Basil L. Gildersleeve, Syntax of Classical Greek

The Particle ἄν

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Its use and etymology

[*] 423. The particle “ἄν” is largely used to color the moods of the Greek language.

[*] 424. Distinctions in the use of a)/n.

Two sets of distinctions are necessary as to the use of the particle “ἄν”.

I. 1. It may be used in the leading clause, chiefly with the indicative and the optative or their representatives.

2. It may be used in a dependent sentence, chiefly with the subjunctive.

II. 1. It may be used with a definite reference, contained in the same sentence, or implied in the context.

2. It may be used without a definite reference, in which case no definite ellipsis is to be supplied.

[*] 425. Shifting from definite to indefinite.

The shifting from definite to indefinite is not peculiar to the particle “ἄν”. Other simple demonstratives change in the same way. Compare “τὸν καὶ τόν, τὰ καὶ τά”, and notice especially “τέως” and “ἕως. τέως” is used more frequently without its correlative “ἕως” than with it, so long being for a while, and “ἕως” is sometimes employed after the same fashion.¹

[*] 426. ken (ke), ka.

A similar function is exercised in epic and lyric poetry by “κεν” (“κε”), and in Doric by “κα”. The two particles “ἄν” and “κεν” are sometimes combined as “ἄν κεν”. A common origin once suspected is now seldom maintained.² The accented “ἄν” may originally have been more clearly demonstrative, the unaccented “κεν” more surely indefinite, but the whole matter is obscure, and a sharp discrimination between “ἄν” and “κεν” often attempted has never been successfully established. “ἄν” is everywhere distinctly preferred in negative sentences, enters more readily into close combinations, and on common ground gradually thrusts “κεν” to the wall. So in Pindar “ἄν” nearly balances “κεν”, whereas in Homer “κεν” greatly preponderates, “κεν” being to “ἄν” in the Iliad as 4 to 1.

[*] 427. Etymology of a)/n.

The etymology of “ἄν” is still unsettled. With a definite reference it may be translated then, in that case, or, when opposition is implied, else. (Compare Lat. an.） Without definite reference, it sometimes gives a potential coloring, and in combination with the subjunctive and the optative is little more than a sharper future. “κεν” (“κα”) is also an unsolved riddle.

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Indicative with ἄν

[*] 428. The particle “ἄν” belongs to that which is other than the present, and is found only in past and future relations.

[*] 429. Unreal indicative with a)/n.

The past tenses of the indicative with “ἄν” may denote unreality (the most common use) in such a way that the imperfect denotes opposition to a continued action either in the present or in the past; the aorist denotes opposition to attainment, chiefly in the past, very rarely in the present; and the pluperfect indicative with “ἄν” denotes opposition to completion, more frequently in the present.

Imperfect in opposition to present:

“ἐγὼ γὰρ . . . εἰ μὲν μὴ ᾤμην ἥξειν . . . παρ᾽ ἀνθρώπους τετελευτηκότας ἀμείνους τῶν ἐνθάδε, ἠδίκουν ἂν” [I should be in the wrong (I am not)] “οὐκ ἀγανακτῶν τῷ θανάτῳ”, PLATO , Phaedo, 63

Imperfect in opposition to the past:

“μένειν γὰρ ἐξῆν τῷ κατηγοροῦντι τῶν ἄλλων, εἰ δὲ τοῦτ᾽ ἐποίει ἕκαστος, ἐνίκων ἄν” [they would have been victorious (they were not)], DEM.3.17.

Aorist in opposition to the past:

“εἰ τὸ καὶ τὸ ἐποίησεν ἅνθρωπος, οὐκ ἂν ἀπέθανεν”, DEM.18.243; If the man had done so and so, he would not have died (he did die).

Aorist in opposition to present:

“εἰ μὲν οὖν ἄνθρωπος, ὃν δεῖ πόλλ᾽ ἀκοῦσαι καὶ κακά”, | “αὐτὸς ἦν ἔνδηλος, οὐκ ἂν ἀνδρὸς ἐμνήσθην φίλου” [I should not mention the name of a friend (as I am doing)], AR. Eq. 1276-7.

Pluperfect in opposition to present completion:

“εἰ δέ γε μηδεὶς ἄλλος ἢ Ζεῦξις ἔγραφε, καλῶς ἄν σοι ἀπεκέκριτο”; PLATO, Gorg. 453D; But if there were no other painter than Zeuxis, would your reply hold good?

Pluperfect in opposition to past completion:

“εἰ . . . ὁ ἀνὴρ . . . ἀπέθανεν . . . δικαίως . . . ἂν ἐτεθνήκει”, ANTIPHON, 4, “β”, 3; If the man had been killed, he would have been justly killed (his death would have been justifiable).

For further examples, see Unreal Conditional Sentences.

For “ἐβουλόμην” (“ἤθελον”) “ἄν” with infinitive antithetical to the dependent verb, see 367.

[*] 430. Indicative with a)/n as potential of the past.

The indicative of the historical tenses with “ἄν” also serves to express potentiality, or guarded assertion, in the past, chiefly with the ideal second person or “τις”, but by no means limited to it.

Ellipses are often easily supplied, but are not necessary. The translation is freer than in an elliptical conditional sentence. The protasis is sometimes contained in a participle or otherwise intimated.

“ἔγνω τις ἄν”, XEN. Cyr. 3.3.70; One would (could, might) have known. “ὀλίγους ἂν εἶδες”, Hell. 6.4.16; Few should you have seen.

DEM.18.225: “ἃ μήτε προῄδει μηδεὶς μήτ᾽ ἂν ᾠήθη τήμερον ῥηθῆναι”.

ISOC.5.64: “καίτοι τίς ἂν προσεδόκησεν ὑπ᾽ ἀνδρὸς οὕτω ταπεινῶς πράξαντος ἀναστραφήσεσθαι τὰ τῆς Ἑλλάδος πράγματα”;

LYS.1.27: “πῶς γὰρ ἄν” (sc. “κατέφυγε”); Ibid.: “οὔτε σίδηρον . . . οὔτε ἄλλο οὐδὲν ἔχων, ᾧ τοὺς εἰσελθόντας ἂν ἠμύνατο” . 8.7: “ἂν . . . ὑπερείδετε” . Ibid.: “ἂν . . . ὑπώπτευον” .

PLATO, Apol. 18C: “ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ ἡλικίᾳ . . . ἐν ᾗ ἂν μάλιστα ἐπιστεύσατε”. Hipparch. 229 B: “πάντων ἂν τῶν παλαιῶν ἤκουσας ὅτι ταῦτα μόνον τὰ ἔτη τυραννὶς ἐγένετο ἐν Ἀθήναις”.

XEN. An. 1.5.8: “θᾶττον ἢ ὥς τις ἂν ᾤετο”. Cyr. 3.3.70 (see above). 4.5.6: “τοῦ λοιποῦ οὐδὲ βουλόμενος ἂν εὗρες ῥᾳδίως τὸν νύκτωρ πορευόμενον”. 8.1.33: “ἐπέγνως δ᾽ ἂν ἐκεῖ οὐδένα οὔτε ὀργιζόμενον κραυγῇ οὔτε χαίροντα ὑβριστικῷ γέλωτι, ἀλλὰ ἰδὼν ἂν αὐτοὺς ἡγήσω τῷ ὄντι εἰς κάλλος ζῆν”. Hell. 1.7.7: “τότε γὰρ ὀψὲ ἦν καὶ τὰς χεῖρας οὐκ ἂν καθεώρων”. 6.4.16 (see above).

THUC.7.55.2: “ὃ οὐκ ἂν ᾤοντο”.

AR. Ran. 1022: “ὃ θεασάμενος πᾶς ἅν τις ἀνὴρ ἠράσθη δάϊος εἶναι”.

EUR. Andr. 1135: “δεινὰς δ᾽ ἂν εἶδες πυρρίχας”. I. A. 1582: “πληγῆς κτύπον γὰρ πᾶς τις ᾔσθετ᾽ ἂν σαφῶς”.

“ τίς ἄν ποτ᾽ ᾤεθ᾽ ὧδ᾽ ἐπώνυμον
τοὐμὸν ξυνοίσειν ὄνομα τοῖς ἐμοῖς κακοῖς;
”

SOPH. Ai. 430-1:

HOM. Od. 10.84: “ἔνθα κ᾽ ἄυπνος ἀνὴρ δοιοὺς ἐξήρατο μισθούς”.

Il. 4.421: “ὕπο κεν ταλασίφρονά περ δέος εἷλεν”. 16.638-9: “οὐδ᾽ ἂν ἔτι φράδμων περ ἀνὴρ Σαρπηδόνα δῖον” | “ἔγνω”.

For “ἄν” with the Optative as the Potential of the Past, see 437 and 439.

[*] 431. Indicative with a)/n of intermittent action.

The indicative of the historical tenses with “ἄν” is also used to express habitual or intermittent action in the past, “ἄν” being used without definite reference (424, II, 2).

“διαλεχθεὶς ἄν μοι . . . ᾤχετο ἀπιών”, PLATO, Conv. 217B; He would have a talk with me and then he was off.

DEM.9.48(in oratio obliqua). 18.219: “ὁ μὲν γράφων οὐκ ἂν ἐπρέσβευσεν, ὁ δὲ πρεσβεύων οὐκ ἂν ἔγραψεν”.

ISOC.6.52: “εἰ πολιορκουμένῃ τινὶ τῶν πόλεων τῶν συμμαχίδων εἷς μόνος Λακεδαιμονίων βοηθήσειεν, ὑπὸ πάντων ἂν ὡμολογεῖτο παρὰ τοῦτον γενέσθαι τὴν σωτηρίαν αὐτοῖς”.

PLATO, Apol. 22B: “διηρώτων ἂν αὐτοὺς τί λέγοιεν, ἵν᾽ ἅμα τι καὶ μανθάνοιμι παῤ αὐτῶν”. Conv. 217 B (see above).

XEN. An. 1.9.19: “εἰ δέ τινα ὁρῴη . . . προσόδους ποιοῦντα, οὐδένα ἂν πώποτε ἀφείλετο, ἀλλ᾽ ἀεὶ πλείω προσεδίδου”. Cyr. 7.1.10 (twice). 11. 14. Mem. 4.6.13: “εἰ δέ τις αὐτῷ περί του ἀντιλέγοι . . ., ἐπὶ τὴν ὑπόθεσιν ἐπανῆγεν ἂν πάντα τὸν λόγον ὧδέ πως”. alib.

THUC.7.71.3: “εἰ μέν τινες ἴδοιέν πῃ τοὺς σφετέρους ἐπικρατοῦντας, ἀνεθάρσησάν τε ἂν κτἑ” .

HDT.1.196: “ὅσοι δὲ τοῦ δήμου ἔσκον ἐπίγαμοι, οὗτοι δὲ εἴδεος μὲν οὐδὲν ἐδέοντο χρηστοῦ, οἱ δ᾽ ἂν χρήματά τε καὶ αἰσχίονας παρθένους ἐλάμβανον”. Ibid.: “ἀνίστη ἄν . . . ἂν . . . ἐγίνετο”. 2.109. 3.51 (bis). alib.

AR. Ach. 640.

“ ἀλλ᾽ ὅ τι μάθοιμ᾽ ἑκάστοτε
ἐπελανθανόμην ἂν εὐθὺς ὑπὸ πλήθους ἐτῶν
”

Nub. 854-5:

. Vesp. 278. 279. Pax, 70. 213. saepe.

EUR. Phoen. 401: “ποτὲ μὲν ἐπ᾽ ἦμαρ εἶχον, εἶτ᾽ οὐκ εἶχον ἄν”.

SOPH. Ph. 290-1: “αὐτὸς ἂν τάλας” | “εἰλυόμην”. 294-5: “ταῦτ᾽ ἂν ἐξέρπων τάλας” | “ἐμηχανώμην: εἶτα πῦρ ἂν οὐ παρῆν”. 443.³

For the Imperfect without “ἄν” of Iterative Action, see 207.

[*] 432. a)/n with the future indicative and its representatives.

The future indicative with ἄν, theoretically a legitimate construction, has been kept out of use by the optative with ἄν and by ἄν with the subjunctive, and was counted a solecism even in antiquity.⁴ A number of instances occur, however, in MSS and editions, but most of them have been corrected, or are easily corrigible. The same is true of the representatives of the indicative, the future optative, infinitive, and participle.

