CHAPTER V
Socrates points out that Hippocrates is running a grave risk in
submitting himself to one of the ‘Sophists’ without knowing
what ‘Sophist’ means.
2.
ἢ εἰ μὲν τὸ σῶμα κτλ. For
ἤ cf.
Crito, 50E ἢ πρὸς μὲν
ἄπα σοι τὸν ρατέπα—ρπὸς δὲ τὴν ρατπίδα ἄπα καὶ τοὺς νόμους ἔσται
σοι; and for the general form of the sentence
Apol. 28E εἰ ὅτε
μέν—τότε μέν—τοῦ δὲ θεοῦ τάττοντος—ἐνταῦθα δέ,
Meno, 94C-D,
Gorg. 512A: see the Editor's note on
Apol. loc. cit.
4.
πολλὰ ἂν περιεσκέψω: but
ἔδει in l. 3 and
παρεκάλεις in
6. The effect is to represent the process of reflection by oneself
as prior to consultation with friends. Heindorf on
Gorg. 514D
quotes a parallel from the
Theaetetus (144E):
ἀτὰρ εἰ, νῷν
ἐχόντοιν ἑκατέπου λύπαν, ἔφη αὐτὰς ἡπμόσθαι ὁμοίως, ρότεπον
εὐθὺς ἂν ἐπιστεύομεν ἢ ἐπεσκεψάμεθα ἂν (i.e. should have inquired
first)
εἰ μουσικὸς ὢν λέγοι;
8.
τὴν ψυχήν. Cf. (with Heindorf)
Rep. IX. 583E ὃ μεταξὺ
ἄπα νῦν δὴ ἀμφοτέπων ἔφαμεν εἶναι, τὴν ἡσυχίαν, τοῦτό ροτε
ἀμφότερα ἔσται. ἐν ᾧ presently is like
ἐν τούτῳ in
310D where see
note: Heindorf cites Eur.
Iph. T. 1057
καὶ τἄμ᾽ ἐν ὑμῖν ἐστιν ἢ
καλῶς ἔχειν ἢ μηδὲν εἶναι. For
καὶ ἐν ᾧ we should at first sight
expect
καὶ ἐν αὐτῷ: for the Greek idiom is relative+anaphoric
pronoun, not relative+relative, when the two pronouns have
the same antecedent and are connected by a conjunction: e.g.
Gorg. 452D τί ἐστι τοῦτο ὃ φῂς σὺ μέγιστον ἀγαθὸν εἶναι—καὶ σὲ
δημιουργὸν εἶναι αὐτοῦ: see the Editor's note on
Apol. 40A. Here,
however, the fact that the relative precedes its antecedent (
ὃ δὲ
περὶ πλείονος—περὶ δὲ τούτου) makes the rule inoperative; and
there are other exceptions, e.g.
Rep. II. 374B καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἑνὶ
ἑκάστῳ ὡσαύτως ἓν ἀρεδίδομεν, ρπὸς ὃ ρεφύκει ἕκαστος καὶ ἐφ᾽ ᾧ
ἔμελλε τῶν ἄλλων σχολὴν ἄγων διὰ βίου αὐτὸ ἐπγαζόμενος—καλῶς
ἀπεργάζεσθαι, and
Theaet. 192B καὶ ὃ οἶδεν καὶ ὃ αἰσθάνεται
(where, however, Bonitz rejects the second
ὅ, perhaps rightly).
12.
τῷ ἀφικομένῳ τούτῳ ξένῳ. Heindorf's suggestion
τῷ
ἀφικομένῳ τούτῳ τῷ ξένῳ would convey a somewhat different
meaning, viz. ‘this arrival, the foreigner’. The presence of
ἀφικομένῳ renders the article after
τούτῳ unnecessary: cf. below,
337Eτὸ ἀκριβὲς τοῦτο εἶδος. There is some contempt in
τούτῳ=
isti (see note on
Apol. 45A), and much scorn in
τὴν σὴν ψυχήν,
repeated slowly at the end of the clause.
13.
ὄρθριος: the MSS. have
ὄρθριον by mistake. The
adjectival construction of this word is found in
Laws, XII.
