Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Chapter XXII: Operations in Kentucky, Tennessee, North Mississippi, North Alabama, and Southwest Virginia. March 4-June 10, 1862.
Lieut. Col. Robert N. Scott, Ed.

Sir: I have the honor to transmit for your consideration the accompanying depositions of Corp. William Pittenger, Company G, Second Regiment OhioVolunteers; Private Jacob Parrott, Company K, Thirtythird Regiment Ohio Volunteers; Private Robert Buffum, Company H, Twenty-first Regiment Ohio Volunteers; Corp. William H. Reddick, Company B, Thirty-third Regiment Ohio Volunteers, and Private William Bensinger, Company G, Twenty-first Regiment Ohio Volunteers, taken. at this office on the 25th instant, in compliance with your written instructions, from which the following facts will appear:

These non-commissioned officers and privates belonged to an expedition set on foot in April, 1862, at the suggestion of Mr. J. J. Andrews, a citizen of Kentucky, who led it, and under the authority and direction of General O. M. Mitchel, the object of which was to destroy the communications on the Georgia State Railroad between Atlanta and Chattanooga. The mode of operation proposed was to reach a point on the road where they could seize a locomotive and train of cars and then dash back in the direction of Chattanooga, cutting the telegraph wires and burning the bridges behind them as they advanced until they reached their own lines. The expedition consisted of 24 men, who, with the exception of its leader, Mr. Andrews, and another citizen of Kentucky, who acted on the occasion as the substitute of a soldier, had been selected from the different companies for their known courage and discretion. They were informed that the movement was to be a secret one, and they doubtless comprehended something of its perils, but Mr. Andrews and Mr. Reddick alone seem to have known anything of its precise direction or object. They, however, voluntarily engaged in it, and made their way in parties of two and three, in citizens' dress, and carrying only their side-arms, to Chattanooga, the point of rendezvous agreed upon, where 22 out of the 24 arrived safely. Here they took passage, without attracting observation, for Marietta, which they reached at 12 o'clock on the night of April 11. The following morning they took the cars back again towards Chattanooga, and at a place called Big Shanty, while the engineer and passengers were breakfasting, they detached the locomotive and three box-cars from the train, and started at full speed for Chattanooga. They were now upon the field of the perilous operations proposed by the expedition, but suddenly encountered unforeseen obstacles. According to the schedule of the road, of which Mr. Andrews had possessed himself, they should have met but a single train on that day, whereas they met three, two of them being engaged on extraordinary service. About an hour was lost in waiting to allow these trains to pass, which enabled their pursuers [631] to press viosely upon them. They removed rails, threw out obstructions on the road, and cut the wires from time to time, and attained when in motion a speed of 60 miles an hour, but the time lost could not be regained.

After having run about 100 miles they found their supply of wood, water, and oil exhausted while the rebel locomotive, which had been chasing them, was in sight. Under these circumstances they had no alternative but to abandon their cars and flee to the woods, which they did under the orders of Mr. Andrews, each one endeavoring to save himself as best he might.

The expedition thus failed from causes which reflected neither upon the genius by which it was planned nor upon the intrepidity and discretion of those engaged in conducting it. But for the accident of meeting the extra trains, which could not have been anticipated, the movement would have been a complete success, and the whole aspect of the war in the South and Southwest would have been at once changed.

The expedition itself, in the daring of its conception, had the wildness of a romance, while in the gigantic and overwhelming results which it sought, and was likely to accomplish, it was absolutely sublime. The estimate of its character entertained in the South will be found fully expressed in an editorial from the Southern Confederacy, a prominent rebel journal, under date of April 15, and which is appended to and adopted as a part of Mr. Pittenger's deposition. The editor says:

The mind and heart shrink back appalled at the bare contemplation of the awful consequences which would have followed the success of this one act. We doubt if the victory of Manassas or Corinth were worth as much to us as the frustration of this grand coup d'tat. It is not by any means certain that the annihilation of Beauregard's whole army at Corinth would be so fatal a blow to us as would have been the burning of the bridges at that time by these men.