Sometimes there is an anacoluthon, as in PLATO, Apol. 29C. Sometimes the future indicative is confounded with the aorist optative, as PLATO, Euthyd. 275A: “προτρέψετε” for “προτρέψαιτε”, the future infinitive with the aorist infinitive, as PLATO, Phaedr. 227B: “ποιήσεσθαι” for “ποιήσασθαι”, the future participle with the aorist participle, as PLATO, Apol. 30B: “ποιήσοντος” for “ποιήσαντος”. Sometimes “ἄν” is for “ἀν”- or “ἀνα”- and belongs to the verb, as AESCHIN.3.155: “τί ποτ᾽ ἂν ἐρεῖ”; Cf. PIND. N. 7.68 and A. J. P. III (1882), 452. Sometimes there is confusion between present and future infinitive, as in XEN. An. 2.3.18: “ἕξειν” for “ἔχειν”. Sometimes there is confusion between “ἄν” and “δή”,⁵ and easy corrections are almost always at hand.⁶ This being the case, it is not worth while to multiply examples, most of which have disappeared from critical texts.

HOM. Il. 1.139: “ὃ δέ κεν κεχολώσεται, ὅν κεν ἵκωμαι”. 523: “ἐμοὶ δέ κε ταῦτα μελήσεται, ὄφρα τελέσσω”. 3.138: “τῷ δέ κε νικήσαντι φίλη κεκλήσῃ ἄκοιτις”. 4.176: “καί κέ τις ὧδ᾽ ἐρέει”. 8.405: “ἀπαλθήσεσθον”. 419: id. 14.268: “δώσω”. 15.215: “πεφιδήσεται”. 17.241: “κορέει”. 22.67: “ἐρύουσιν”. 71: “κείσοντ”（“αι”).

[*] 433. Non-use of a)/n with present and perfect indicative.

The present and perfect indicative are not used with “ἄν”, but owing to the great variation in the position of “ἄν” beginners sometimes make a mistake in this regard. In ANDOC. 1.117 read “βούλοισθε” for “βούλεσθε”. In PLATO, Legg. 712E, read with Schanz “ἀνερωτηθείς” (cf. 793 A).

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Optative with ἄν

[*] 434. Potential optative.

The optative with “ἄν” is the potential⁷ of the Greek language. It is used mainly in leading clauses. It expresses the opinion of the speaker as an opinion, and may be called the mood of qualified assertion. The verification of the opinion or assertion is postponed to another time (“ἄν”).

[*] 435. Time and tenses of the potential optative.

Both action and ascertainment may be future, or only the ascertainment. The present is often used of the future ascertainment of a present action, far more rarely of the future ascertainment of a past state. The aorist is very seldom used of the future ascertainment of a past action. The simple perfect optative with “ἄν” is found chiefly in those verbs in which the perfect is equivalent to the present. In the periphrastic perfect optative with “ἄν”, the participle is often treated almost like an adjective.

[*] 436. a)/n with the Present Optative not of the Past: used of what will be, or what will prove to be.

LYS.3.5: “πολὺ ἂν ἔργον εἴη λέγειν” , It would be a tedious task to tell.

PLATO, Charm. 161A-B: “οὐκ ἄρα σωφροσύνη ἂν εἴη αἰδώς”. Gorg. 507 A: “καὶ μὴν ὅ γε σώφρων τὰ προσήκοντα πράττοι ἄν” (442). Theaet. 145 B: “εὖ ἂν ἔχοι”.⁸

XEN. Mem. 1.2.11: “συμμάχων ὁ . . . βιάζεσθαι τολμῶν δέοιτ᾽ ἂν οὐκ ὀλίγων.”

THUC.1.38.4: “εἰ τοῖς πλείοσιν ἀρέσκοντές ἐσμεν, τοῖσδ᾽ ἂν μόνοις οὐκ ὀρθῶς ἀπαρέσκοιμεν”, If we are acceptable to the majority of our colonists, there must be something amiss in our being unacceptable to these alone.

HDT.2.6: “οὕτω ἂν εἴησαν Αἰγύπτου στάδιοι ἑξακόσιοι καὶ τρισχίλιοι τὸ παρὰ θάλασσαν”. 22: “κῶς ὦν δῆτα ῥέοι ἂν” (sc. “ὁ Νεῖλος”) “ἀπὸ χιόνος, ἀπὸ τῶν θερμοτάτων ῥέων ἐς τὰ ψυχρότερα”; 6.63: “οὐκ ἂν ἐμὸς εἴη”, It can't be my (son).

AR. Av. 127: “ποίαν τιν᾽ οὖν ἥδιστ᾽ ἂν οἰκοῖτ᾽ ἂν πόλιν;” 172: “τί ἂν οὖν ποιοῖμεν;” Lys. 81: “κἂν ταῦρον ἄγχοις” . 97-8: “λέγοιμ᾽ ἂν ἤδη. πρὶν λέγειν δ᾽, ὑμᾶς τοδὶ ἐπερήσομαί τι μικρόν” . Lys. 180.

EUR. Ion, 543: “πῶς ἂν οὖν εἴην σός;”

SOLON, 36.1-2: “συμμαρτυροίη ταῦτ᾽ ἂν . . . μήτηρ μεγίστη δαιμόνων Ὀλυμπίων”.

HOM. Od. 4.78: “τέκνα φίλ̓, ἦ τοι Ζηνὶ βροτῶν οὐκ ἄν τις ἐρίζοι”.

Il. 1.271-2: “κείνοισι δ᾽ ἂν οὔ τις” | “τῶν, οἳ νῦν βροτοί εἰσιν ἐπιχθόνιοι, μαχέοιτο”.

[*] 437. a)/n with the Present Optative of the Past:

No cogent examples in Attic prose.

LYS.7.16: “ὥστε εἰ καὶ τὰ μέγιστα εἰς ἐμὲ ἐξημάρτανον, οὐκ ἂν οἷόν τε ἦν δίκην με παρ᾽ αὐτῶν λαμβάνειν: εὖ γὰρ ἂν εἰδείην ῾περφ. ῀ πρες.᾿ ὅτι ἐπ᾽ ἐκείνοις ἦν καὶ ἐμὲ τιμωρήσασθαι καὶ αὐτοῖς μηνύσασιν ἐλευθέροις γενέσθαι” .

PLATO, Apol. 28B-C: “φαῦλοι γὰρ ἂν τῷ γε σῷ λόγῳ εἶεν” (must have been or must be considered) “τῶν ἡμιθέων ὅσοι ἐν Τροίᾳ τετελευτήκασιν”.

THUC.1.9.4: “οὐκ ἂν οὖν νήσων ἔξω τῶν περιοικίδων, αὗται δὲ οὐκ ἂν πολλαὶ εἶεν” (can't have been⁹), “ἠπειρώτης ὢν ἐκράτει, εἰ μή τι καὶ ναυτικὸν εἶχεν”.

HDT.1.2: “εἴησαν δ᾽ ἂν οὗτοι Κρῆτες”. 70: “τάχα δὲ ἂν καὶ οἱ ἀποδόμενοι λέγοιεν ἀπικόμενοι ἐς Σπάρτην ὡς ἀπαιρεθείησαν ὑπὸ Σαμίων” (306). 2.98: “εἴη δ᾽ ἂν καὶ ἀλλος τις Ἄρχανδρος, οὐ μέντοι γε Αἰγύπτιον τὸ οὔνομα”. 5.59. 60. 7.184: “συνελέχθη δὲ ταῦτα τὰ πλοῖα, ὡς καὶ πρότερον εἰρέθη, τρισχίλια. ἤδη ὦν ἄνδρες ἂν εἶεν ἐν αὐτοῖσι τέσσερες μυριάδες καὶ εἴκοσι”. 7.214: “εἰδείη . . . ἄν”. 8.136.

[*] 438. a)/n with the Aorist Optative not of the Past:

DEM.21.191: “ἐγὼ δ᾽ ἐσκέφθαι μὲν . . . φημὶ κοὐκ ἂν ἀρνηθείην”.

PLATO , Meno 78 E: “πῶς γὰρ ἄνευ τούτων ἀρετὴ γένοιτ᾽ ἄν”;

XEN. Mem. 1.2.17: “ἴσως οὖν εἴποι τις ἂν πρὸς ταῦτα κτἑ”.

THUC.2.35.2: “ὁ . . . ξυνειδὼς καὶ εὔνους ἀκροατὴς τάχ᾽ ἄν τι ἐνδεεστέρως πρὸς ἃ βούλεταί τε καὶ ἐπίσταται νομίσειε δηλοῦσθαι”.

HDT.2.41: “οὔτε ἀνὴρ Αἰγύπτιος οὔτε γυνὴ ἄνδρα Ἕλληνα φιλήσειε ἂν τῷ στόματι”.

AR. Av. 173: “ποίαν δ᾽ ἂν οἰκίσαιμεν ὄρνιθες πόλιν;” 198. 201. 370. 382: “μάθοι γὰρ ἄν τις κἀπὸ τῶν ἐχθρῶν σοφόν” . 815: “Σπάρτην γὰρ ἂν θείμην ἐγὼ τἠμῇ πόλει;”

“ ποιήσετ᾽, ἢ οὐ ποιήσετ᾽; ἢ τί μέλλετε
οὐκ ἂν ποιήσαιμ᾽, ἀλλ᾽ ὁ πόλεμος ἑρπέτω
”

Lys. 128-9:

.

EUR. Andr. 84-5: “ΘΕΡ. τί δῆτα φήσω χρόνιος οὖσ᾽ ἐκ δωμάτων”; | “ΑΝ. πολλὰς ἂν εὕροις μηχανἀς: γυνὴ γὰρ εἶ”. I. T. 1007: “οὐκ ἂν γενοίμην σοῦ τε καὶ μητρὸς φονεύς”.

AESCHYL. Sept. 397-8: “κόσμον μὲν ἀνδρὸς οὔτιν᾽ ἂν τρέσαιμ᾽ ἐγώ”, | “οὐδ᾽ ἑλκοποιὰ γίγνεται τὰ σήματα”.

PIND. O. 2.17-9: “τῶν δὲ πεπραγμένων . . . ἀποίητον οὐδ᾽ ἂν χρόνος . . . δύναιτο θέμεν ἔργων τέλος”. 20: “λάθα δὲ πότμῳ σὺν εὐδαίμονι γένοιτ᾽ ἄν”.

SAPPHO, 62: “τί κε θεῖμεν”;

HOM. Od. 1.65: “πῶς ἂν ἔπειτ”（“α”) . . . “λαθοίμην”; 4.443: “τίς γάρ κ᾽ εἰναλίῳ παρὰ κήτεϊ κοιμηθείη”; 753: “ἡ γάρ κέν μιν ἔπειτα καὶ ἐκ θανάτοιο σαώσαι”.

Il. 1.100: “τότε κέν μιν ἱλασσάμενοι πεπίθοιμεν”. 2.12-3: “νῦν γάρ κεν ἕλοι πόλιν εὐρυάγυιαν” | “Τρώων”. 29. 9.77: “τις ἂν τάδε γηθήσειεν”;

[*] 439. a)/n with the Aorist Optative of the Past:

DEM.20.143: “εἰ μὲν τοίνυν ἠγνόησε ταῦτα” (“γένοιτο γὰρ ἂν καὶ τοῦτο”), “αὐτίκα δηλώσει” (this may be the case, at any time, not necessarily of the past).

LYS.12.34: “θαυμάζω δὲ τί ἄν ποτε ποιήσαις συνειπών, ὁπότε ἀντειπεῖν φάσκων ἀπέκτεινας Πολέμαρχον” (Dobree reads “ἐποίησας”, but there is no occasion to change the optative, as the question may safely be taken as a generic question). 20.2: “αἱρεθεὶς ὑπὸ τῶν φυλετῶν, οἳ ἄριστα διαγνοῖεν ἂν ῾ατ ανψ τιμἐ περὶ σφῶν αὐτῶν ὁποῖοί τινές εἰσιν” .

ANTIPHON, 4 “β” 5: “πῶς ἂν ἐπιβουλεύσαιμι αὐτῷ εἰ μὴ καὶ ἐπεβουλεύθην ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ”; (So the MSS; but Blass: “πῶς ἂν ἐπεβούλευσά τι αὐτῷ, ὅ τι μὴ καὶ ἐπεβουλεύθην ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ”;)

HDT.2.11: “κοῦ γε δὴ ἐν τῷ προαναισιμωμένῳ χρόνῳ πρότερον ἢ ἐμὲ γενέσθαι οὐκ ἂν χωσθείη κόλπος καὶ πολλῷ μέζων ἔτι τούτου”; 7.180: “τῷ δὲ σφαγιασθέντι τούτῳ τοὔνομα ἦν Λέων: τάχα δ᾽ ἄν τι καὶ τοῦ οὐνόματος ἐπαύροιτο” (306). 9.71: “ἔγνωσαν οἱ παραγενόμενοι Σπαρτιητέων Ἀριστόδημον μὲν βουλόμενον φανερῶς ἀποθανεῖν . . . ἔργα ἀποδέξασθα μεγάλα, Ποσειδώνιον δὲ οὐ βουλόμενον ἀποθνῄσκειν ἄνδρα γενέσθαι ἀγαθόν: τοσουτῳ τοῦτον εἶναι ἀμείνω. ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν καὶ φθόνῳ ἂν εἴποιεν”.