961B
δεῖν δὲ ὄρθριον εἶναι τὸν σύλλογον.
18.
γιγνώσκεις. The present is regularly used of being
acquainted with a person, e.g.
Phaedo, 60A Ξανθίππην, γιγνώσκεις γάρ;
Theaet. 144C ἀλλὰ σκόπει εἰ γιγνώσκεις αὐτόν. γιγνώσκω. In Plato the perfect is generally used of knowing
things:
e.g.
Apol. 23B ὅστις—ἔγνωκεν ὅτι κτλ.,
Euthyphr. 2C τοσοῦτον
πρᾶγμα ἐγνωκέναι.
οὔτε διείλεξαι οὐδεπώποτε, sc.
αὐτῷ: cf. on
313A l. 8 above.
20.
ᾧ μέλλεις σαυτὸν ἐπιτρέπειν is wrongly rejected by
Cobet. The words are to be taken closely with
τὸν δὲ σοφιστὴν ὅ
τί ποτ᾽ ἔστιν φαίνει ἀγνοῶν: that Hippocrates should entrust
himself to that of which he knows nothing is the climax of
Socrates' rebuke.
21.
ἔοικεν: sc.
εἶναι, i.e. be true (not
ἐμὲ ἀγνοεῖν, which is
doubtful Greek for
ἔοικα ἀγνοεῖν). The subject is simply ‘it’, as
in
Rep. I. 333C, where
ἔοικεν is similarly for
ἔοικεν εἶναι.
23.
τυγχάνει ὢν—ψυχὴ τρέφεται. τυγχάνει ὤν is virtually
equivalent to ‘really is’: cf.
Gorg. 468D οἰόμενος ἄμεινον εἶναι
αὐτῷ, τυγχάνει δὲ ὂν κάκιον, and note on
Euthyphr. 4E. The
ἔμπορος is a travelling merchant who trades on a larger scale than
the retail dealer or
κάπηλος: see
Rep. II. 371D ἢ οὐ καπήλους
καλοῦμεν τοὺς ρπὸς ὠνήν τε καὶ ρπᾶσιν διακονοῦντας ἱδπυμένους ἐν
ἀγορᾷ, τοὺς δὲ πλανήτας ἐπὶ τὰς πόλεις ἐμπόρους; The same account of the Sophist as
ἔμπορός τις περὶ τὰ τῆς ψυχῆς μαθήματα
(
Soph. 231E) is given in
Soph. 223C-224E.
24.
φαίνεται γὰρ ἔμοιγε τοιοῦτός τις. We follow Schleiermacher in giving these words to Socrates. Turner judiciously
points out that
γε in
ἔμοιγε is only appropriate if Socrates speaks
the words, and that Hippocrates could hardly assent till he
knew what
τροφὴ ψυχῆς meant.
26.
ὅπως γε μὴ—ἐπαινῶν ἃ πωλεῖ ἐξαπατήσει. πωλεῖν
is ‘to have on sale’: ‘to sell’ is
ἀποδίδοσθαι. Cobet,
Novae
Lectiones, p. 159. For
ἐξαπατήσει the MSS. have
ἐξαπατήσῃ, but
the 1st aor. conj. is very doubtful in Plato after
ὅπως μή (see on
the whole question Kühner's
Griechische Grammatik, II, 899),
and final
-ῃ and
-ει are frequently confused in the MSS.
28.
ὁ ἔμπορός τε καὶ κάπηλος. ἔμπορός τε καὶ κάπηλος
together make a plural, and according to strict logic would
require a plural article; but
ὁ is written by attraction instead of
the grammatically impossible
οἱ. Cf.
Symp. 186C ὁ διαγιγνώσκων
—τὸν καλόν τε καὶ αἰσχρὸν ἔρωτα; below,
355Eτά ὀνόματα—τὸ
ἡδύ τε καὶ ἀνιαρόν.
40.
τυγχάνεις ἐπιστήμων. τυγχάνεις has sunk to a mere
copula. It is not necessary to insert
ὤν after
ἐπιστήμων, although
it is only in a few cases that
τυγχάνω (in this sense) occurs in
Plato's MSS. without the participle expressed, viz.