So soon as those composing the expedition had left the cars and dispersed themselves in the woods the population of the country around turned out in their pursuit, employing for this purpose the dogs which are trained to hunt down the fugitive slaves of the South. The whole 22 were captured. Among them was Private Jacob Parrott of Company K, Thirty-third Regiment Ohio Volunteers. When arrested he was, without any form of trial, taken possession of by a military officer and 4 soldiers, who stripped him, bent him over a stone, and while two pistols were held over his head a lieutenant in rebel uniform inflicted with a raw-hide upwards of 100 lashes on his bare back. This was done in the presence of an infuriated crowd, who clamored for his blood and actually brought a rope with which to hang him. The object of this prolonged scourging was to force this young man to confess to them the objects of the expedition and the names of his comrades, especially that of the engineer who had run the train. Their purpose was, no doubt, not only to take the life of the latter if identified, but to do so with every circumstance of humiliation and torture which they could devise. Three times in the progress of this horrible flogging it was suspended and Mr. Parrott was asked if he would not confess, but steadily and firmly to the last he refused all disclosures, and it was not until his tormentors were weary of their brutal work that the task of subduing their victim was abandoned as hopeless.

This youth is an orphan, without father or mother, and without any of the advantages of education. Soon after the rebellion broke out, though but eighteen years of age, he left his trade and threw himself [632] into the ranks of our armies as a volunteer, and now, though still suffering from the outrages committed on his person in the South, he is on his way to rejoin his regiment, seeming to love his country only the more for all that he has endured in its defense. His subdued and modest manner while narrating the part he had borne in this expedition showed him to be wholly unconscious of having done anything more than perform his simple duty as a soldier. Such Spartan fortitude and such fidelity to the trusts of friendship and to the inspirations of patriotism deserve an enduring record in the archives of the Government, and will find one, I am sure, in the hearts of a loyal people.

The 22 captives, when secured, were thrust into the negro jail at Chattanooga. They occupied a single room, half under ground and but 13 feet square, so that there was not space enough for them all to lie down together, and a part of them were, in consequence, obliged to sleep sitting and leaning against the walls. The only entrance was through a trap-door in the ceiling, that was raised twice a day to let down their scanty meals, which were lowered in a bucket. They had no other light or ventilation than that which came through two small tripple-grated windows. They were covered with swarming vermin, and the heat was so oppressive that they were often obliged to strip themselves entirely of their clothes to bear it. Add to this they were all handcuffed, and with trace-chains, secured by padlocks around their necks, were fastened to each other in companies of twos and threes. Their food, which was doled out to them twice a day, consisted of a little flour wet with water and baked in the form of bread, and spoiled pickled beef. They had no opportunity of procuring any supplies from the outside, nor had they any means of doing so, their pockets having been rifled of their last cent by the Confederate authorities, prominent among whom was an officer wearing the rebel uniform of a major. No part of the money thus basely taken was ever returned.

During this imprisonment at Chattanooga their leader, Mr. Andrews, was tried and condemned as a spy, and was subsequently executed at Atlanta June 7.

They were strong and in perfect health when they entered this negro jail, but at the end of something more than three weeks, when they were required to leave it, they were so exhausted from the treatment to which they had been subjected as scarcely to be able to walk, and several staggered from weakness as they passed through the streets to the cars.

Finally, 12 of the number, including the 5 who have deposed, and Mr. Mason, of Company K, Twenty-first Regiment Ohio Volunteers, who was prevented by illness from giving his evidence, were transferred to the prison of Knoxville, Tenn. On arriving there 7 of them were arraigned before a court-martial, charged with being spies. Their trial, of course, was summary. They were permitted to be present, but not to hear either the argument of their own counsel or that of the judgeadvocate. Their counsel, however, afterward visited the prison and read to them the written defense which he made before the court in their behalf. The substance of that paper is thus stated by one of the witnesses, Corporal Pittenger:

He (the counsel) contended that our being dressed in citizens clothes was nothing more than what the Confederate Government itself had authorized, and was only what all the guerrillas in the service of the Confederacy did on all occasions when it would be an advantage to them to do so, and he recited the instance of General Morgan having dressed his men in the uniform of our soldiers and passed them off as being from the Eighth Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, and by that means succeeded in reaching a railroad and destroying it. This instance was mentioned to show that [633] our being in citizens' clothes did not take from us the protection awarded to prisoners of war. The plea went on further to state that we had told the object of our expedition; that it was a purely military one, for the destruction of communications, and, as such, lawful, according to the rules of war.

This just and unanswerable presentation of the case appears to have produced its appropriate impression. Several members of the courtmartial afterward called on the prisoners and assured them that from the evidence against them they could not be condemned as spies; that they had come for a certain known object, and not having lingered about or visited any of their camps, obtaining or seeking information, they could not be convicted. Soon thereafter all the prisoners were removed to Atlanta, Ga., and they left Knoxville under a belief that their comrades, who had been tried, either had been or would be acquitted.