AR. Eq. 413-4: “ἢ μάτην γ᾽ ἂν” | “ἀπομαγδαλίας σιτούμενος τοσοῦτος ἐκτραφείην” (briefer expression for perfect “ἐκτεθραμμένος εἴην”).

HYMN. HOM. 4.132: “οὐ μὲν γάρ κε κακοὶ τοιόνδε τέκοιεν” (not necessarily of the past. The optative may be generic).

HOM. Od. 4.63-4: “ἀλλ᾽ ἀνδρῶν γένος ἐστὲ διοτρεφέων βασιλήων” | “σκηπτούχων, ἐπεὶ οὔ κε κακοὶ τοιούσδε τέκοιεν” (unnecessarily referred to the past. Churls can't be the parents of such men). 13.86-7: “ἣ δὲ” (sc. “νηῦς”) “μάλ᾽ ἀσφαλέως θέεν ἔμπεδον: οὐδέ κεν ἴρηξ” | “κίρκος ὁμαρτήσειεν”.

Il. 4.223: “ἔνθ᾽ οὐκ ἂν βρίζοντα ἴδοις Ἀγαμέμνονα δῖον”. 5.85: “Τυδεΐδην δ᾽ οὐκ ἂν γνοίης, ποτέροισι μετείη”.

[*] 440. a)/n with the Perfect Optative:

XEN. Conv. 3.6: “λέληθέ σε . . . ; . . . πῶς ἂν . . . λελήθοι” (“με”); Has it escaped your observation? How can it have escaped my observation (306)?

AR. Lys. 252-3: “ἄλλως γὰρ ἂν ἄμαχοι γυναῖκες καὶ μιαραὶ κεκλῄμεθ᾽ ῟ πρεσεντ̓ ἄν” .

For examples of the Periphrastic Perfect Optative with “ἄν”, see 288, to which add the following examples:

PLATO , Phaedo 76 E: “εἰ δὲ μὴ ἔστι ταῦτα, ἄλλως ἂν ὁ λόγος οὗτος εἰρημένος εἴη”. Politic. 264 C: “ἐν μὲν γὰρ κρήναις τάχ᾽ ἂν ἴσως εἴης ᾐσθημένος” (the reply is: “τεθέαμαι”). PLAT. Soph. 261C: “νῦν δ᾽ ἐπεὶ . . . τοῦτο ὃ λέγεις διαπεπέρανται, τὸ . . . μέγιστον ἡμῖν τεῖχος ἡρῃμένον ἂν εἴη”, We may look upon the strongest redoubt as having been taken.

[*] 441. a)/n with the future optative.

The future optative with “ἄν” is not in use. It could arise only from the future indicative with “ἄν”, and the future indicative with “ἄν” had gone out, if it had ever come in, before the future optative came in. Still it is found in many texts, and is not to be discarded in the later time.¹⁰

LYCURG.15(Bekk., Sch.): “εὖ γὰρ ἴστε, ὦ Ἀθηναῖοι, ὅτι . . . τούτων πλεῖστον ἀμελεῖν δόξοιτ᾽ ἄν, εἰ τὴν παῤ ὑμῶν οὗτος διαφύγοι τιμωρίαν”.

ISAE. 1.32 (Bekk., Sch.): “καὶ προσηπείλησεν ὅτι δηλώσοι ποτ᾽ ἂν τούτῳ ὡς διάκειται πρὸς αὐτόν”.

LYS. 1.22 (Sch.): “εἰδὼς δ᾽ ἐγὼ ὅτι τηνικαῦτα ἀφιγμένος οὐδὲν ἂν καταλήψοιτο οἴκοι τῶν ἐπιτηδείων, ἐκέλευον συνδειπνεῖν” .

PLATO, Legg. 719D-E: “ἐγὼ δέ, εἰ μὲν γυνή μοι διαφέρουσα εἴη πλούτῳ καὶ θάπτειν αὑτὴν διακελεύοιτο ἐν τῷ ποιήματι, τὸν ὑπερβάλλοντα ἂν τάφον ἐπαινοίην, φειδωλὸς δ᾽ αὖ τις καὶ πένης ἀνὴρ τὸν καταδεᾶ, μέτρον δὲ οὐσίας κεκτημένος καὶ μέτριος αὐτὸς ὢν τὸν αὐτὸν ἂν ἐπαινέσοι” (-“αι” Bekk. Schanz).

[*] 442. Translation of optative with a)/n.

The optative with “ἄν” varies in tone from strong assurance (must) to faint presumption (might).¹¹ May be is often a convenient rendering for the positive, can't for the negative. Even shall and will sometimes serve to reproduce the impression, while would and should give the regular translation in formulated conditional sentences. So far from necessarily denoting uncertainty, it is the combination most frequently used to indicate moral certainty, and sometimes serves as a climax to the indicative. Especially common is the aorist optative with “ἄν” to express total negation, which cannot be brought out so well by the future indicative.¹²

“φαῦλοι . . . ἂν τῷ γε σῷ λόγῳ εἶεν”, PLATO, Apol. 28B-C; They must have been (must be considered) sorry fellows according to your account (437). “ὥρα ἂν εἴη . . . πάλιν σε φιλεῖν ἐμέ”, XEN. Cyr. 1.4.28; It must be time for you to kiss me again. “οὐδὲν ἂν κακὸν εἴη” (sc. “ὁ Ἔρως”), PLATO, Phaedr. 242E; Eros can't be anything bad. “οὐ γὰρ ἂν ἀπέλθοιμ᾽, ἀλλὰ κόψω τὴν θύραν”, AR. Ach. 403; No, I'm not going off, but I will knock at the door.

ISOC.8.39: “αἰσχυνθείην ἄν” (should), “εἰ φανείην κτἑ”. 11.20: “εἰ . . . μιμησαίμεθα . . ., εὐθὺς ἂν ἀπολοίμεθα” (should).

LYS. [20] 15: “πῶς ἂν οὖν οὐκ ἂν δεινὰ πάσχοιμεν;” (must）

PLATO, Apol. 28B-C: “φαῦλοι . . . ἂν τῷ γε σῷ λόγῳ εἶεν” (must, see above). Charm.161A-B: “οὐκ ἄρα σωφροσύνη ἂν εἴη αἰδώς” (can, 436). Gorg. 469 C: “εἰ δ᾽ ἀναγκαῖον εἴη ἀδικεῖν ἢ ἀδικεῖσθαι, ἑλοίμην ἂν μᾶλλον ἀδικεῖσθαι ἢ ἀδικεῖν” (should). 507 A: “καὶ μὴν ὅ γε σώφρων τὰ προσήκοντα πράττοι ἂν” (must) “καὶ περὶ θεοὺς καὶ περὶ ἀνθρώπους: οὐ γὰρ ἂν σωφρονοῖ” (can) “τὰ μὴ προσήκοντα πράττων. Ἀνάγκη ταῦτ᾽ εἶναι οὕτως”. Phaedo, 76 E (must, 440). Phaedr. 242 E: “οὐδὲν ἂν κακὸν εἴη” (sc. “ὁ Ἔρως”) (can, see above).

PHILOLAUS apud STOB. Ecl. 1.454-6: “ἀνάγκα τὰ ἐόντα εἶμεν πάντα ἢ περαίνοντα ἢ ἄπειρα, ἢ περαίνοντά τε καὶ ἄπειρα, ἄπειρα δὲ μόνον οὔ κα εἴη”. (Here “ἀνάγκα εἶμεν”, it must be, is opposed to “οὔ κα εἴη”, it cannot be.）

XEN. Conv. 6.2: “μεταξὺ τοῦ ὑμᾶς λέγειν οὐδ᾽ ἂν τρίχα μὴ ὅτι λόγον ἄν τις παρείρειε” (could). Cyr. 1.2.11: “θηρῶντες . . . οὐκ ἂν ἀριστήσειαν” (will). 1.4.28 (must, see above). 2.2.15: “ἔκ γε σοῦ πῦρ οἶμαι ῥᾷον ἄν τις ἐκτρίψειεν ἢ γέλωτα ἐξαγάγοιτο” (could or might).

HDT.3.119: “ἀνὴρ μέν μοι ἂν ἄλλος γένοιτο” (may), “εἰ δαίμων ἐθέλοι . . . πατρὸς δὲ καὶ μητρὸς οὐκέτι μευ ζωόντων ἀδελφεὸς ἂν ἄλλος οὐδενὶ τρόπῳ γένοιτο” (can). 6.63: “ἐπὶ δακτύλων συμβαλλόμενος τοὺς μῆνας, εἶπε ἀπομόσας οὐκ ἂν ἐμὸς εἴη” (can, 436). 7.162: “οὐκ ἂν φθάνοιτε τὴν ταχίστην . . . ἀπαλλασσόμενοι” (can).

AR. Ach. 403 (see above). 1055: “οὐκ ἂν ἐγχέαιμι χιλιῶν δραχμῶν” (would). Nub. 119: “οὐκ ἂν πιθοίμην” , I couldn't do it.

EUR. H. F. 97: “ἔλθοι τ᾽ ἔτ: ἂν παῖς οὑμός” (may). Ion, 543: “πῶς ἂν οὖν εἴην σός” (can, 436); 1388: “τὰ γὰρ πεπρωμέν᾽ οὐχ ὑπερβαίην ποτ᾽ ἄν” (could). 1621-2: “εἰς τέλος γὰρ οἱ μὲν ἐσθλοὶ τυγχάνουσιν ἀξίων”, | “οἱ κακοὶ δ᾽, ὥσπερ πεφύκας᾿, οὔποτ᾽ εὖ πράξειαν ἄν” (shall). fr. 206: “ὦ παῖ γένοιντ᾽ ἂν εὖ λελεγμένοι λόγοι” | “ψευδεῖς, ἐπῶν δὲ κάλλεσιν νικῷεν ἂν” | “τἀληθές” (may).

SOPH. Ai. 88: “μένοιμ᾽ ἄν” , I must stay, Jebb. 186: “ἥκοι γὰρ ἂν θεία νόσος” (must, Jebb). Ph. 20-1: “τάχ᾽ ἂν” | “ἴδοις ποτὸν κρηναῖον” (wilt, Jebb). 41-2: “πῶς γὰρ ἂν . . . προσβαίη” (could, Jebb); 103: “οὐκ ἂν λάβοις”, Thou canst not take, Jebb.

AESCHYL. P.V. 758: “ἥδοἰ ἂν οἶμαι τήνδ᾽ ἰδοῦσα συμφοράν” (would). Sept. 375: “λέγοιμ᾽ ἂν εἰδὼς εὖ τὰ τῶν ἐναντίων” (will). 397: “κόσμον μὲν ἀνδρὸς οὔτιν᾽ ἂν τρέσαιμ᾽ ἐγώ” (will).

PIND. O. 2.20: “λάθα δὲ πότμῳ σὺν εὐδαίμονι γένοιτ᾽ ἄν” (cannot fail to come). 13.103: “τά τ᾽ ἐσσόμενα τότ᾽” (when the time comes) “ἂν φαίην σαφές” (will). P. 10.62: “τυχών κεν ἁρπαλέαν σχέθοι φροντίδα τὰν πὰρ ποδός” (might). N. 10.87: “ἥμισυ μέν κε πνέοις γαίας ὑπένερθεν ἐών” (may).

HOM. Od. 19.598: “ἔνθα κε λεξαίμην” (will).

“ οἵ κεν πολέες τε καὶ ἐσθλοὶ
ἐν κονίῃσι πέσοιεν
”

Il. 6.452-3:

(will). 7.41-2: “οἳ δέ κ᾽ ἀγασσάμενοι χαλκοκνήμιδες Ἀχαιοὶ” | “οἷον ἐπόρσειαν, πολεμιζέμεν Ἕκτορι δίῳ” (will). 9.57-8: “ἦ μὴν καὶ νέος ἐσσί, ἐμὸς δέ κε καὶ πάις εἴης” | “ὁπλότατος γενεῆφιν” (might). 417-8: “καὶ δ᾽ ἂν τοῖς ἄλλοισιν ἐγὼ παραμυθησαίμην” | “οἴκαδ᾽ ἀποπλείειν” (would). 13.741: “ἔνθεν δ᾽ ἂν μάλα πᾶσαν ἐπιφρασσαίμεθα βουλήν” (will). 22.253: “ἕλοιμί κεν ἤ κεν ἁλοίην”, I will either slay or be slain, E. Myers.

[*] 443. Imperative use of a)/n with optative.

“ἄν” with the optative is sometimes used to suggest a command.

“προάγοις ἄν”, PLATO, Phaedr. 229B; You may lead on, Lead on, pray. (Cf. 229 A: “πρόαγε δή”.)

PLATO, Phaedr. 227C: “λέγοις ἄν”, Say on. 229 B (see above).