Phaedr.
263C
μέγιστον τῶν ἀγαθῶν τυγχάνει;
Gorg. 502B εἰ δέ τι τυγχάνει
ἀηδὲς καὶ ὠφέλιμον;
Rep. II. 369B τυγχάνει ἡμῶν ἕκαστος οὐκ
αὐτάρκης ἀλλὰ πολλῶν ἐνδεής;
Alc. I, 129A
ῥᾴδιον τυγχάνει τὸ
γνῶναι ἑαυτόν;
ibid. 133A
ἐκεῖνο ᾧ τοῦτο τυγχάνει ὅμοιον. In these
cases (as here in the
Protagoras) it is easy to suppose that the
participle has fallen out from ‘lipography’: but in
Hipp. Maior
(perhaps pseudo-Platonic),
300Aand in
Laws, XI. 918C, and
Timaeus, 61C, the participle cannot be so easily supplied: and
that the construction without the participle was used in everyday speech appears from
Ar. Eccl. 1141 καὶ τῶν θεατῶν εἴ τις
εὔνους τυγχάνει. See Rutherford's
New Phrynichus, p. 342.
43.
περὶ τοῖς φιλτάτοις. τὰ φίλτατα is used here of the soul's
health as in
Gorg. 513A σὺν τοῖς φιλτάτοις ἡ αἵρεσις ἡμῖν ἔσται
ταύτης τῆς δυνάμεως τῆς ἐν τῇ πόλει.
44.
κυβεύῃς τε καὶ κινδυνεύῃς. Cobet rejects
τε καὶ
κινδυνεύῃς, but Plato often puts metaphor and interpretation
side by side. Cf. below
314Bἐν αὐτῇ τῇ ψυχῇ λαβόντα καὶ
μαθόντα (where Deuschle wrongly rejected
καὶ μαθόντα);
334Dσύντεμνέ μοι τὰς ἀποκρίσεις καὶ βραχυτέρας ποίει;
Euthyd. 297C
πολὺ γάρ πού εἰμι φαυλότερος τοῦ Ἡρακλέους, ὃς οὐχ οἶός τε ἦν τῇ
τε ὕδπᾳ διαμάχεσθαι, σοφιστπίᾳ οὔσῃ καὶ διὰ τὴν σοφίαν ἀνιείσῃ, εἰ
μίαν κεφαλὴν ἀροτμηθείη τοῦ λόγου, ρολλὰς ἀντὶ τῆς μιᾶς, καὶ
καπκίνῳ τινὶ ἑτέπῳ σοφιστῇ . . . ὃς ἐρειδὴ αὐτὸν ἐλύρει οὕτως ἐκ τοῦ
ἐπ᾽ ἀριστερὰ λέγων καὶ δάκνων κτλ.;
Lach. 194C χειμαζομένοις ὲν
λόγῳ καὶ ἀποροῦσιν;
Theaet. 174C εἰς φρέατά τε καὶ πᾶσαν
ἀπορίαν ἐμπίπτων. See also note on
τοὺς τῶν νέων τὰς βλάστας
διαφθείροντας in
Euthyphr. 3A.
47.
παρὰ τοῦ καπήλου καὶ ἐμπόρου: so B. The
κάπηλος is
put in the foreground as the most usual seller of
σιτία and
ποτά:
the article is expressed only once, because the
κάπηλος and
ἔμπορος both belong to the same genus ‘merchants’: cf.
Hdt. IV.
71 τὸν οἰνοχόον καὶ μάγειρον καὶ ἱπποκόμον καὶ διήκονον καὶ
ἀγγελιηφόρον κτλ. There is no sufficient ground for bracketing
the words
παρὰ τοῦ καπήλου καὶ ἐμπόρου as is done by Schanz,
nor for reading
παρά του (with T) and omitting
καπήλου καὶ
ἐμπόρου, as Hermann did.
ἐν ἄλλοις ἀγγείοις: i.e. other than our own bodies. Cf.
