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إِِنٌ أن إِن ان ونى آن is used in various ways: first, as a conditional particle, (S, M, Msb, Mughnee, K,) denoting the happening of the second of two events in consequence of the happening of the first, (S, Msb, *) whether the second be immediate or deferred, and whether the condition be affirmative or negative; (Msb;) [and as such it is followed by a mejzoom aor., or by a pret. having the signification of an aor.;] as in the saying, [إِِنْ تَفْعَلٌ أفْعَلٌ If thou do such a thing, I will do it; and] إِِنْ تَأْتِنِى آتِكَ [If thou come to me, I will come to thee]; and إِِنٌ جِئْتَنِى أَكْرَمْتُكَ [If thou come to me, I will treat thee with honour]; (S;) and إِِنْ فَعَلْتَ فَعَلْتُ [If thou do, I will do] for which the tribe of Teiyi say, as IJ relates on the authority of Ktr, هِنْ فَعَلْتَ فَعَلْتُ; (M;) and إِِنْ دَخَلْت الدَّارَ أَوٌ [If thou stand, I will stand]; and إِِنْ دَخَلْتِ الدَّارَ أَوْ لَمْ تَدْخُلِى الدَّارض فَأَنْتِ طَالقٌ [If thou enter the house, or if thou enter not the house, thou shalt be divorced]; (Msb;) and [in the Kur viii. 39,] إِِنْ يَنْتَهُوا يُغْفَرٌ لَهُمْ مَا قَد سَلَفَ [If they desist, what hath already past shall be forgiven them]; and [in verse 19 of the same ch.,] وَإِِنْ تَعُودُوا نَعُدْ [But if ye return to attacking the Apostle, we will return to assisting him]. (Mughnee, K.) [On the difference between it and إِِذا, see the latter.] When either it or إِِذَا is immediately followed by a noun in the nom. case, the said noun is governed in that case by a verb necessarily suppressed, of which it is the agent; as in the saying, in the Kur [ix. 6], وَإِِنْ أَحَدٌ مِنَ ا@لْمُشْرِكِينَ ا@ستَجَارَكَ; the complete phrase being وَإِِنِ اسْتَجَارَكَ أَحَدٌ مِنَ ا@لْمُشْرِكِينَ ا@سْتَجَارَكَ [And if any one of the believers in a plurality of gods demand protection of thee, (if) he demand protection of thee]: so accord. to the generality of the grammarians. (I 'Ak p. 123.) Sometimes it is conjoined with the negative لَا, and the ignorant may imagine it to be the exceptive إِِلَّا; as in [the saying in the Kur ix. 40,] إِِلَّا تَنْصُرُوهُ فَقَد نَصَرَهُ ا@للّٰهُ [If ye will not aid him, certainly God did aid him]; and [in the next preceding verse,] إِِلَّا تَنْفِرُوا يُعَذِّبْكُمْ [If ye will not go forth to war, He will punish you]. (Mughnee, K. *) It is sometimes used to denote one's feigning himself ignorant; as when you say to one who asks, “ Is thy child in the house? ” and thou hast knowledge thereof, إِِنْ كَانَ فِى الدَّارِ أَعْلَمْتُكَ بِهِ [If he be in the house, I will inform thee thereof]. (Msb.) And to denote one's putting the knowing in the predicament of the ignorant, in order to incite to the doing or continuing an action; as when you say, إِِنٌ كُنْتَ ا@بُنِى فَأَطِعْنِى [If thou be my son, obey me]; as though you said, “ Thou knowest that thou art my son, and it is incumbent on the son to obey the father, and thou art not obedient; therefore do what thou art commanded to do. ” (Msb.) And sometimes it is divested of the conditional meaning, and becomes syn. with لَو; as in the saying, صَلِّ وَإِِنٌ عَجَزْتَ عَنِ القِيَام [Pray thou though thou be unable to stand;] i. e. pray thou whether thou be able to stand or unable to do so; and in the saying, أَكْرِمٌ زِيْدًا وَإِِنْ قَعَدَ i. e. [Treat thou Zeyd with honour] though he be sitting; or, whether he sit or not. (Msb.) [إِِمَّا as a compound of the conditional إِِنٌ and the redundant مَا, see in an art. of which اما is the heading.] ― -b2- [Secondly,] it is a negative, (S, Mughnee, K,) syn. with مَا; (S;) and is put before a nominal proposition; (Mughnee, K;) as in the saying [in the Kur lxvii. 