AR. Eq. 1160-1: “δρᾶν ταῦτα χρή”. | “ἄπιτον . . . θέοιτ᾽ ἄν”. Vesp. 725-6: “ἦ που σοφὸς ἦν ὅστις ἔφασκεν, πρὶν ἂν ἀμφοῖν μῦθον ἀκούσῃς”, | “οὐκ ἂν δικάσαις”.

EUR. Ion, 1335-6: “ΠΥ. παρ᾽ ἡμῶν δ᾽ ἔκλαβ̓ οὓς ἔχω λόγους”. | “ΙΩΝ. λέγοις ἄν: εὔνους δ᾽ οὖς᾿ ἐρεῖς ὅς᾿ ἂν λέγῃς”.

AESCHYL. Eum. 94: “εὕδοιτ᾽ ἄν” (sarcastic), “ὠή, καὶ καθευδουσῶν τί δεῖ”; 118: “μύζοιτ᾽ ἄν” (sarcastic), “ἁνὴρ δ᾽ οἴχεται φεύγων πρόσω”. Sept. 261: “λέγοις ἂν ὡς τάχιστα, καὶ τάχ᾽ εἴσομαι”.

HOM. Il. 2.250: “τῷ οὐκ ἂν βασιλῆας ἀνὰ στόμ᾽ ἔχων ἀγορεύοις”. 9.141-2: “εἰ δέ κεν Ἄργος ἱκοίμεθ᾽ Ἀχαιικόν, οὖθαρ ἀρούρης”, | “γαμβρός κέν μοι ἔοι”.

[*] 444. a)/n with the optative combined with the indicative.

The optative with “ἄν” is often used in combination with the indicative, sometimes as a climax, giving, as it does, the warmth of personal conviction.

DEM.21.189: “οὔτε φύγοιμ᾽ ἂν οὔτ᾽ ἀρνοῦμαι τοὔνομα τοῦτο”. 191: “ἐγὼ δ᾽ ἐσκέφθαι . . . φημὶ κοὐκ ἂν ἀρνηθείην”.

ISOC.15.260: “ἐγὼ δ᾽ οὐδὲν ἂν εἴποιμι τοιοῦτον, ἀλλὰ ταῖς ἀληθείαις χρήσομαι περὶ αὐτῶν”. 288. “οὐχ ὅπως ἂν ἐπιπλήξειαν, ἀλλὰ καὶ συγχαίρουσι ταῖς ἀσωτίαις αὐτῶν”.

ANDOC.1.4: “πολλῶν μοι ἀπαγγελλόντων ὅτι λέγοιεν οἱ ἐχθροὶ ὡς ἄρα ἐγὼ οὔτ᾽ ἂν ὑπομείναιμι οἰχήσομαί τε φεύγων”.

PLATO, Gorg. 481C: “ἡμῶν ὁ βίος ἀνατετραμμένος ἂν εἴη τῶν ἀνθρώπων καὶ πάντα τὰ ἐναντία πράττομεν, ὡς ἔοικεν, ἢ ἃ δεῖ”. Phileb. 16 B: “οὐ μὴν ἔστι καλλίων ὁδὸς οὐδ᾽ ἂν γένοιτο”.

THUC.3.13.6: “οὔτε γὰρ ἀποστήσεται ἄλλος τά τε ἡμέτερα προσγενήσεται πάθοιμέν τ᾽ ἂν δεινότερα ἢ οἱ πρὶν δουλεύοντες”.

HDT.9.111: “οὔτε . . . ἄν τοι δοίην θυγατέρα τὴν ἐμὴν γῆμαι, οὔτε ἐκείνῃ πλεῦνα χρόνον συνοικήσεις”.

AR. Ach. 403: “οὐ γὰρ ἂν ἀπέλθοιμ᾽, ἀλλὰ κόψω τὴν θύραν” (442).

EUR. I. A. 310: ME. “οὐκ ἂν μεθείμην. ΠΡ. οὐδ᾽ ἕγωγ̓ ἀφήσομαι”. fr. 276: “γυναῖκές ἐσμεν: τὰ μὲν ὄκνῳ νικώμεθα”, | “τὰ δ᾽ οὐκ ἂν ἡμῶν θράσος ὑπερβάλοιτό τις”.

HOM. Od. 4.347-8: “οὐκ ἂν ἐγώ γε” | “ἄλλα παρὲξ εἴποιμι παρακλιδόν, οὐδ᾽ ἀπατήσω”.

Il. 2.158-61: “οὕτω δὴ” . . . | “Ἀργέιοι φεύξονται ἐπ᾽ εὐρέα νῶτα θαλάσσης”, | “κὰδ δέ κεν εὐχωλὴν Πριάμῳ καὶ Τρωσὶ λίποιεν” | “Ἀργεΐην Ἑλένην”;

[*] 445. The optative with a)/n in questions.

The optative with “ἄν” in the question expects the optative with “ἄν” in the answer. The speaker virtually answers himself, shows his own opinion, or his own desire.

“τρώγοις ἂν ἐρεβίνθους”; AR. Ach. 801; Would you eat pease? “πῶς ἂν” “ἀφίκοιντό ποτε ἔνθα δεῖ”; XEN. Hell. 2.3.31; How could they ever get to the right place? (= “οὐκ ἂν ἀφίκοιντο”).

ISAE. 3.64: “τίς ἂν ἄμεινον ἢ ὁ πατὴρ βουλεύσαιτο”; (“Οὐδεὶς ἄν”.)

PLATO, Gorg. 475D-E: “δέξαιο ἂν οὖν σὺ μᾶλλον τὸ κάκιον καὶ τὸ αἴσχιον ἀντὶ τοῦ ἧττον; . . . ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἂν δεξαίμην”.

XEN. Conv. 3.6: “λέληθέ σε ὅτι καὶ οἱ ῥαψῳδοὶ πάντες ἐπίστανται ταῦτα τὰ ἔπη; καὶ πῶς ἄν, ἔφη, λελήθοι ἀκροώμενόν γε αὐτῶν ὀλίγου ἀν᾽ ἑκάστην ἡμέραν”; Cyr. 5.1.28: “ἀνθρωπίνῃ δὲ γνώμῃ τίς ἂν ἢ φευγόντων τῶν πολεμίων ἀποτρέποιτο ἢ ὅπλα παραδιδόντων οὐκ ἂν λαμβάνοι”; Hell. 2.3.31 (see above).

HDT.2.57: “τέῳ τρόπῳ ἂν πελειάς γε ἀνθρωπηίῃ φωνῇ φθέγξαιτο”;

AR. Ach. 797: “ἤδη δ᾽ ἄνευ τῆς μητρὸς ἐσθίοιεν ἄν”; 801 (see above). Eq. 88: “πῶς δ᾽ ἂν μεθύων χρηστόν τι βουλεύσαιτ᾽ ἀνήρ”; 91: “οἴνου γὰρ εὕροις ἄν τι πρακτικώτερον”; 773. 1324.

COM. Cratin. 2.122: “πῶς τις αὐτόν, πῶς τις ἂν” | “ἀπὸ τοῦ πότου παύσειε, τοῦ λίαν πότου”;

EUR. I. T. 505: “οὐδ᾽ ἂν πόλιν φράσειας ἥτις ἐστί σοι”; 513: “ἆρ᾽ ἄν τί μοι φράσειας ὧν ἐγὼ θέλω”;

PIND. O. 2.109-10: “καὶ κεῖνος ὅσα χάρματ: ἄλλοις ἔθηκεν”, | “τίς ἂν φράσαι δύναιτο; [οὐδείς”.]

HOM. Od. 4.443: “τίς γάρ κ᾽ εἰναλίῳ παρὰ κήτεϊ κοιμηθείἡ”; 6.57: “πάππα φίλ̓, οὐκ ἂν δή μοι ἐφοπλίσσειας ἀπήνην” (= “ἐφόπλισον”); 7.22-3: “ὦ τέκος οὐκ ἄν μοι δόμον ἀνέρος ἡγήσαιο” | “Ἀλκινόου”;

[*] 446. pw=s a)/n with the optative to express a wish.

“πῶς ἄν” with the optative is frequently found in the dramatic poets to express a wish. Compare utinam in Latin.

“πῶς ἂν ἐμὲ καὶ σέ τις Ἔρως ξυναγάγοι λαβών”; AR. Ach. 991; How could an Eros (would that an Eros might) take and bring us together? Utinam me et te copulet amor aliquis! “ὦ γαῖα πατρίς, πῶς ἂν ἐνθάνοιμί σοι”; EUR. [Rh. ] 869; O fatherland, would I could die upon thy breast.

AR. Ach. 991 (see above). Eq. 460: “πῶς ἄν σ᾽ ἐπαινέσαιμεν οὕτως ὥσπερ ἡδόμεσθα”; Vesp. 166: “πῶς ἄν σ᾽ ἀποκτείναιμι; πῶς; δότε μοι ξίφος”.

EUR. Alc. 864: “πῶς ἂν ὀλοίμαν”; [Rh. ] 869 (see above). Med. 97: “πῶς ἂν ὀλοίμαν;”

SOPH. Ai. 388-91: “πῶς ἂν . . . θάνοιμι καὐτός;”

“ πῶς ἄν, εἴ τις ἔντοπος,
τὸν πάντ᾽ ἄριστον δεῦρο Θησέα πόροι;
”

O. C. 1457-8:

O. R. 765: “πῶς ἂν μόλοι δῆθ᾽ ἡμὶν ἐν τάχει πάλιν”; Ph. 531-2. 794-5: “πῶς ἂν ἀντ᾽ ἐμοῦ” | “τὸν ἴσον χρόνον τρέφοιτε τήνδε τὴν νόσον”;

HOM. Od. 15.195-6: “πῶς κέν μοι ὑποσχόμενος τελέσειας” | “μῦθον ἐμόν”;

Il. 6.281-2: “ὥς κέ οἱ αὖθι γαῖα χάνοι” .

On the difference between “πῶς ἂν οὐ” and “πῶς ἂν μή”, see the chapter on Negatives.

[*] 447. Optative with a)/n in dependent discourse.

The optative with “ἄν” is less frequently used in dependent discourse, chiefly in relative, interrogative, and conditional sentences. In these combinations, the optative with “ἄν” is often a semi-quotation or reference to a known or imagined state of mind.

“ἕκαστός τι ὑμῶν ἔχει πρὸς ὃ βούλοιτο ἄν με πρῶτον ἀπολογεῖσθαι”, ANDOC.1.8; Each of you has some point which he would wish me to meet first in my defence. “βουλευόμενοι Θηβαῖοι ὅπως ἂν τὴν ἡγεμονίαν λάβοιεν τῆς Ἑλλάδος”, XEN. Hell. 7.1.33; The Thebans planning how they could (saying: “πῶς ἂν λάβοιμεν”; how can we?) gain the primacy of Greece. “εἰ μὲν οὖν ἄλλους ἔχετε οἷστισιν ἂν δοίητε αὐτούς” (sc. “τοὺς ἵππους”), . . . “ἐκείνοις δίδοτε: εἰ μέντοι ἡμᾶς ἂν βούλοισθε παραστάτας μάλιστα ἔχειν, ἡμῖν αὐτοὺς δότε”, XEN. Cyr. 4.5.47; If you have others to whom you would give the horses, offer them to them; if, however, you would like most to have us as your stand-bys, give them to us.

For other examples, see Relative, Conditional, and Interrogative Sentences.

[*] 448. Adherescent a)/n.

Carefully to be distinguished from these semi-quotations are those instances in which the “ἄν” adheres to the leading particle and yet the subjunctive is changed into the optative. This is really anacoluthic and does not count.

“τούτους δὲ ἐπιμελεῖσθαι τῆς πόλεως, ἕως ἂν” (del. Dobr.; “αὖ” W.) “οἱ νόμοι τεθεῖεν”, ANDOC.1.81; These were to take charge of the citizens until the laws should be made. (If “ἄν” goes with “τεθεῖεν”: until such time as in all likelihood the laws would be made.）

ANDOC.1.81(see above).

AR. Eq. 1056: “καί κε γυνὴ φέροι ἄχθος, ἐπεί κεν ἀνὴρ ἀναθείη”.

Examples will be given under the different categories.

[*] 449. e)a/n, o(/tan, etc., with the optative.

The particles which coalesce with “ἄν”, such as “ἐάν, ὅταν, ὁπόταν, ἐπειδάν”, rarely forget their belongings, and in good Greek the optative is more than suspicious.

[*] 450. Omission of a)/n with the optative.—the pure optative as a potential.