311Eτί ὄνομα ἄλλο γε λεγόμενον περὶ Πρωταγόρου ἀκούομεν; It
need not be implied that the body is itself an
ἀγγεῖον (viz. of
soul), though the notion is not unplatonic, and kindred expressions are found in later philosophy, e.g. Marcus Aurel. X. 38
τὸ
περικείμενον ἀγγειῶδες καὶ τὰ ὀργάνια ταῦτα τὰ περιπεπλασμένα
(said of the body).
54.
ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ ψυχῇ λαβόντα καὶ μαθόντα. λαμβάνειν ἐν
(not
εἰς) as in
Rep. VII. 517A εἴ πως ἐν ταῖς χερσὶ δύναιντο
λαβεῖν;
Soph. 243C ταὐτὸν τοῦτο πάθος εἰληφότες ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ. For
καὶ μαθόντα, which is explanatory of
ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ ψυχῇ λαβόντα,
see note on
κυβεύῃς τε καὶ κινδυνεύῃς.
57.
νέοι ὥστε τοσοῦτον. Heindorf quotes Eur.
Andr. 80
γέρων ἐκεῖνος ὥστε σ᾽ ὠφελεῖν παρών, and points out that whereas
νεώτεροι ἢ ὥστε would deny altogether
ἡ τοῦ διελέσθαι δύναμις,
the words
νέοι ὥστε are less strong;
nobis nonnisi iuvenilis
quaedam facultas suppetit ad tantam rem diiudicandam. The
best MSS. of Plato read
ταὐτόν, τοιοῦτον, τοσοῦτον, etc., in the
great majority of cases rather than
ταὐτό, etc. Schanz (Preface
to
Laws, p. vi) thinks it probable that Plato always used the
forms in
-ν. In inscriptions of Plato's time
τὸ αὐτό and
τὸ αὐτόν
occur side by side, but apparently only
τοιοῦτον, τοσοῦτον. See
Meisterhans,
Grammatik der Griechischen Inschriften2, p. 122.
61.
Ἱππίας. Hippias of Elis was one of the most accomplished and—if we may trust the Platonic writings—ostentatious
of the Sophists. According to the
Hippias Maior (285B ff.) he
claimed to be at home in all the learning of the day—in Astronomy,
Geometry, Arithmetic, Philology, Music, Mythology, History
and Archaeology. See Zeller's
Philosophie der Griechen, I
4, 956 ff.
62.
οἶμαι δὲ καὶ Πρόδικον τὸν Κεῖον. Contrast
Crat. 402B
οἶμαι δὲ καὶ Ἡσίοδος. Either construction is admissible. Prodicus
of Ceos is repeatedly mentioned in the Platonic writings. A
fellow-citizen of the poet Simonides (below,
339E, he professed
like Gorgias and Hippias to educate young men (
Apol. 19E,
Theages, 127E,
Rep. X. 600C) and received very large sums in
return for his instruction together with the gratitude of his
pupils. On one occasion, when in charge of a political mission
from Ceos, he is said to have won great reputation in the
βουλή
at Athens for his conduct of public business, and to have given
at the same time private lectures, which were popular and well
paid (
Hipp. Maior, 282C). He laid great stress on the importance of using words in their correct sense (
ὀρθότης ὀνομάτων):
see below,
337A 358A and
Euthyd. 277E,
Charm. 163D,
Lach.
197D; cf. also
Phaedr. 267B; but this was only taught (we are
told) in his 50-drachma lecture; the impecunious Socrates had
only paid one drachma and was not quite master of this subject
(
Crat. 384B). Socrates is fond of professing himself a pupil of
Prodicus, e.g. below,
341A Meno, 96D,
Charm. 163D. Prodicus
wrote eulogies of Heracles and others (
Symp. 177B): the
substance, if not the actual words, of his Apologue of Heracles at
the cross-roads is given by Xenophon,
Mem. II. 1. 21. A scholiast
on
Rep. X. 600C says the Athenians put him to death by hemlock
for corrupting the youth, but there is no other authority for this
unlikely story. Cf. Zeller, I
4, 952 ff.