20], إِِنِ ا@لْكَافِرُونَ إِِلَّا فِى غُرُورٍ [The unbelievers are not in aught save in a deception]; (S, Mughnee, K;) and before a verbal proposition; as in [the Kur ix. 108,] إِِنْ أَرَدْنَا إِِلَّا ا@لْحُسْنَى [We desired not, or meant not, aught save that which is best]. (Mughnee, K.) The assertion of some, that the negative إِِنٌ does not occur except where it is followed by إِِلَّا, as in the instances cited above, or by لَمَّا, with tesh-deed, which is syn. therewith, as, accord. to a reading of some of the Seven [Readers], in the saying [in the Kur lxxxvi. 4], إِِنْ كُلُّ نَفْسٍ لَمَّا عَلَيْهَا حَافِظٌ, i. e., مَا كُلُّ نَفْسٍ إِِلَّا عَلَيْهَا حَافِظٌ [There is not any soul but over it is a guardian], is refuted by the sayings in the Kur [x. 69 and lxxii. 26], إِِنْ عِندَكُمْ مِنْ سُلْطَانٍ بِهٰذَا [meaning, accord. to the Jel., Ye have no proof of this that ye say], and إِِنْ أَدْرِيأَقَرِيبٌ مَا تُوعَدُونَ [I know not whether that with which ye are threatened be nigh]. (Mughnee, K. *) The conditional and the negative both occur in the saying in the Kur [xxxv. 39], وَلَئِنْ زَالَتَا إِِنْ أَمْسَكَهُمَا مِنْ أَحَدٍ مِنْ بَعْدِهِ [And I swear that, if they should quit their place, not any one should withhold them after Him]: the former is conditional; and the latter is negative, and is [part of] the complement of the oath which is denoted by the ل prefixed to the former; the complement of the condition being necessarily suppressed. (Mughnee.) When it is put before a nominal proposition, it has no government, accord. to Sb and Fr; but Ks and Mbr allow its governing in the manner of لَيْسَ; and Sa'eed Ibn-Jubeyr reads, [in the Kur vii. 193,] إِِنِ ا@لَّذِينَ تَدْعُونَ مِنْ دُونِ ا@للّٰهِ عِبَادًا أَمْثَالَكُمٌ [Those whom ye invoke beside God, or others than God, are not men like you]: also, the people of El-'Áliyeh have been heard to say, إِِنٌ أَحَدٌ خَيْرًامِنْ أَحدٍ إِِلَّا بِالعَافِيَةِ [Any one is not better than any other one, except by means of health, or soundness]; and إِِنْ ذٰلِكَ نَافِعَكَ وَلَا ضَارَّكَ [That is not profitable to thee nor injurious to thee]: as an ex. of its occurrence without government, which is mostly the case, the saying of some, قَائمٌ ↓ إِِنَّ may be explained as originally إِِنٌ أَنَا قَائِمٌ [I am not standing]; the أ of أَنَا being elided for no reason in itself, and the ن of إِِنٌ being incorporated into the ن of أَنَا, and the ا of this latter being elided in its conjunction with the following word; but إِِنَّ قَائِمًا has also been heard. (Mughnee.) Sometimes it occurs [as a negative] in the complement of an oath: you say, وَا@للّٰهِ إِِنٌ فَعَلْتُ, meaning مَا فَعَلْتُ [By God, I did not]. (S.) ― -b3- [Thirdly,] it is a contraction of إِِنَّ, and is put before a nominal and before a verbal proposition. (Mughnee, K.) In the former case, it is made to govern and is made to have no government: (S, * K:) [i. e.] in this case, it is allowable to make it govern; contr. to the opinion of the Koofees: (Mughnee:) Lth says that he who uses the contracted form of إِِنَّ uses the nom. case with it, except that some of the people of El-Hijáz use the accus. case with it: (T:) thus it is said, accord. to one reading, [in the Kur xi. 113,] إِِنْ كُلَّا لَمَا لَيُوَفِّيَنَّهُمٌ رَبُّكَ أَعْمَالَهُمٌ [Verily all of them, thy Lord will indeed fully render them the recompense of their works]: (T, Mughnee:) Fr says, We have not heard the Arabs use the contracted form and make it to govern, unless with a pronoun, in which case the desinential syntax is not apparent; and he adds that in the instance cited above, they make كُلّا to be governed in the accus. case by ليوفّينّهم; as though the phrase were لَيُوَفِّيَنَّهُمْ كُلَّا; and that كُلُّ would be proper; for you say, إِِنْ زَيْدٌ لَقَائِمٌ [Verily Zeyd is standing]: (T:) the ex. given by Sb is, إِِنْ عَمْرًا لَمُنطَلِقٌ [Verily 'Amr is going away]. (Mughnee.) But it is [most] frequently made to have no government; as in the saying [in the Kur xliii. 