The pure optative (optative without “ἄν”） is sometimes used in the early language as a potential, the negative being “οὐ”. The instances cited, however, are not all free from doubt, and outside of these early examples all pure optatives used as potentials are more or less open to suspicion. Sometimes “ἄν” has been dropped by haplography, sometimes there has been a confusion with other words, an “αὖ” (“ΑΥ”) or a “δή” (“ΔΗ”), sometimes the “ἄν” is to be understood from a preceding passage, or anticipated from a succeeding passage, sometimes euphony may have prompted the omission,¹³ although the Greeks generally are not very sensitive to the cacophony of recurrent sounds,¹⁴ or the ear may have been cheated, sometimes the syntax of the editors may have been at fault, and the optative being equivalent to an imperative may be considered as an equivalent to the optative with “ἄν”.¹⁵ Many passages once freely cited have been corrected by editors, sometimes unnecessarily, and the tendency is decidedly towards the norm. Similar is the case of the omitted “κεν” (“κε”), and there are not a few passages in which the presence of a “γε” suggests a restoration of the regular modal construction.

DIN.1.66: “τίσιν ὀφθαλμοῖς ἕκαστος ὑμῶν τὴν πατρῴαν ἑστίαν οἴκαδ᾽ ἀπελθὼν ἰδεῖν τολμήσειεν” (“τολμήσει” Blass, Bk. Turr.); 1.91: “εἰ μὲν οὖν ἔτι δεῖ τὴν πόλιν τῆς Δημοσθένους πονηρίας καὶ ἀτυχίας ἀπολαύειν . . ., στερκτέον εἴη” [(“ἂν”) “εἴη” Bl.; “εἴη” del. Fr. Bait.] “τοῖς συμβαίνουσιν”. 2.3: “πονηρίαν γὰρ ἀρχομένην μὲν κωλῦσαι τάχα” (“τάχ᾽ ἂν” mal. Bk. Dobr., rec. Turr. Bl.) “τις κολάζων δυνηθείη”. 3.19: “μετὰ δὲ δωροδοκίας καὶ προδοσίας καὶ τῶν ὁμοίων τούτοις κακῶν . . . οὐδεμία” (“οὐδεμἴ ἂν” Bk. Dobr. Turr. Bl.) “πόλις σωθείη”.

LYCURG.50: “οὐκ” (“ἂν” Bekker) “αἰσχυνθείην εἰπὼν στέφανον τῆς πατρίδος εἶναι τὰς ἐκείνων ψυχάς”. 144: “καὶ τίς ἀναμνησθεὶς” (“ἂν ἀναμνησθεὶς” Scheibe) . . . “σώσειε” . . .;

ISAE. 9.5: “οὐδ᾽” (“οὔτ᾽” Bekk.) “αὐτὸς” (“ἂν αὐτὸς” Scheibe) “ἔξαρνος γένοιτο μεμαρτύρηταί τε ὑμῖν”. 11.38: “ἐγὼ γὰρ” (“ἐγὼ γὰρ ἂν” Sch.) “ὦ ἄνδρες πάντων ὁμολογήσαιμι εἶναι κάκιστος”.

LYS. 5.5: “οὐκέτι σκέψονται ὅ τι ἀγαθὸν （“ἂν ἀγαθὸν” σξη.᾿ εἰργασμένοι τοὺς δεσπότας ἐλεύθεροι γένοιντο” . 11.7: “ἐγὼ οὖν δεξαίμην ῾λεγ. “δεξαίμην ἂν”） πάσας ἀποβεβληκέναι ἢ τοιαύτην γνώμην περὶ τὸν πατέρα ἔχειν” . 19.35: “ὁμολογήσειαν” (“ὁμολογήσειαν ἄν” Sch.).

ANTIPHON, 1.10: “εἰ δὲ ἄπαρνοι γίγνοιντο . . ., <ἡ βάσανος> ἀναγκάζοι” (“ἀναγκάζει” codd., “ἀναγκάζοι” Bl. ex em. Steph. ; leg. “ἂν ἀναγκάζοι”) “τὰ γεγονότα κατηγορεῖν”. 1.25: “καὶ γὰρ δικαιότερον . . . καὶ πρὸς θεῶν καὶ πρὸς ἀνθρώπων γίγνοιτο” (“γίγνοιτο <ἂν>” Blass) “ὑμῖν”. 5.64: “ἐκείνου γὰρ ἄριστα” (“ἄριστ᾽ ἂν” Hi. Bl.) “πύθοιντο”.

PLATO, Parmen. 145A-B: “καὶ ἀρχὴν δή, ὡς ἔοικε, καὶ τελευτὴν καὶ μέσον ἔχοι ἂν τὸ ἕν. Ἔχοι” (“ἄν” to be supplied from the preceding). 148 E: “οὕτω μὲν δὴ ἅπτοιτ᾽ ἂν τὸ ἓν αὑτοῦ τε καὶ τῶν ἄλλων. Ἅπτοιτο” (id.). Phaedo, 87 B-C: “ἐμοὶ γὰρ δοκεῖ ὁμοίως λέγεσθαι ταῦτα, ὥσπερ ἄν τις . . . λέγοι . . . τεκμήριον δὲ παρέχοιτο . . . καὶ . . . ἀνερωτῴη . . . ἀποκριναμένου δέ τινος . . . οἴοιτο”. (One “ἄν” suffices for four optatives in a very long sentence.) Rpb. 382 D: “πότερον διὰ τὸ μὴ εἰδέναι τὰ παλαιὰ ἀφομοιῶν ἂν ψεύδοιτο; Γελοῖον μέντ᾽ ἂν εἴη, ἔφη. Ποιητὴς μὲν ἄρα ψευδὴς ἐν θεῷ οὐκ ἔνι. Οὔ μοι δοκεῖ. Ἀλλὰ δεδιὼς τοὺς ἐχθροὺς ψεύδοιτο” (“ἄν” to be supplied from “ψεύδοιτο” above); Riv. 135 C; “καὶ γὰρ ἐκεῖ τέκτονα μὲν ἂν πρίαιο πέντε ἢ ἓξ μνῶν ἄκρον, ἀρχιτέκτονα δὲ οὐδ᾽ ἂν μυρίων δραχμῶν: ὀλίγοι γε μὴν καὶ ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς Ἕλλησι γίγνοιντο” (“ἄν” to be supplied from preceding).

XEN. An. 4.6.13: “δοκοῦμεν δ᾽ ἄν μοι ταύτῃ προσποιούμενοι προσβαλεῖν ἐρημοτέρῳ ἂν τῷ ἄλλῳ ὄρει χρῆσθαι. μένοιεν” (“ἄν” to be supplied from above) “γὰρ αὐτοῦ μᾶλλον ἀθρόοι οἱ πολέμιοι”. Cyr. 2.4.17: “πέμψαιμι ἄν σοι ἱκανοὺς ἱππέας καὶ πεζοὺς . . . οὓς σὺ λαβὼν εὐθὺς ἀνίοις καὶ αὐτὸς δὲ . . . πειρῴμην μὴ πρόσω ὑμῶν εἶναι”. 5.1.23: “καὶ φοβοίμην ἂν αὐτοὺς καὶ αἰσχυνοίμην ἀπολιπὼν ταῦτα εἰκῇ ἀπελθεῖν”.

AR. Eq. 1057: “ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἂν μαχέσαιτο: χέσαιτο γάρ, εἰ μαχέσαιτο”.

EUR. Alc. 52: “ἔστ᾽ οὖν ὅπως Ἄλκηστις ἐς γῆρας μόλοι”;

SOPH. Ant. 604-5: “τεάν, Ζεῦ, δύνασιν τίς ἀνδρῶν ὑπερβασία κατάσχοι” (450, footnote 1); O. C. 1172: “καὶ τίς ποτ᾽ ἐστίν, ὅν γ̓ ἐγὼ ψέξαιμί τι;”

AESCHYL. Ag. 620: “οὐκ ἔσθ᾽ ὅπως λέξαιμι τὰ ψευδῆ καλά”. 1049: “πείθοἰ ἄν, εἰ πείθοἱ: ἀπειθοίης δ᾽ ἴσως”. Cho. 172: “οὐκ ἔστιν ὅστις πλὴν ἑνὸς κείραιτό νιν”. 595: “ἀλλ᾽ ὑπέρτολμον ἀνδρὸς φρόνημα τίς λέγοι” (450, footnote 1);

“ οὐκ ἔστιν ὅτῳ
μείζονα μοῖραν νείμαιμ᾽ ἢ σοί
”

P. V. 291-2:

.

PIND. O. 3.45: “οὔ νιν διώξω: κεινὸς εἴην” (450, footnote 3). P. 10.21-2: “θεὸς εἴη” | “ἀπήμων κέαρ” (ibid.). 11.50: “θεόθεν ἐραίμαν καλῶν” (“ἐραίμαν” is not potential). N. 5.20: “ὑποσκάπτοι” is not potential.

THEOGN. 125 (450, footnote 1). 1187-90: “οὔτις ἄποινα διδοὺς θάνατον φύγοι” (“ἄν” to be supplied from what follows) “οὐδὲ βαρεῖαν” | “δυστυχίην, εἰ μὴ μοῖρ᾽ ἐπὶ τέρμα βάλοι”. | “οὐδ᾽ ἂν δυσφροσύνας” . . . | “θνητὸς ἀνὴρ δώροις βουλόμενος προφύγοι”.

HOM. Od. 3.231: “ῥεῖα θεός γ᾽ ἐθέλων καὶ τηλὀθεν ἄνδρα σαώσαι”. 319: “ἔλποιτό γε” (“κε” Nauck, Cauer). 7.314: “οἶκον δέ τ᾽” (“δέ κ̓” cod. Marcianus, Cauer) “ἐγὼ καὶ κτήματα δοίην”. 14.122-3: “οὔ τις κεῖνον ἀνὴρ ἀλαλημένος ἐλθὼν” | “ἀγγέλλων πείσειε γυναῖκά τε καὶ φίλον υἱόν”.

Il. 4.318-9: “μάλα μέν τοι” (“libri plurimi et optimi, “κεν” duo, “γε” unus,” Cauer) “ἐγὼν ἐθέλοιμι καὶ αὐτὸς” | “ὣς ἔμεν”. 5.303: “ὃ οὐ δύο γ̓” (libri fere omnes; “κ̓” Heyne, Naber, Cauer) “ἄνδρε φέροιεν”. 10.246-7: “τούτου γε σπομένοιο καὶ ἐκ πυρὸς αἰθομένοιο” | “ἄμφω νοστήσαιμεν”. 556-7: “ῥεῖα θεὀς γ᾽ ἐθέλων καὶ ἀμείνονας, ἠέ περ οἵδε”, | “ἵππους δωρήσαιτ”（“ο”). 15.45: “αὐτάρ τοι καὶ κείνῳ ἐγὼ παραμυθησαίμην”. 197-8: “θυγατέρεσσιν γάρ τε καὶ υἱάσι βέλτερον εἴη” | “ἐκπάγλοις ἐπέεσσιν ἐνισσέμεν”. 19.321: “οὐ μὲν γάρ τι κακώτερον ἄλλο πάθοιμι”. 20.286: “ὃ οὐ δύο γ̓” (“δύο κ̓” Cauer) “ἄνδρε φέροιεν” (= 5.303).

---

Subjunctive with ἄν

[*] 451. The subjunctive with “ἄν” is not employed as a form of independent statement in Attic prose. In dependent clauses it is either a future or good for all time.

[*] 452. Subjunctive with ken or a)/n as a form of independent statement.

The subjunctive with “κεν” or “ἄν” is occasionally used in HOMER as a form of independent statement. The negative is “οὐ”.

“ἐγὼ δέ κεν αὐτὸς ἕλωμαι”, HOM. Il. 1.137; I will take it myself. “οὐκ ἄν τοι χραίσμῃ κίθαρις”, 3.54; Of no avail to thee shall the cithern be.

[*] 453. 1. “κε”（“ν”):

a. Present:

HOM. Od. 1.396: “τῶν κέν τις τόδ᾽ ἔχῃσιν, ἐπεὶ θάνε δῖος Ὀδυσσεύς”. 4.692: “ἄλλον κ᾽ ἐχθαίρῃσι βροτῶν, ἄλλον κε φιλοίη”. 10.507: “τὴν δέ κἐ τοι πνοιὴ Βορέαο φέρῃσιν”. 17.417-8: “τῷ σε χρὴ δόμεναι καὶ λώϊον ἠέ περ ἄλλοι” | “σίτου: ἐγὼ δέ κἐ σε κλείω”.

Il. 1.184: “ἐγὼ δέ κ᾽ ἄγω Βρισηΐδα καλλιπάρῃον”. Cf. 9.701-2: “ἀλλ᾽ ἦ τοι κεῖνον μὲν ἐάσομεν, ἤ κεν ἴῃσιν” | “ἤ κε μένῃ”. 14.235: “πείθευ: ἐγὼ δέ κέ τοι εἰδέω” (perf. = pres.) “χάριν”. Cf. 18.307-8: “ἀλλὰ μάλ᾽ ἄντην” | “στήσομαι, ἤ κε φέρῃσι μέγα κράτος ἤ κε φεροίμην”.

