), ““
Μιλτιάδης ὁ τὴν ἐν Μαραθῶνι μάχην τοὺς βαρβάρους νι_κήσα_ς”
Miltiades who won the battle at Marathon over the barbarians”
Aes. 3.181,
τὸν ἄνδρα τύπτειν τὰ_ς πληγά_ς to strike the man the blows Ant. 4.
γ. 1, ““
καλοῦσί με τοῦτο τὸ ὄνομα”
they give me this appellation”
X. O. 7.3.
[*] 1621.
Passive (
1747): ““
πᾶσαν θεραπεία_ν θεραπευόμενος”
receiving every manner of service”
P. Phae. 255a, ““
τύπτεσθαι πεντήκοντα πληγά_ς”
to be struck fifty blows”
Aes. 1.139,
ἡ κρίσις, ἣν ἐκρίθη the sentence that was pronounced upon him
L. 13.50, ““
τὰ_ς μάχα_ς, ὅσα_ς Πέρσαι ἡττήθησαν ἐῶ”
I omit the battles in which the Persians were defeated”
I. 4.145, ““
ὄνομα ἓν κεκλημένοι Σικελιῶται”
called by the one name of Sicilians”
T. 4.64.
[*] 1622. So with verbs signifying
to do anything to or
say anything of a person (
1591): ““
πολλὰ ἀγαθὰ ὑ_μᾶς ἐποίησεν”
he did you much good”
L. 5.3, ““
ταυτί_ με ποιοῦσι”
that's what they are doing to me”
Ar. Vesp. 696, ““
τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐπαινῶ Ἀ_γησίλα_ον”
I praise Agesilaus for such merits”
X. Ages. 10.1,
τοὺς Κορινθίους πολλά τε και<*> κακὰ ἔλεγε he said many bad things about the Corinthians Hdt. 8.61. For the accusative of the thing,
εὖ (
καλῶς),
κακῶς may be substituted; and
εἰς and
πρός with the accusative occur.
[*] 1623. The accusative of the person may depend on the idea expressed by the combination of verb and accusative of the thing (
1612); as in ““
τοὺς πολεμίους εἰργάσθαι κακά”
to have done harm to the enemy”
L. 21.8 (here
εἰργάσθαι of itself does not mean
to do anything to a person).
[*] 1624. When the dative of the person is used, something is done
for (
1474), not
to him: ““
πάντα ἐποίησαν τοῖς ἀποθανοῦσιν”
they rendered all honours to the dead”
X. A. 4.2.23.
εἰς or
πρός with the accusative is also employed.
[*] 1625.
Passive of 1622: ““
ὅσα ἄλλα ἡ πόλις ἠδικεῖτο”
all the other wrongs that the State has suffered”
D. 18.70.
[*] 1626.
Verbs of dividing (
νέμειν, κατανέμειν, διαιρεῖν, τέμνειν) may take two accusatives, one of the thing divided, the other of its parts (cognate accus.). Thus, ““
Κῦρος τὸ στράτευμα κατένειμε δώδεκα μέρη”
Cyrus divided the army into twelve divisions”
X. C. 7.5.13.
εἰς or
κατά may be used with the accusative of the parts.
[*] 1627.
Passive: ““
διῄρηται ἡ ἀγορὰ_ τέτταρα μέρη”
the Agora is divided into four parts”
X. C. 1.2.4.
εἰς and
κατά may be used with the accusative of the parts.
DOUBLE OBJECT WITH VERBS SIGNIFYING TO ASK, DEMAND, ETC.
[*] 1628. Verbs signifying
to ask, clothe or
unclothe,
conceal,
demand,
deprive,
persuade,
remind,
teach, take two objects in the accusative, one of a person, the other of a thing.
““
οὐ τοῦτ᾽ ἐρωτῶ σε”
that's not the question I'm asking you”
Ar. Nub. 641; ““
χιτῶνα τὸν ἑαυτοῦ ἐκεῖνον ἠμφίεσε”
he put his own tunic on him”
X. C. 1.3.17, ““
ἰδοὺ δ᾽ Ἀπόλλων αὐτὸς ἐκδύ_ων ἐμὲ χρηστηρία_ν ἐσθῆτα”
lo Apollo himself divests me of my oracular garb”
A. Ag. 1269; ““
τὴν θυγατέρα ἔκρυπτε τὸν θάνατον τοῦ ἀνδρός”
he concealed from his daughter her husband's death”
L. 32.7; ““
Κῦρον αἰτεῖν πλοῖα”
to ask Cyrus for boats”
X. A. 1.3.14, ““
ὡς ἐγώ ποτέ τινα ἢ ἐπρα_ξάμην μισθὸν ἢ ᾔτησα”
that I ever exacted or asked pay of any one”
P. A. 31c; ““
τούτων τὴν τι_μὴν ἀποστερεῖ με”
he deprives me of the value of these things”
D. 28.13; ““
ὑ_μᾶς τοῦτο οὐ πείθω”
I cannot persuade you of this”
P. A. 37a; ““
ἀναμνήσω ὑ_μᾶς καὶ τοὺς κινδύ_νους”
I will remind you of the dangers also”
X. A. 3.2.11; ““
οὐδεὶς ἐδίδαξέ με ταύτην τὴν τέχνην”
nobody taught me this art”