34 accord. to one reading], وَإِِنْ كُلُّ ذٰلِكَ لَمَا مَتَاعُ ا@لْحَيَاةِ ا@لدُّنْيَا [And verily all that is the furniture of the present life]; and, accord. to the reading of Hafs, [and of 'Ásim and Kh, in the Kur xx. 66, respecting which see إِِنَّ,] إِِنْ هٰذَانِ لَسَاحِرَانِ [Verily these two are enchanters]; &c. (Mughnee.) When it is put before a verbal proposition, it is necessarily made to have no government: (Mughnee, K:) and in most cases the verb is a preterite and of the kind called نَاسِخ [which effects a change of the grammatical form or of the meaning in a nominal proposition before which it is placed]; as in the saying [in the Kur ii. 138], وَإِِنْ كَانَتٌ لَكَبِيرَةً [And verily it was a great matter]; and [in the Kur xvii. 75,] وَإِِنْ كَادُوا لَيَفْتِنُونَكَ [And verily they were near to seducing thee]; (Mughnee;) in which last ex. AZ says, it means لَقَدْ, i. e. without doubt; and so in the same ch. vv. 78 and 108: (T:) less frequently it is an aor. of a verb of this kind; as in the saying [in the Kur xxvi. 186], وَإِِنْ نَظُنُّكَ لَمِنَ ا@لْكَاذِبينَ [And verily we think thee to be of the number of the liars]: and both these kinds of expression may be taken as exs. to be imitated: less frequently than this it is a preterite of a verb not of the kind termed نَسخ; as in the saying [of a poet], “ شَلَّتٌ يَمِينُكَ إِِنٌ قَتَلْتَ لَمُسْلِمًا
” [May thy right arm, or hand, dry up, or become unsound! verily thou hast slain a Muslim]; but this may not be taken as an ex. to be imitated; contr. to the opinion of Akh; for he allows the phrase, إِِنْ قِامَ لَأَنَا [Verily I stood], and إِِنٌ قَعَدَ لأَنْتَ [Verily thou sattest]: and less frequently than this it is an aor. of a verb not of the kind termed ناسخ; as in the saying, إِِنْ يَزِينُكَ لَنَفْسُكَ وَإِِنٌ يَشِينُكَ لَهِيَهٌ [Verily thy soul is that which beautifies thee, and it is that which deforms thee]; and this, by common consent, may not be taken as an ex. to be imitated. (Mughnee.) Wherever you find إِِنٌ with لَ after it, decide that it is originally إِِنَّ; (Mughnee, K;) as in the exs. above: but respecting this ل there is a difference of opinion: see this letter. (Mughnee.) J says, (TA,) إِِنٌ is sometimes a contraction of إِِنَّ, and this must have ل put before its predicate, to compensate for what is elided, of the doubled letter; as in the saying in the Kur [lxxxvi. 4, accord. to him who reads لَمَا instead of لَمَّا], إِِنْ كُلُّ نَفْسٍ لَمَا عَلَيْهَا حَافِظٌ [Verily every soul hath over it a guardian]; and in the saying, إِِنٌ زَيدٌ لَأَخُوكَ [Verily Zeyd is thy brother]; in order that it may not be confounded with إِِنٌ which is syn. with the negative مَا: (S, TA:) but IB says, ل is here introduced to distinguish between negation and affirmation, and this إِِنْ has neither subject nor predicate; so J's saying that the ل is put before its predicate is without meaning: and this ل is sometimes introduced with the objective complement of a verb; as in إِِنْ ضَرَبْتُ لَزَيْدًا [Verily I struck, or beat, Zeyd]; and with the agent; as in إِِنْ قَامَ لَزَيْدٌ [Verily Zeyd stood]. (TA.) When the contracted إِِنْ governs, this ل is not necessary; so you may say, إِِنْ زَيْدًا قَائِمٌ [Verily Zeyd is standing]; because in this case it cannot be confounded with the negative; for the negative does not render the subject mansoob and the predicate marfooa: and when it does not govern, if the meaning is apparent, the ل is not needed; as in “ وَنَحْنُ أُبَاةُ الضَّيْمِ مِنْ آلِ مَالِكٍ