[*] 454. b. Aorist:

PIND. P. 4.51-3: “οἵ κεν τάνδε σὺν τιμᾷ θεῶν” | “νᾶσον ἐλθόντες τέκωνται φῶτα κελαινεφέων πεδίων” | “δεσπόταν”. (Only example in Pindar. Semi-epic.)

HOM. Od. 4.80 (possibly future). 388-9: “τόν γ᾽ εἴ πως σὺ δύναιο λοχησάμενος λελαβέσθαι”, | “ὅς κέν τοι εἴπῃσιν ὁδόν”. 391: “καὶ δέ κέ τοι εἴπῃσι”. Cf. 14. 183-4: “ἀλλ᾽ ἦ τοι κεῖνον μὲν ἐάσομεν, ἤ κεν ἁλώῃ”, | “ἤ κε φύγῃ καί κέν οἱ ὑπέρσχῃ χεῖρα Κρονίων”.

Il. 1.137: “εἰ δέ κε μὴ δώωσιν, ἐγὼ δέ κεν αὐτὸς ἕλωμαι”. 324: “εἰ δἐ κε μὴ δώῃσιν, ἐγὼ δέ κεν αὐτὸς ἕλωμαι”. 11.431-3: “σήμερον ἢ δοιοῖσιν ἐπεύξεαι Ἱππασίδῃσιν . . . ἤ κεν ἐμῷ ὑπὸ δουρὶ τυπεὶς ἀπὸ θυμὸν ὀλέσσῃς”. 16.129: “δύσεο τεύχεα θᾶσσον, ἐγὼ δέ κε λαὸν ἀγείρω” (may be a present). 24.654-5: “αὐτίκ᾽ ἂν ἐξείποι Ἀγαμέμνονι, ποιμένι λαῶν”, | “καί κεν ἀνάβλησις λύσιος νεκροῖο γένηται” (“γένοιτο” Cauer c. paucis codicibus).

[*] 455. 2. “ἄν”:

HOM. Od. 4.240 (= 11.328. 517. Il. 2.488): “οὐκ ἂν ἐγὼ μυθήσομαι οὐδ᾽ ὀνομήνω”. 6.221: “ἄντην δ᾽ οὐκ ἂν ἐγώ γε λοέσσομαι” (may be future).

Il. 1.205: “ᾗς ὑπεροπλίῃσι τάχ᾽ ἄν ποτε θυμὸν ὀλέσσῃ”. 3.54: “οὐκ ἄν τοι χραίσμῃ κίθαρις”. 11.387: “οὐκ ἄν τοι χραίσμῃσι βιός”. 22.505: “νῦν δ᾽ ἂν πολλὰ πάθῃσι φίλου ἀπὸ πατρὸς ἁμαρτών”.

The aorist is the tense used in all the above examples, and all except two are negative.

[*] 456. Omission of a)/n in subjunctive dependent clauses.

Subjunctive dependent clauses, outside of the pure final sentence, regularly take “ἄν” except in the older language. The omission of “ἄν” is sometimes due to clerical error, sometimes perhaps to a sense of euphony, sometimes to a survival of the older construction. See Final, Temporal, Conditional, and Relative Sentences.

[*] 457. a)/n with other moods.

The imperative with “ἄν” does not occur. When “ἄν” is used with an infinitive, or participle, the clause must be resolved by an indicative or an optative, according to the context.

“οἴει σὺ κάλλιον ἂν Γοργίου ἀποκρίνασθαι” (= “κἀλλιον ἂν ἀποκρίναιο”); PLATO, Gorg. 448A. “οἴει γὰρ οἰκεῖσθ᾽ ἂν ἔτι τήνδε τὴν πόλιν” (= “ᾠκεῖτ᾽ ἂν ἔτι ἥδε ἡ πόλις”), | “εἰ μὴ φανερῶς ἡμῶν ὑπερεῖχε τὴν χύτραν”; AR. Eq. 1175-6. “ὁρῶ . . . τόπον” (subject) . . . “πολλῶν μὲν ἐπαίνων καὶ καλῶν πράξεων γέμοντα, ποθοῦντα δὲ τὸν ἀξίως ἂν δυνηθἐντα” (= “ὅστις ἂν δυνηθεἰη”) “διαλεχθῆναι περὶ αὐτῶν”, Isoc.5.109.

Further examples of “ἄν” with the Infinitive will be found under Object Sentences with the Accusative and Infinitive, and additional examples of “ἄν” with the Participle will be given under The Abridged Sentence.

[*] 458. a)/n without a verb.

The verb of “ἄν” is sometimes to be supplied from the context. So especially in the combinations “τάχ᾽ ἄν”, Mayhap, Quite likely; “πῶς ἄν”; How could it?

“τὰς ἐπιστήμας ἄρα διαληπτέον . . .; τάχ᾽ ἄν” (sc. “διαληπτέον εἴη”), PLATO, Politic. 258B; The different sciences then are to be distinguished? In all likelihood (= Of course). “οὐ γὰρ ἂν . . . ἐν τοῖς οὖσιν ἐγγιγνοίσθην. Πῶς γὰρ ἄν”; Ibid. Parmen.149E.

DEM.21.199: “τίς γάρ ἐστιν ὅστις . . . οὐκ ἂν . . . μέτριον παρέσχεν ἑαυτόν . . .; οὐδεὶς ὅστις οὐκ ἄν” (sc. “παρέσχεν”).

PLATO, Euthyd. 284A: “πῶς γὰρ ἄν”; Legg. 629 A: “τάχ᾽ ἂν ἴσως”. 658 A: “τάχ᾽ ἄν”. 696 C: “πῶς γὰρ ἄν”; Parmen.149E (see above). Phileb. 23 D: “τάχ᾽ ἄν”. Politic. 258 B (see above). Rpb. 353 C: “καὶ πῶς ἄν”; 369 A: “τάχ᾽ ἄν”. PLAT. Soph. 237C: “πῶς γὰρ ἄν”; 255 C: “τάχ᾽ ἄν”. 257 D (id.). Theaet. 186 D: “καὶ πῶς ἄν”;

XEN. An: 1.3.6: “ὡς ἐμοῦ οὖν ἰόντος ὅπῃ ἂν καὶ ὑμεῖς” (sc. “ἴητε”) “οὕτω τὴν γνώμην ἔχετε”.

AR. Eq. 1251-2: “σὲ δ᾽ ἄλλος τις λαβὼν κεκτήσεται”, | “κλέπτης μὲν οὐκ ἂν μᾶλλον, εὐτυχὴς δ᾽ ἴσως” (parody of EUR. Alc. 181-2, quoted below). Vesp. 5: “οἱ δ᾽ οἰκέται ῥέγκουσιν: ἀλλ̓ οὐκ ἂν πρὸ τοῦ” (sc. “ἔρρεγκον”). Pax, 907: “ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἄν” (sc. “παρεδέξω”), “εἴ τι προῖκα προσαγαγεῖν σ᾽ ἔδει”.

EUR. Alc. 181-2: “σὲ δ᾽ ἄλλη τις γυνὴ κεκτήσεται”, | “σώφρων μὲν οὐκ ἂν μᾶλλον” (sc. “οὖσα” = “ἣ οὐκ ἂν εἴη”), “εὐτυχὴς δ᾽ ἴσως”. Med. 1153: “φίλους νομίζουσ᾽ οὕσπερ ἂν” (sc. “νομίζῃ”) “πόσις σέθεν”.

“ τῆς σῆς δ᾽ οὐκ ἐρῶ τιμῆς τυχεῖν
οὐδ᾽ ἂν σύ （ἐρῴης）,¹⁶ σώφρων γ᾽ οὖσα
”

SOPH. El. 364-5:

. Ph. 114-5: “ΝΕ. οὐκ ἆρ᾽ ὁ πέρσων, ὡς ἐφάσκετ᾽, εἴμ᾽ ἐγώ”; | “ΟΔ. οὔτ᾽ ἂν σὺ” (sc. “εἴης”) “κείνων χωρὶς οὔτ᾽ ἐκεῖνα σοῦ”. Tr. 461-3: “κοὔπω τις αὐτῶν ἔκ γ᾽ ἐμοῦ λόγον κακὸν” | “ἠνέγκατ᾽ οὐδ᾽ ὄνειδος: ἥδε τ᾽ οὐδ᾽ ἂν” (sc. “ἐνέγκαιτ᾽”) “εἰ” | “κάρτ᾽ ἐντακείη τῷ φιλεῖν”.

Some of these ellipses have become mere formulae, such as “ὡς ἄν” and “κἄν”, for which see Conditional and Concessive Sentences.

[*] 459. Position of a)/n and ke（n).

“ἄν” and “κε”（“ν”) are both postpositive. Both are apt to combine with some leading modifier, conjunction, relative, adverb, only certain monosyllabic particles, such as “μέν, δέ, γάρ, τε”, being allowed to intervene. “ἄν” sometimes goes so far as to coalesce sooner or later. So we find “εἰ ἄν” (“ἤν, ἐάν, α?ν”), “εἴ κε”（“ν”), “ὅτ᾽ ἄν” (later “ὅταν”), “ὅτε κε”（“ν”), “πρὶν ἄν, ὃς ἄν, ὅς κε”（“ν”), “τάχ᾽ ἄν, οὐκ ἄν, οὔ κε”（“ν”). This tendency to combine with some leading word sometimes removes both “ἄν” and “κε”（“ν”) to a considerable distance from the verb to which they properly belong.

[*] 460. “ἄν [κε”（“ν”）] after Verb:

“πῶς γὰρ ἄνευ τούτων ἀρετὴ γένοιτ᾽ ἄν”; PLATO , Meno, 78 E; Why, how can there be virtue without those? (438).

DEM.3.17: “εἰ δὲ τοῦτ᾽ ἐποίει ἕκαστος, ἐνίκων ἄν” (429). 20.143: “γένοιτο γὰρ ἂν καὶ τοῦτο” (439). 21.189: “οὔτε φύγοιμ᾽ ἂν οὔτ᾽ ἀρνοῦμαι τοὔνομα τοῦτο” (444).

LYS. 20.2: “αἱρεθεὶς ὑπὸ τῶν φυλετῶν, οἳ ἄριστα διαγνοῖεν ἂν περὶ σφῶν αὐτῶν ὁποῖοί τινές εἰσιν” (439).

PLATO, Apol. 22B (431). Gorg. 469 C (442). 507 A: “καὶ μὴν ὅ γε σώφρων τὰ προσήκοντα πράττοι ἂν καὶ περὶ θεοὺς καὶ περὶ ἀνθρώπους” (442). Meno, 78 E (see above). Phaedo, 63 B (429).

XEN. Cyr. 3.3.70 (430). 8.1.33 (430). Mem. 1.2.11: “συμμάχων ὁ . . . βιάζεσθαι τολμῶν δέοιτ᾽ ἂν οὐκ ὀλίγων” (436). 1.2.17: “ἴσως οὖν εἴποι τις ἂν πρὸς ταῦτα” (438). 4.6.13 (431).

THUC.3.13.6: “οὔτε γὰρ ἀποστήσεται ἄλλος τά τε ἡμἐτερα προσγενήσεται πάθοιμέν τ᾽ ἂν δεινότερα ἢ οἱ πρὶν δουλεύοντες” (444). 7.71.3 (431).

HDT.2.11: “ἐγὼ μὲν γὰρ ἔλπομαί γε καὶ μυρίων ἐντὸς χωσθῆναι ἄν”. 22: “κῶς ὦν δῆτα ῥἐοι ἂν” (sc. “ὁ Νεῖλος”) “ἀπὸ χιόνος” (436); 41 (438). 98 (437).

AR. Ach. 797 (445). 801 (445). Eq. 91: “οἴνου γὰρ εὕροις ἄν τι πρακτικώτερον” (445); Nub. 854-5 (431). Av. 382 (438). Lys. 97-8 (436).

EUR. Ion, 1622: “οἱ κακοὶ δ᾽, ὥσπερ πεφύκας᾿, οὔποτ᾽ εὖ πράξειαν ἄν” (442). I. A. 1582 (430). Phoen. 401: “ποτὲ μὲν ἐπ᾽ ἦμαρ εἶχον, εἶτ᾽ οὐκ εἶχον ἄν” (431).

SOPH. Ai. 186: “ἥκοι γὰρ ἂν θεία νόσος” (442).

AESCHYL. P.V. 758: “ἥδοἰ ἂν οἶμαι τήνδ᾽ ἰδοῦσα συμφοράν” (442). Sept. 375 (442).

PIND. O. 2.20: “λάθα δὲ πότμῳ σὺν εὐδαίμονι γένοιτ᾽ ἄν” (438).

HOM. Od. 1.228-9: “νεμεσσήσαιτό κεν ἀνὴρ” | “αἴσχεα πόλλ᾽ ὁράων”.

Il. 22.253: “ἕλοιμί κεν ἤ κεν ἁλοίην” (442).