In the mean time, however, the views entertained and expressed to them by the members of the court were overcome, it may be safely assumed, under the prompting of the remorseless despotism at Richmond.

On June 18, after their arrival at Atlanta, where they rejoined the comrades from whom they had been separated at Chattanooga, their prison door was opened and the death sentences of the seven who had been tried at Knoxville were read to them. No time for preparation was allowed them. They were told to bid their friends farewell, and to be quick about it. They were at once tied and carried out to exe. cution. Among the seven was Private Samuel Robinson, Company G, Thirty-third Ohio Volunteers, who was too ill to walk. He was, however, pinioned like the rest, and in this condition was dragged from the floor on which he was lying to the scaffold. In an hour or more the cavalry escort which had accompanied them was seen returning with the cart, but the cart was empty; the tragedy had been consummated! On that evening and the following morning the prisoners learned from the provost-marshal and guard that their comrades had died as all true soldiers of the Republic should die in the presence of its enemies.

Among the revolting incidents which they mentioned in connection with this cowardly butchery was the fall of two of the victims from the breaking of the ropes after they had been for some time suspended. On their being restored to consciousness they begged for an hour in which to pray and to prepare for death, but this was refused them. The rope was readjusted and the execution at once proceeded.

Among .those who thus perished was Private Alfred Wilson, Company C, Twenty-first Ohio Volunteers. He was a mechanic, from Cincinnati, who, in the exercise of his trade, had traveled much through the States North and South, and who had a greatness of soul which sympathized intensely with our struggle for national life, and was in that dark hour filled with joyous convictions of our final triumph. Though surrounded by a scowling crowd, impatient for his sacrifice, he did not hesitate, while standing under the gallows, to make them a brief address. He told them that though they were all wrong he had no hostile feelings toward the Southern people, believing that not they, but their leaders, were responsible for the rebellion; that he was no spy, as charged, but a soldier regularly detailed for military duty; that he did not regret to die for his country, but only regretted the manner of his death; and he added, for their admonition, that they would yet see the time when the old Union would be restored and when its flag would wave over them again; and with these words the brave man died. He, like his comrades, calmly met the ignominious doom of a felon; but, happily, ignominious for him and for them only so far as [634] the martyrdom of the patriot and hero can be degraded by the.hands of ruffians and traitors.

The remaining prisoners, now reduced to 14, were kept closely confined under special guard in the jail at Atlanta until October, when, overhearing a conversation between the jailer and another officer, they became satisfied that it was the purpose of the authorities to hang them as they had done their companions. This led them to form a plan for their escape, which they carried into execution on the evening of the next day, by seizing the jailer when he opened the door to carry away the bucket in which their supper had been brought. This was followed by the seizure also of the 7 guards on duty, and before the alarm was given 8 of the fugitives were beyond reach of pursuit It has been since ascertained that 6 of these, after long and painful wanderings, succeeded in reaching our lines. Of the fate of the other 2 nothing is known. The remaining 6 of the 14, consisting of the 5 witnesses who have deposed and Mr. Mason, were recaptured and confined in the barracks until December, when they were removed to Richmond. There they were shut up in a room in Castle Thunder, where they shivered through the winter, without fire, thinly clad, and with but two small blankets, which they had saved with their clothes, to cover the whole party. So they remained until a few days since, when they were exchanged; and thus, at the end of eleven months, terminated their pitiless persecutions in the prisons of the South-persecutions begun and continued amid indignities and sufferings on their part and atrocities on the part of their traitorous foes which illustrate far more faithfully than any human language could express it the demoniac spirit of a revolt, every throb of whose life is a crime against the very race to which we belong.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

Sir: In the Official Gazette of the 21st ultimo I see a report of Judge-Advocate-General Holt, dated March 27, relative to “an expedition set on foot in April, 1862, under the authority and direction,” as the report says, “of General O. M. Mitchel, the object of which was to destroy the line of communications on the Georgia State Railroad between Atlanta and Chattanooga.” The expedition was “set on foot” under my authority. The plan was arranged between Mr. Andrews, whom I had in employment from shortly after assuming command in Kentucky, and my chief of staff, Col. James B. Fry, and General Mitchel had nothing to do either with its conception or executio: except to furnish from his command the soldiers who took part in i He was directed to furnish 6. Instead of that he sent 22. Had he coi formed to the instructions given him it would have been better. Th chances of success would have been greater, and in any event severe lives would have been saved. The report speaks of the plan as a [635] emanation of genius and of the results which it promised as absolutely sublime. It may be proper, therefore, to say that this statement is made for the sake of truth, and not to call attention to the extravagant colors in which it haA been presented.

