William Watson Goodwin, Syntax of the Moods and Tenses of the Greek Verb

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In Object Clauses after Verbs of Striving etc.

Xenophon is more peculiar in his use of ὡς, ὡς ἄν, and ὅπως ἄν in these clauses than in pure final clauses. Here he generally uses ὅπως with the future indicative, subjunctive, and optative, and occasionally ὅπως ἄν with the subjunctive, like other Attic writers (see examples in §§ 339 and 348). But he distinctly violates Attic usage by having ὡς (in the sense of ὅπως） with both subjunctive and future indicative, and with the present, aorist, and future optative; also ὡς ἄν with both subjunctive and optative and ὅπως ἄν with the optative; and further by allowing the optative with ὡς ἄν and ὅπως ἄν to follow both primary and secondary tenses. His use of ὡς ἄν and ὅπως ἄν with the optative, especially after primary tenses, shows strongly the original relative and interrogative force of ὡς and ὅπως.

The examples of the exceptional uses are these.

Ὡς.

• “Ἐπιμελοῦνται ὡς ἔχῃ οὕτως” Oec. xx. 8.
• “Σκοπείτω τὰ ἔμπροσθεν, ὡς μηδὲν ἡμᾶς λάθῃ” “let him keep a look-out in front, to see that nothing escapes us.” An. vi. 3. 14
• “Πῶς δ᾽ οὐ < χρὴ > φυλάξασθαι ὡς μὴ καὶ ἡμᾶς ταὐτὸ δυνασθῇ ποιῆσαι;” Hell. ii. 3. 33
• “Ἐπεμέλοντο ὡς μὴ κωλύοιντο πορεύεσθαι,” “they took care that they should not be prevented from marching.” Cyr. vi. 3. 2
• “Ἐπεμελήθη ὡς τύχοιεν πάντων τῶν καλῶν” Cyr. vii. 3. 17 ¹
• “Ὡς δὲ καλῶς ἔξει τὰ ὑμέτερα, ἐμοὶ μελήσει” (like the regular ὅπως ἕξει). Cyr. iii. 2. 13
• “Ἐπεμελήθη ἢ ὅπως φῦλόν τι ἀποστήσεται ἢ ὅπως τὸ ἀποστὰν μὴ ἀπόληται ἢ ὡς καὶ βασιλεὺς μὴ δυνήσεται πράγματα παρέχειν” (two regular cases of ὅπως with one case of ὡς). Ag. vii. 7.
• “Προεῖπον ὡς μηδεὶς κινήσοιτο μηδὲ ἀνάξοιτο” Hell. ii. 1. 22

Ὡς ἄν with Subjunctive.

• “Τὸ ὅσα ἂν γνῷ ἀγαθὰ εἶναι ἐπιμελεῖσθαι ὡς ἂν πραχθῇ” Hipp. ix. 2.
• “Οὐ φέρει καρπὸν ἢν μή τις ἐπιμελῆται ὡς ἂν ταῦτα περαίνηται” Ibid.

With Optative.