[*] 461. “ἅν [κε”（“ν”）] after Negatives:

“τὰς . . . τῶν σπουδαίων φιλίας οὐδ᾽ ἂν ὁ πᾶς αἰὼν ἐξαλείψειεν”, Isoc. [1]Isoc., 1; Not even eternity itself can obliterate the friendships of men of character.

DEM.18.219: “ὁ μὲν γράφων οὐκ ἂν ἐπρέσβευσεν, ὁ δὲ πρεσβεύων οὐκ ἂν ἔγραψεν” (431). 225: “ἃ μήτε προῄδει μηδεὶς μήτ᾽ ἂν ᾠήθη τήμερον ῥηθῆναι” (430). 243: “εἰ τὸ καὶ τὸ ἐποίησεν ἅνθρωπος, οὐκ ἂν ἀπέθανεν” (429). 21.191 (438).

ISOC. [1]ISOC., 1(see above). 15.260: “ἐγὼ δ᾽ οὐδὲν ἂν εἴποιμι τοιοῦτον” (444).

ANDOC.1.4: “ὡς ἄρα ἐγὼ οὔτ᾽ ἂν ὑπομείναιμι οἰχήσομαί τε φεύγων” (444).

ANTIPHON, 5.15: “εὖ γὰρ ᾔδεις ὅτι οὐδεὶς ἂν ἦν σοι ὃς . . . ἐμοῦ κατεμαρτύρησεν”.

PLATO, Gorg. 491E: “οὐδεὶς ὅστις οὐκ ἂν γνοίη, ὅτι οὐ τοῦτο λέγω”. 492 B: “ἢ πῶς οὐκ ἂν ἄθλιοι γεγονότες εἴησαν”; 507 A: “οὐ γὰρ ἂν σωφρονοῖ τὰ μὴ προσήκοντα πράττων” (442). Phaedr. 242 E (442). Phileb. 16 B: “οὐδ᾽ ἂν γένοιτο” (444).

PHILOLAUS apud Ecl.1.454-6: “ἄπειρα δὲ μόνον οὔ κα εἴη” (sc. “τὰ ἐόντα”) (442).

XEN. An. 1.9.19: “εἰ δέ τινα ὁρῴη . . . προσόδους ποιοῦντα, οὐδένα ἂν πὠποτε ἀφείλετο, ἀλλ᾽ ἀεὶ πλείω προσεδίδου” (431). Hell. 1.7.7 (430).

THUC.1.9.4(437). 3.42.2: “διαφέρει δ᾽ αὐτῷ, εἰ βουλόμενός τι αἰσχρὸν πεῖσαι εὖ μὲν εἰπεῖν οὐκ ἂν ἡγεῖται περὶ τοῦ μὴ καλοῦ δύνασθαι, εὖ δὲ διαβαλὼν ἐκπλῆξαι ἂν τούς τε ἀντεροῦντας καὶ τοὺς ἀκουσομένους” . 7.55.2 (430).

HDT.2.11: “οὐκ ἂν χωσθείη κόλπος” (439). 6.63 (436). 7.162 (442). 9.111 (444).

AR. Ach. 403: “οὐ γὰρ ἂν ἀπέλθοιμ᾽, ἀλλὰ κόψω τὴν θύραν” (442). 1055 (442). Eq. 1276-7 (429). Nub. 119 (442). Lys. 129(438).

EUR. I. A. 310 (444). I. T. 1007: “οὐκ ἂν γενοίμην σοῦ τε καὶ μητρὸς φονεύς” (438). fr. 276 (444).

SOPH. Ph. 103: “οὐκ ἂν λάβοις” (442). 118: “μαθὼν γὰρ οὐκ ἂν ἀρνοίμην τὸ δρᾶν”.

AESCHYL. Sept. 397: “κόσμον μὲν ἀνδρὸς οὔτιν᾽ ἂν τρέσαιμ᾽ ἐγώ” (442).

PIND. O. 2.17-9: “τῶν δὲ πεπραγμένων . . . ἀποίητον οὐδ᾽ ἂν χρόνος . . . δύναιτο θέμεν ἔργων τέλος” (438).

HYMN. HOM. 4.132: “οὐ μὲν γάρ κε κακοὶ τοιόνδε τέκοιεν” (439).

HOM. Od. 4.64: “οὔ κε κακοὶ τοιούσδε τέκοιεν” (439). 78: “τέκνα φίλ̓, ἦ τοι Ζηνὶ βροτῶν οὐκ ἄν τις ἐρίζοι” (436). 240: “οὐκ ἂν ἐγὼ μυθήσομαι οὐδ᾽ ὀνομήνω” (455). 347-8 (444). 6.221 (455). 13.86-7 (439).

Il. 3.54: “οὐκ ἄν τοι χραίσμῃ κίθαρις” (455). 4.223; “ἔνθ᾽ οὐκ ἂν βρίζοντα” “ἴδοις Ἀγαμέμνονα δῖον” (439). 5.85 (439). 11.387 (455). 16.638-9: “οὐδ᾽ ἂν . . . ἔγνω” (430).

[*] 462. “ἄν [κε”（“ν”）] after Interrogatives:

“τίς γὰρ ἂν γένοιτο ταύτης μανία μείζων”; ISAE. 1.20; Why, what greater madness can there be than this?

ISAE. 1.20 (see above). 3.64: “τίς ἂν ἄμεινον ἢ ὁ πατὴρ βουλεύσαιτο” (445);

ISOC.5.64: “καίτοι τίς ἂν προσεδόκησεν ὑπ᾽ ἀνδρὸς οὕτω ταπεινῶς πράξαντος ἀναστραφήσεσθαι τὰ τῆς Ἑλλάδος πράγματα” (430);

LYS. 1.45: “τί ἂν οὖν βουλόμενος ἐγὼ τοιοῦτον κίνδυνον ἐκινδύνευον, εἰ μὴ τὸ μέγιστον τῶν ἀδικημάτων ἦν ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ ἠδικημένος;” 12.34 (439). [20] 15(442).

PLATO, Gorg. 491E: “ἐπεὶ πῶς ἂν εὐδαίμων γένοιτο ἄνθρωπος δουλεύων ὁτῳοῦν”;

XEN. Conv. 3.6 (306). Cyr. 5.1.28 (445). Hell. 2.3.31 (445).

HDT.7.103: “κῶς ἂν δυναίατο χίλιοι . . . ἢ καὶ πεντακισμύριοι . . . στρατῷ τοσῷδε ἀντιστῆναι”;

AR. Ach. 991 (446). Eq. 88 (445). Av. 172: “τί ἂν οὖν ποιοῖμεν;” (436); 173: “ποίαν δ᾽ ἂν οἰκίσαιμεν ὄρνιθες πόλιν;” (438)

EUR. Ion, 543 (436). I. T. 513: “ἆρ᾽ ἄν τί μοι φράσειας ὧν ἐγὼ θέλω” (445);

SOPH. Ai. 430-1: “τίς ἄν ποτ᾽ ᾤεθ᾽ κτἑ” . (430); Ph. 41-2 (442).

PIND. O. 2.110: “τίς ἂν φράσαι δύναιτο” (445);

SAPPHO, 62: “τί κε θεῖμεν” (438);

HOM. Od. 4.443: “τίς γάρ κ᾽ εἰναλίῳ παρὰ κήτεϊ κοιμηθείη” (438);

Il. 9.77: “τίς ἂν τάδε γηθήσειεν”; 10.303: “τίς κέν μοι τόδε ἔργον ὑποσχόμενος τελέσειεν”;

[*] 463. “ἄν [κε”（“ν”）] after a Participle:

“διαλεχθεὶς ἄν μοι . . . ᾤχετο ἀπιών”, PLATO, Conv. 217B; He would have a talk with me and then he was off (431).

ANTIPHON, 5.62: “γνωσθεὶς ἂν ἀπεστέρει μὲν ἐμὲ τῆς πατρίδος, ἀπεστέρει δὲ αὑτὸν ἱερῶν κτε”.

PLATO, Conv. 217B (see above).

XEN. Cyr. 4.5.6: “τοῦ λοιποῦ οὐδὲ βουλόμενος ἂν εὗρες ῥᾳδίως τὸν νύκτωρ πορευόμενον” (430). 8.1.33: “ἰδὼν ἂν αὐτοὺς ἡγήσω τῷ ὄντι εἰς κάλλος ζῆν” (430).

HDT.7.38: “ὦ δέσποτα, χρηίσας ἄν τι σεῦ βουλοίμην τυχεῖν”.

AR. Eq. 1352-3: “ὁ τὸν μισθὸν λέγων” | “τὸν τὰς τριήρεις” (sc. “λέγοντα”) “παραδραμὼν ἂν ᾤχετο”.

SOPH. Ant. 94 (55). O. R. 446: “συθείς τ᾽ ἂν οὐκ ἂν ἀλγύναις πλέον”.

PIND. P. 10.62: “τυχών κεν ἁρπαλέαν σχέθοι φροντίδα τὰν πὰρ ποδός”.

HOM. Od. 4.47: “ἰδοῦσά κε θυμὸν ἰάνθης”.

[*] 464. “ἄν [κε”（“ν”）] with any Leading Modifier, under which head are included copulative and disjunctive conjunctions.

“τὰ μὲν ἄλλα σιωπῶ, πόλλ᾽ ἂν ἔχων εἰπεῖν”, DEM.3.27; The rest I pass over in silence, although I could say much.

DEM.1.1: “ἀντὶ πολλῶν ἂν ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι χρημάτων ὑμᾶς ἑλέσθαι νομίζω, εἰ κτἑ”. 2.1: “ἐπὶ πολλῶν μὲν ἄν τις ἰδεῖν ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι δοκεῖ μοι κτἑ”. 3.27 (see above). 18.153: “εἰ μὲν οὖν μὴ μετέγνωσαν εὐθέως οἱ Θηβαῖοι . . ., ὥσπερ χειμάρρους ἂν ἅπαν τοῦτο τὸ πρᾶγμ᾽ εἰς τὴν πόλιν εἰσέπεσε”.

ISOC.11.20: “εὐθὺς ἂν ἀπολοίμεθα” (442).

LYS. 3.5: “πολὺ ἂν ἔργον εἴη λέγειν” (436). 7.16: “εὖ γὰρ ἂν εἰδείην” (437).

ANTIPHON, 4 “β” 3: “δικαίως δ᾽ ἂν ἐτεθνήκει” (429).

PLATO, Apol. 28B-C: “φαῦλοι γὰρ ἂν . . . εἶεν κτἑ”. (437). Charm. 161 A-B: “οὐκ ἄρα σωφροσύνη ἂν εἴη αἰδώς” (436). Gorg. 453 D: “καλῶς ἄν σοι ἀπεκέκριτο” (429); 481 C: “ἀνατετραμμένος ἂν εἴη” (between participle and copula, as often) (444). 492 E: “οἱ λίθοι γὰρ ἂν οὕτω γε καὶ οἱ νεκροὶ εὐδαιμονέστατοι εἶεν”. Hipparch. 229 B: “πάντων ἂν . . . ἤκουσας” (430). Phaedo 76 E: “ἄλλως ἄν” (440). Politic. 264 C: “τάχ᾽ ἄν”, as often (440). Theaet. 145 B: “εὖ ἂν ἔχοι” (436).

XEN. Cyr. 1.4.28: “ὥρα ἂν εἴη” (442). 2.2.15: “ῥᾷον ἄν” (442). 7.2.25: “ἄριστ᾽ ἄν μοι δοκεῖς εἰκάσαι τοῦτο”. Hell. 6.4.16: “ὀλίγους ἂν εἶδες” (430).

THUC.1.38.4: “εἰ τοῖς πλείοσιν ἀρέσκοντές ἐσμεν, τοῖσδ᾽ ἂν μόνοις οὐκ ὀρθῶς ἀπαρέσκοιμεν” (436). 2.35.2: “τάχ᾽ ἄν” (438). 6.2.4.

HDT.1.70(437). 1.196: “οἱ δ᾽ ἂν . . . ἐλάμβανον” (431). 2.6: “οὕτω ἄν” (436). 3.119: “ἀδελφεὸς ἂν ἄλλος οὐδενὶ τρόπῳ γένοιτο” (442). 9.71: “ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν καὶ φθόνῳ ἂν εἴποιεν” (439).

AR. Eq. 413: “μάτην γ᾽ ἄν” (439). AV. 815: “Σπάρτην γὰρ ἂν θείμην ἐγὼ τἠμῇ πόλει” (436); Lys. 81: “κἄν”, and so often (436). 252: “ἄλλως γὰρ ἄν” (440). Ran. 1022: “πᾶς ἄν τις ἀνὴρ ἠράσθη δάϊος εἶναι” (430).

EUR. Andr. 85: “πολλὰς ἂν εὕροις μηχανάς” (438). 1135: “δεινὰς δ᾽ ἂν εἶδες πυρρίχας” (430). H. F. 97: “ἔτ᾽ ἄν” (442).