Very repectfuily, your obedient servant,

Sir: I have the honor to inclose herewith the petition of W. W. Brown and others, soldiers of the Twenty-first and Second Ohio Regiments, U. S. Army, and to request instructions in the matter.

I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

[indorsement no. 1.]

Respectfully submitted to the President.

I recommend that they be respited until further orders, and detained as hostages for our own people in the hands of the enemy.

[indorsement no. 2 ]

Inquire whether there is anything to justify a discrimination between these and others who were executed for the same offense.

[indorsement no. 3.]

Write to Maj. G. W. Lee, provost-marshal at Atlanta, and inquire why 14 of the engine-thieves were respited, while the others were executed, and whether there is anything distinguishing their case.

[Inclosure.]

Petition from the survivors of Andrews' party, who took the engine on the Georgia State Railroad in April last, to Major-General Bragg, commanding Department no. 2.

Respected sir: We are United States soldiers, regularly detailed from our command to obey the orders of Andrews. He was a stranger [636] to us and we ignorant of his design, but of course we obeyed our officers. You are no doubt familiar with all we did or can find it recorded in the trial of our comrades. Since then Andrews himself and 7 of us have been executed, and 14 survive. Is this not enough for vengeance and for a warning to others? Would mercy in our case be misplaced? We have already been closely confined for more than four months. Will you not, sir, display a noble generosity, by putting us on the same footing as prisoners of war, and permitting us to be exchanged, and thus show that in this terrible war the South still fees the claim of mercy and humanity If you will be so good as to grant us this request we will ever be grateful to you.

Please inform us of your decision as soon as convenient.

All of Sill's brigade, Buell's division.

Respectfully forwarded to General Slaughter.

Sir: Your communication 11th instant is duly to hand. In reply I have respectfully to say that the arrest, incarceration, trial, and execution of the prisoners you refer to occurred before I took charge of this post by your order. I found a number of prisoners on my arrival, and among them the men named in the petition transmitted. Inclosed I send all the papers handed over to me by my predecessor.

Since the reception of your letter I have endeavored to find Captain Foreacre, and ascertain something more, explaining what I was not conversant with in the transaction, but as his business takes him away from the city, I have not as yet had an interview with him. I will still seek occasion to find him, and give you all the information derived from him.

You will please find inclosed the names of the engine-stealers and bridge-burners who are now confined in the jail of this city. It is entirely out of my power to answer you as to “why 14 of the enginethieves were respited while the others were executed, and whether or [637] not there is anything to justify a discrimination in their favor,” as I am not informed in relation to the court-martial that tried the men.

I am, sir, respectfully, your obedient servant,

[Inclosures.]

engine-Stealers.
1.	M. J. Hawkins.	9.	Elihu Mason.
2.	William H. Reddick.	10.	W. W. Brown.
3.	Jacob Parrott.	11.	William Knight.
4.	D. A. Dorsey.	12.	Robert Buffum.
5.	W. Bensinger.	13.	William Pittenger.
6.	J. R. Porter.	14.	David Fry.
7.	Alfred Wilson.	15.	J. J. Barker.
8.	Mark Wood.
Bridge-Burners.
16.	T. McCoy.	21.	R. White.
17.	P. Pierce.	22.	H. Mills.
18.	B. Powers.	23.	J. Tompkins.
19.	John Walls.	24.	G. W. Barlow.
20.	John Green.	25.	John Wollam.

No.	Name.	Residence.	Charges.
1	Wilson W. Brown	Ohio	Engine-stealing; spy.
2	Martin Ross1	do	Do.
3	W. H. Campbell2	do	Do.
4	John Scott3	do	Do.
5	Perry G. Shadrick4	do	Do.
6	G. D. Wilson5	do	Do.
7	Samuel Slavens6	do	Do.
8	S. Robinson7	do	Do.
9	Elihu Mason	do	Do.
10	William Knight	do	Do.
11	Robert Buffum	do	Do.
12	William Pittenger	do	Do.
13	Capt. David Fry	Greene County, Tennessee	Bridge-burning and recruiting for Federal Army.
14	G. W. Barlow	Washington County, Tennessee	Obstructing railroad track.

Respectfully submitted.

By order William M. Churchwell, colonel and provost-marshal.

General orders, no. 54.