• “Ἐπιμέλονται ὡς ἂν βέλτιστοι εἶεν οἱ πολῖται” “they take care that (of the way by which) the citizens may be the best.” Cyr. i. 2. 5
“Ἐπιμελούμενος τούτου ὡς ἂν πραχθείη,” “seeing how this could be done.” Cyr. i. 6. 23 . So Hipp. i. 12; Eques. ix. 3.
• “Ἢν γνῶσιν （ αὐτὸν ） δυνάμενον παρασκευάζειν ὡς ἂν πλέον ἔχοιεν τῶν πολεμίων, πρὸς δὲ τούτοις κἀκεῖνο λάβωσιν εἰς τὴν γνώμην ὡς οὔτ᾽ ἂν εἰκῆ οὔτ᾽ ἄνευ θεῶν ἡγήσαιτ᾽ ἂν ἐπὶ πολεμίους, πάντα ταῦτα πιθανοτέρους ποιεῖ” Hipp. vi. 6. (Compare ὡς ἂν πλέον ἔχοιεν, to provide means by which they could be superior, with ὡς οὐκ ἡγήσαιτ᾽ ἄν, to get the idea that he would not lead, indirect discourse).
• “Ὡς ἂν ἀσφαλέστατά γε εἰδείην ὁπόσον τὸ στράτευμά ἐστιν ἐποίουν,” “I took the course by which I should know most accurately the size of the army.” Cyr. vi. 3. .18
• “Αἰσθανόμενος （ αὐτὴν ） ἀντεπιμελουμένην ὡς καὶ εἰσιόντι εἴη αὐτῷ τὰ δέοντα, καὶ, εἴ ποτε ἀσθενήσειεν, ὡς μηδενὸς ἂν δέοιτο, ἐκ πάντων τούτων ἡλίσκετο ἔρωτι” Cyr. v. 1. 18 (Here the protasis εἴ ποτε ἀσθενήσειεν causes the change from ὡς with the simple optative to the potential ὡς μηδενὸς ἂν δέοιτο, in which the separation of ἄν from ὡς is to be noticed.)
“Ἐκπεπονημένους ὡς ἂν κράτιστοι εἶεν” “thoroughly trained to be the best (in the way in which they would be best).” Hell. vi. 4. 28 So Cyr. v. 2. 2; Lac. vi. 1.

（Ὥπως ἄν, with Optative) Three examples after primary tenses are especially peculiar.

• “Κελεύεις με ἐπιμελεῖσθαι ὅπως ἂν μὴ παντάπασιν ἀληθῶς πένης γένοιο,” “you bid me see how you could escape becoming in truth absolutely poor.” Oec. ii. 9.
• “Σκοπῶ ὅπως ἂν ὡς ῥᾷστα διάγοιεν, ἡμεῖς δ᾽ ἂν μάλιστα ἂν εὐφραινοίμεθα θεώμενοι αὐτούς” “I try to see how they might live the easiest lives, and how we might take most delight in beholding them.” XEN. Symp. vii. 2.
• “Τί οὐ τὴν δύναμιν ἔλεξας, ὅπως εἰδότες πρὸς ταῦτα βουλευσόμεθα ὅπως ἂν ἄριστα ἀγωνιζοίμεθα” “that we might take counsel （§ 324) how we might fight the best.” Cyr. ii. 1. 4

Here belongs also Lys. 207 E “προθυμοῦνται ὅπως ἂν εὐδαιμονοίης” (349).

• “Εἰσῆλθεν ἐπιβουλεύσας ὅπως ἂν ἀλυπότατα εἴποι” Cyr. i. 4. 13
“Σκοπῶν δ᾽ αὖ ὅπως ἂν καὶ ἡ πᾶσα ἀρχὴ κατέχοιτο καὶ ἄλλη ἔτι προσγίγνοιτο, ἡγήσατο” Cyr. vii. 5. 70 . So iv. 2. 34, Cyr. viii. 1. 14 and 47.
• “Ἐλογιζόμεθα ὡς ἱκανὸν εἴη εἴ τις δύναιτο ἐπιμεληθῆναι ὅπως ἂν καλὸς κἀγαθὸς γένοιτο” Cyr. i. 6. 7 (Was the oratio recta here ὅπως ἂν γένηται?)
“Ἐβουλεύετο ὅπως ἂν μὴ βαρὺς εἴη τοῖς ξυμμάχοις” Hell. iii. 2. 1 So vii. 1. 33; An. iv. 3. 14, An. v. 7. 20
• “Πάντ᾽ ἐποίησεν ὅπως ἂν δἰ ἐκείνου ἐγκριθείη” Hell. iv. 1. 40
• “Τῷ μὲν θεῷ οὐδὲν ἐκοινώσαντο ὅπως ἂν ἡ εἰρήνη γένοιτο, αὐτοὶ δὲ ἐβουλεύοντο” Hell. vii. 1. 27