X. O. 19.16.
[*] 1629. Both person and thing are equally governed by the verb. The accusative of the person is the external object; the accusative of the thing is sometimes a cognate accusative (internal accusative).
[*] 1630. Some of these verbs also take the genitive or dative, or employ prepositions. Thus
ἐρωτᾶν τινα περί τινος, αἰτεῖν (
αἰτεῖσθαί)
τι παρά τινος, ἀποστερεῖν or
ἀφαιρεῖσθαί τινά τινος (
τινός τι) (
1394), or
τινί τι (
1483);
ἀναμιμνῄσκειν τινά τινος (
1356);
παιδεύειν τινά τινι or
τινὰ εἰς (or
πρός) with the accusative.
[*] 1631. The poets employ this construction with verbs of cleansing (a form of
depriving): ““
χρόα νίζετο ἅλμην”
he was washing the brine from his skin”
ζ 224,
αἷμα κάθηρον Σαρπηδόνα cleanse the blood from Sarpedon II 667. And with other verbs (in tragedy), e.g.
τι_μωρεῖσθαι avenge on,
μετελθεῖν seek to avenge on,
μετιέναι execute judgment on,
ἐπισκήπτειν charge.
[*] 1632.
Passive (
1747): ““
ὑπὸ βασιλέως πεπρα_γμένος τοὺς φόρους”
having had the tribute demanded of him by the king”
T. 8.5, ““
ὅσοι ἵππους ἀπεστέρηνται”
all who have been deprived of their horses”
X. C. 6.1.12, ““
οὐκ ἐπείθοντο τὰ ἐσαγγελθέντα”
they would not credit the news”
Hdt. 8.81, ““
μουσικὴν παιδευθείς”
having been instructed in music”
P. Menex. 236a (here
μουσικῇ is possible), ““
οὐδὲν ἄλλο διδάσκεται ἄνθρωπος ἢ ἐπιστήμην”
man is taught nothing else except knowledge”
P. Men. 87c.
[*] 1633. The accusative of extent (
1580) is freely used in the same sentence with other accusatives, as ““
ὑπερενεγκόντες τὸν Λευκαδίων ἰσθμὸν τὰ_ς ναῦς”
having hauled the ships across the isthmus of Leucas”
T. 3.81.
On the accusative of the whole and part, see
985; on the accusative subject of the infinitive, see
1972 ff.; on the accusative absolute, see
2076. See also under
Anacoluthon.
TWO VERBS WITH A COMMON OBJECT
[*] 1634. The case of an object common to two verbs is generally that demanded by the nearer: ““
οὐ δεῖ τοῖς παιδοτρίβαις ἐγκαλεῖν οὐδ᾽ ἐκβάλλειν ἐκ τῶν πόλεων”
we must not accuse the trainer or banish him from the cities”
P. G. 460d.
a. The farther verb may contain the main idea: ““
ἐπιτι_μᾷ καὶ ἀποδοκιμάζει τισί”
he censures some and rejects them at the scrutiny”
L. 6.33.
[*] 1635. The construction is usually ruled by the participle, not by the finite verb, when they have a common object but different constructions, and especially when the object stands nearer the participle: ““
τούτῳ δοὺς ἡγεμόνας πορεύεσθαι ἐκέλευσεν ἡσύχως”
having given him guides he ordered him to proceed quietly”
X. C. 5.3.53; and when the common object stands between, as ““
προσπεσόντες τοῖς πρώτοις τρέπουσι”
falling upon the foremost they put them to flight”
T. 7.53.
a. Sometimes the finite verb regulates the construction, as ““
καλέσα_ς παρεκελεύετο τοῖς Ἕλλησι”
he summoned the Greeks and exhorted them”
X. A. 1.8.11.
Part I: Letters, Sounds, Syllables, Accent
Part IV: Syntax