I. At a general court-martial, held at Knoxville, by virtue of General Orders, Nos. 21 and 34 (department headquarters, April 15, and May 10, 1862), whereof Lieut. Col. J. B. Bibb,,of the Twenty-third Regiment Alabama Volunteers, was president, was tried :⁸ [638]

William Campbell, private, Company K, Second Ohio Regiment, on the following charge and specifications, to wit:

charge : Violation of section 2 of the one hundred and first article of the Rules and Articles of War.

Specification 1.-In this, that the said William Campbell, private Company K, Second Ohio Regiment, not owing allegiance to the Confederate States of America, and being in the service and Army of the United States, then and now at war with the Confederate States of America, did, on or about the 7th day of April, 1862, leave the Army of the United States, then lying near Shelbyville, Tenn.. and with a company of about 20 other soldiers of the U. S. Army, all dressed in citizens' clothes, repair to Chattanooga, Tenn., entering covertly within the lines of the Confederate forces at that post, and did thus, on or about the 11th day of April, 1862, lurk as a spy in and about the encampments of said forces, representing himself as a citizen of Kentucky going to join the Southern army.

Specification 2.-And the said William Campbell private Company K, Second Ohio Regiment, U. S. Army, thus dressed in citizens' clothes, and representing himself as a citizen of Kentucky going to join the Southern Army, and did proceed by railroad to Marietta, Ga., thus covertly pass through the lines of the Confederate forces stationed at Chattanooga, Dalton, and Camp McDonald, and did thus, on or about the 11th day of April, 1862, lurk as a spy in and about the said encampments of the Confederate forces at the places stated aforesaid.

To which charge and specifications the prisoner plead, “Not guilty.”

The court, after mature deliberation, find the accused as follows:

Of the first specification of the charge, “guilty.”

Of the second specification of the charge, “guilty.”

And “guilty” of the charge.

And the court do therefore sentence the accused, the said William Campbell, private Company K, Second Ohio Regiment (two-thirds of the members concurring therein), as soon as this order shall be made public, “to be hung by the neck until he is dead.”

The proceedings in the foregoing case of William Campbell, private Company K, Second Ohio Regiment, are approved. The sentence of the court will be carried into effect between the 15th and 22d days of June instant, at such time and place as may be designated by the commanding officer at Atlanta, Ga., who is charged with the arrangements for the proper execution thereof.

By command of Maj. Gen. E. Kirby Smith:

Secretary of War, Richmond, Va.:

dear sir: Your letter of September 11, 1862, to Major Lee, provostmarshal, has been shown me by him, and, as far as I am acquainted with the matter, General Smith only sent from Knoxville instructions and orders to have 7 of them hung, which was promptly attended to by myself; the remaining 14 were reported to this office only for safekeeping, some having been tried, but not sentenced, and others not [639] tried. The only office which can properly answer your inquiry is that of Maj. Gen. E. K. Smith.

I have the honor to remain, your obedient servant,

sir: I ha re the honor to inclose the report of prisoners now confined at this post, as requested in your communication of 15th instant. I take leave respectfully to remark that when I took charge of this post I found the bridge-burners and engine-thieves confined here in the jail of the county, under a contract made by General E. K. Smith. My force being limited, I could not put a very large guard at the jail building, but immediately placed a much stronger force than had usually been stationed there; notwithstanding, they were enabled, as I have every reason to believe, from outside influences, which I was unable to counteract with the force then at [my] control, to make their escape.

I found out afterwards that the jailer, contrary to my oft-repeated orders, went, alone and unarmed, into the room in which they were confined, and being immediately overpowered, 13 of them succeeded in making their escape. Three of these were, after their escape, killed by my guard, and one or two wounded. One of them was afterwards recovered and reconfined. I immediately made arrangements to have them all removed to suitable barracks and a much superior building as regards strength, and in a more central part of the city, where I now have them all properly and strongly guarded.

There is no blame attaching to the guard. The escape was owing in part to the fact that the jailer, as 1 remarked above, went in improperly, and I think in part to the fact that they had sympathizers outside. I made long and diligent search for these prisoners, but from the unusual facilities afforded and the great number of sympathizers I was unable to recapture them all. There were no papers turned over to me by my predecessors, with the exception of the proceedings of a general court-martial which sat in Chattanooga, which papers were all forwarded to the Secretary of War by his own orders, said papers referring to those who were executed.

I am, general, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

P. S.-I will simply add that the facts above stated were duly reported through Major-General Jones to the War Department.