SOPH. Ph. 20: “τάχ᾽ ἄν” (442). 290-1: “αὐτὸς ἂν τάλας” | “εἰλυόμην”. 294-5: “ταῦτ᾽ ἂν” . . . | “ἐμηχανώμην: εἶτα πῦρ ἂν οὐ παρῆν” (431).

PIND. O. 13.103: “τότ᾽ ἄν” (442). N. 10.87: “ἥμισυ μέν κε πνέοις γαίας ὑπένερθεν ἐών” (442).

SOLON. 36.1-2: “συμμαρτυροίη ταῦτ᾽ ἂν . . . μήτηρ μεγίστη δαιμόνων Ὀλυμπίων” (436).

HOM. Od. 1.396: “τῶν κέν τις τόδ᾽ ἔχῃσιν” (453). 4.391: “καὶ δέ κέ τοι εἴπῃσι” (454). 692: “ἄλλον κ᾽ . . . ἄλλον κε” (453). 753: “ἡ γάρ κεν” (438). 10.84: “ἔνθα κ”（“ε”) (430). 507: “τὴν δέ κε” (453). 14. 183-4: “ἀλλ᾽ ἦ τοι κεῖνον μὲν ἐάσομεν, ἤ κεν ἁλώῃ”, | “ἤ κε φύγῃ καί κέν οἱ ὑπέρσχῃ χεῖρα Κρονίων” (454). 19.598: “ἔνθα κε” (442).

Il. 1.100: “τότε κεν” (438). 1.137: “ἐγὼ δέ κεν αὐτὸς ἕλωμαι” (452), and so elsewhere with “ἐγώ”. 139: “ὃ δέ κεν” (432). 205: “τάχ᾽ ἄν ποτε θυμὸν ὀλέσσῃ” (455). 271-2: “κείνοισι δ᾽ ἂν οὔ τις” | “τῶν, οἳ νῦν βροτοί εἰσιν ἐπιχθόνιοι, μαχέοιτο” (436). 523: “ἐμοὶ δέ κε ταῦτα μελήσεται” (432). 2.12; “νῦν γάρ κεν” (438). 160: “κὰδ δέ κεν . . . λίποιεν” (444). 3.138: “τῷ δέ κε νικήσαντι” (432). 4.176: “και κέ τις ὧδ᾽ ἐρέει” (432). 421: “ὕπο κεν ταλασίφρονά περ δέος εἷλεν” (430). 9.57: “ἐμὸς δέ κε καὶ πάις εἰης” (442). 417: “καὶ δ᾽ ἂν . . . παραμυθησαίμην” (442). 701-2: “ἤ κεν . . . ἤ κε” (453). 11.433: “ἤ κεν” (454). 13.741: “ἔνθεν δ᾽ ἄν” (442). 18.308: “ἤ κε . . . ἤ κε” (453). 22.253: “ἕλοιμί κεν ἤ κεν ἁλοίην” (442). 505: “νῦν δ᾽ ἄν” (455). 24.654-5: “αὐτίκ᾽ ἂν” . . . | “καί κεν” (454).

[*] 465. “ἄν [κε”（“ν”）] with Verbs of Saying and Thinking:

“τί χρὴ τοὺς τοιούτους προσδοκᾶν ἂν ποιεῖν” (= “ἐποίουν ἄν”), “εἰ μηδεὶς ἐπῆν . . . κίνδυνος”; DEM.21.9.

LYCURG.74: “καίτοι οἴεσθε ἄν, εἰ . . . πάντες ἔφυγον, τούτων ἄν τι γενέσθαι τῶν καλῶν ἔργων”.

DEM.21.9(see above).

PLATO , Phaedo 101 E: “σὺ δ᾽, εἴπερ εἶ τῶν φιλοσόφων, οἶμαι ἂν ὡς ἐγὼ λέγω ποιοῖς”. Theaet. 164 B: “συμβαίνει ἄρα, οὗ τις ἐπιστήμων ἐγένετο, ἔτι μεμνημένον αὐτὸν μὴ ἐπίστασθαι . . ., ὃ τέρας ἔφαμεν ἂν εἶναι εἰ γίγνοιτο”. Tim. 26 B: “ἐγὼ γάρ, ἃ μὲν χθὲς ἤκουσα, οὐκ ἂν οἶδ᾽ εἰ δυναίμην ἅπαντα ἐν μνήμῃ πάλιν λαβεῖν”.

XEN. An. 1.3.6: “σὺν ὑμῖν μὲν ἂν οἶμαι εἶναι τίμιος”. 2.1.12: “ὅπλα μὲν οὖν ἔχοντες οἰόμεθα ἂν καὶ τῇ ἀρετῇ χρῆσθαι”. 2.5.16: “ἅμα ἄν μοι δοκεῖς καὶ σαυτῷ κακὀνους εἶναι”. Cyr. 5.4.12: “εἰ . . . ἐπαιδοποιησάμην, οὐκ οἶδ᾽ ἂν εἰ ἐκτησάμην παῖδα τοιοῦτον περὶ ἐμέ”. (The hyperbaton of the “ἄν” is due to the attraction of the verb “οἶδ”（“α”).)

THUC.2.70.4: “ἐνόμιζον γὰρ ἂν κρατῆσαι τῆς πόλεως”. 3.42.2: “εὖ μὲν εἰπεῖν οὐκ ἂν ἡγεῖται περὶ τοῦ μὴ καλοῦ δύνασθαι” (461). 7.40.2: “ὡς τῆς γε ἡμέρας ταύτης οὐκέτι οἰόμενοι ἂν ναυμαχῆσαι” .

AR. Eq. 407-8: “τὸν Ἰουλίου τ᾽ ἂν οἴομαι, γέροντα πυροπίπην”, | “ἡσθέντ᾽ ἰηπαιωνίσαι καὶ Βακχέβακχον ᾆσαι”.

EUR. Alc. 48: “λαβὼν ἴθ̓: οὐ γὰρ οἶδ᾽ ἂν εἰ πείσαιμί σε”. Med. 941: “οὐκ οἶδ᾽ ἂν εἰ πείσαιμι, πειρᾶσθαι δὲ χρή”.

[*] 466. Rare position of a)/n in Relative Subjunctive Sentences:

“ὅσα ζῷα ξύμπαντα πράσιμ᾽ ἂν ἑκάστοις ᾖ, τριχῇ διαιρείσθω”, PLATO, Legg. 848A.

ANTIPHON, 5.38: “καθ᾽ ὧν μηνύῃ ἄν τις”, but this is changed by editors to “καθ᾽ ὧν ἂν” etc.

PLATO, Legg. 739C: “ὅπου τὸ πάλαι λεγόμενον ἂν γίγνηται”. 848 A (see above). 850 A: “ὅσῳ πλέον ἂν ᾖ”. 955 D: “ὁποτέρᾳ τὸ δημόσιον ἂν χρῆσθαι βούληται”.

AR. Ran. 258-60: “ἀλλὰ μὴν κεκραξόμεσθά γ̓” | “ὁπόσον ἡ φάρυγξ ἂν ήμῶν” | “χανδάνη”.

For examples of the normal position of “ἄν” in Temporal, Conditional, Concessive, and Relative Sentences, see Temporal, Conditional, Concessive, and Relative Sentences.

[*] 467. Repetition of a)/n and ke（n).

“ἄν” is not unfrequently repeated in the same clause, sometimes in order to resume a distant “ἄν”, sometimes for rhetorical emphasis, especially with the negative or equivalent interrogative. “κε”（“ν”) is also repeated, though rarely, and both “ἄν” and “κε”（“ν”） are occasionally found in the same clause.

“ποίαν τιν᾽ οὖν ἥδιστ᾽ ἂν οἰκοῖτ᾽ ἂν πόλιν;” AR. Av. 127 ; What manner of city, then, should you like best to live in (436)?

LYCURG.57: “ἐν τοῖς τότε καιροῖς καὶ κατ᾽ ἐργασίαν ἐκπλεῖν, ἡνίκα οὐδ᾽ ἂν εἷς προσκτήσασθαι οὐδὲν ἂν ἐζήτησεν”.

ISOC.5.71: “τίς δ᾽ οὐκ ἂν τῶν καὶ μετρίως λογιζομένων ταύτας ἄν σοι παραινέσειε μάλιστα προαιρεῖσθαι τῶν πράζεων”:

LYS. [20] 15: “πῶς ἂν οὖν οὐκ ἂν δεινὰ πάσχοιμεν;” (442).

PLATO, Apol. 17D: “ὥσπερ οὖν ἄν, εἰ τῷ ὄντι ξένος ἐτύγχανον ὤν, ξυνεγιγνώσκετε δήπου ἄν μοι”. 31 A: “ὑμεῖς δ᾽ ἴσως τάχ̓ ἂν ἀχθόμενοι, ὥσπερ οἱ νυστάζοντες ἐγειρόμενοι, ὀρούσαντες ἄν με, πειθόμενοι Ἀνύτῳ, ῥᾳδίως ἂν ἀποκτείναιτε”.

XEN. Conv. 6.2 (442). Cyr. 2.3.6. “γιγνώσκω . . . ὅτι ἐξ ὧν ἂν ἐγὼ τῷ ἐμῷ τώματι ποιήσω, οὐ κριθείην οὔτε ἂν πρῶτος οὔτε ἂν δεύτερος, οἶμαι δ᾽ οὐδ᾽ ἂν χιλιοστός, ἴσως δ᾽ οὐδ᾽ ἂν μυριοστός”. 5.2.23. Mem. 1.4.14.

THUC.1.36.3: “βραχυτάτῳ δ᾽ ἂν κεφαλαίῳ, τοῖς τε ξύμπασι καὶ καθ̓ ἕκαστον, τῷδ᾽ ἂν μὴ προέσθαι ἡμᾶς μάθοιτε”. 76.4: “ἄλλους γ́ ἂν οὖν οἰόμεθα τὰ ἡμέτερα λαβόντας δεῖξαι ἂν μάλιστα εἴ τι μετριάζομεν”. 4.18.4: “καὶ ἐλάχιστ᾽ ἂν . . . ἐν τῷ εὐτυχεῖν ἂν μάλιστα καταλύοιντο” . 4.114.4. 5.105.2. 6.10.4. 11.2.

HDT.3.35: “δέσποτα, οὐδ᾽ ἂν αὐτὸν ἔγωγε δοκέω τὸν θεὸν οὕτω ἂν καλῶς βαλεῖν”. 7.139: “ὁρέοντες ἂν . . . ὁμολογίῃ ἂν ἐχρήσαντο πρὸς Ξέρξεα”.

AR. Ach. 214-7: “οὐκ ἂν . . . ὧδε φαύλως ἂν . . . ἐξέφυγεν οὐδ᾽ ἂν ἐλαφρῶς ἂν ἀπεπλίξατο”. Nub. 118. 840. Av. 127 (see above). Lys. 252-3 (440).

EUR. Alc. 72: “πόλλ᾽ ἂν σὺ λέξας οὐδὲν ἂν πλέον λάβοις”. Andr. 934-5: “οὐκ ἂν ἔν γ᾽ ἐμοῖς δόμοις” | “βλέπουσ᾽ ἂν αὐγὰς τἄμ᾽ ἐκαρποῦτ᾽ ἂν λέχη”. Heracl. 721: “φθάνοις δ᾽ ἂν οὐκ ἂν τοῖσδε σὸν κρύπτων δέμας”. Ion, 625-6.

SOPH. O. R. 446 (463). fr. 673: “πῶς ἂν οὐκ ἂν ἐν δίκῃ θάνοιμ᾽ ἄν”;

PIND. N. 9.34-5: “Χρομίῳ κεν ὑπασπίζων” . . . | “ἔκρινας ἂν κίνδυνον ὀξείας ἀυτᾶς”.

HOM. Od. 4.732-4: “εἰ γὰρ ἐγὼ πυθόμην ταύτην ὁδὸν ὁρμαίνοντα”, | “τῷ κε μάλ᾽ ἤ κεν ἔμεινε καὶ ἐσσυμένος περ ὁδοῖο”, | “ἤ κέ με τεθνηκυῖαν ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν ἔλειπεν”. 5.361: “ὄφρ᾽ ἂν μέν κεν”. 6.259: “ὄφρ᾽ ἂν μέν κ”（“ε”). 9.334: “τοὺς ἄν κε”.

Il. 11.187: “ὄφρ᾽ ἂν μέν κεν”. 202 (id.). 13.127-8: “ἃς οὔτ᾽ ἄν κεν Ἄρης ὀνόσαιτο μετελθὼν” | “οὔτε κ᾽ Ἀθηναίη λαοσσόος”. 24.437: “σοὶ δ᾽ ἂν εγω πομπὸς καί κε κλυτὸν Ἄργος ἱκοίμην”.