Herbert Weir Smyth, A Greek Grammar for Colleges, chapter 1717

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[*] 1717. The Direct Reflexive Middle represents the subject as acting directly on himself. Self is here the direct object. So with verbs expressing external and natural acts, as the verbs of the toilet: ἀλείφεσθαι anoint oneself, λοῦσθαι wash oneself; and κοσμεῖσθαι adorn oneself, στεφανοῦσθαι crown oneself; γυμνάζεσθαι exercise oneself.

a. The direct reflexive idea is far more frequently conveyed by the active and a reflexive pronoun, 1723.

b. The part affected may be added in the accusative: ““ἐπαίσατο τὸν μηρόν” he smote his thigh” X. C. 7.3.6.

American Book Company, 1920.

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Cross-references to this page (2):
- Raphael Kühner, Bernhard Gerth, Ausführliche Grammatik der griechischen Sprache, KG 1.pos=2.1
- Jeffrey A. Rydberg-Cox, Overview of Greek Syntax, Verbs: Voice

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Herbert Weir Smyth, A Greek Grammar for Colleges