وَإِِنْ مَالِكٌ كَانَتْ كِرَامَ المَعَادِنِ
” [And we are persons who refuse to submit to injury, of the family of Málik: and verily the family of Málik are generous in respect of their origins]; كَانَتْ being here for لَكَانَتٌ. (I 'Ak p. 99.) ― -b4- [Fourthly,] it is redundant, (S, Mughnee, K,) occurring with مَا; as in the saying, مَا إِِنْ يَقُومُ زَيْدٌ [Zeyd does not stand]; (S;) and in the saying [of a poet], “ كَا إِِنْ أَتَيْتَ بِشْىءٍ أَنْتَ تَكْرَهُهُ
” [Thou didst not a thing which thou dislikest]. (Mughnee, K: in the CK اَتْتُ.) It is mostly thus used after the negative ما, when put before a verbal proposition; as above; or before a nominal proposition; as in the saying, “ مَنَايَانَا وَدَوْلَةُ آخَرِينَا
وَمَا إِِنْ طِبُّنَا جبُنٌ ولٰكِنٌ
” [And our habit is not cowardice; but our destinies and the good fortune of others caused our being defeated]: and in this case it prevents the government of ما, as in this verse: but in the saying, “ بَنِى غُدَانَةَ مَا إِِنْ أَنْتُمُ ذَهَبًا
وَلَا صَرِيفًا وَلٰكِنٌ أَنْتُمُ الخَزَفُ
” [Sons of Ghudáneh, ye are not indeed gold, nor silver, or pure silver, but ye are pottery], accord. to him who relates it thus, saying ذهبًا and صريفًا, in the accus. case, it is explained as a negative, corroborative of ما: (Mughnee:) and accord. to J, (TA,) the negatives مَا and إِِنٌ are sometimes thus combined for corroboration; as in the saying of the rájiz, (El-Aghlab El-'Ijlee, TA,) “ أَكْثَرَ مِنْهُ قِرَةً وَقَارَا
مَا إِِنٌ رَأَيْنَا مَلِكَّا أَغَارَا
” [We have not indeed seen a king who has made a hostile incursion possessing more numerous sheep, or goats, and camels, than he]; (S, TA;) but IB says that ان is here redundant, not a negative. (TA.) Sometimes it is redundant after the conjunct noun مَا; as in the saying, “ يُرَجِىّ المَرْإُِ مَا إِِنٌ لَا يَرَاهُ
وَتَعْرِضُ دُونَ أَدْنَاهُ الخُطُوبُ
” [Man hopes for that which he will not see; for calamities intervene as obstacles in the way to what is nearest thereof]. (Mughnee.) And after the مَا termed مَصْدَرِيَّة, (Mughnee,) [i. e.,] after the adverbial مَا [which is of the kind termed مصدريّة]; (TA;) as in the saying (of Maaloot El-Kurey'ee, cited by Sb, TA), “ وَرَجِّ الفَتَى لِلْخَيْرِ مَا إِِنْ رَأَيْتَهُ
عَلَي السِّنِّ خَيْرًا لَايَزَالُ يَزِيدُ
” [And hope thou that the youth is destined for good as long as thou hast seen him not ceasing to increase in good with age]. (Mughnee.) And after the inceptive أَلَا; as in the saying, “ أَلَا إِِنْ سَرَى لَيْلِى فبِتُّ كَئِيبَا
أُحَاذِرُ أَنْ تَنْأَى النَّوَى بِغَضُوبَا
” [Now he journeyed on, or during, that my night, and I passed the night in an evil state, broken in spirit by grief, being fearful that the distance to which he was going with Ghadoob (a woman so named) would become far]. (Mughnee.) And before the meddeh denoting disapproval: [for] Sb heard a man, on its being said to him, “ Wilt thou go forth if the desert become plentiful in herbage? ” reply, أَأَنَا إِِنِيهٌ [What, I, indeed?] disapproving that he should think otherwise than that. (Mughnee. [See also art. انى.]) ― -b5- [Fifthly,] it is syn. with قَدْ: so it is said to be in the saying [in the Kur lxxxvii. 9], إِِنْ نَفَعَتِ ا@لذِّكْرَى [Admonition hath profited], (T, Mughnee, K,) by IAar (T) and by Ktr: (Mughnee:) and Abu-l-' Abbás relates that the Arabs say, إِِنٌ نَفَعَتِ ا@لذِّكْرَى meaning قَدْقَامَ زَيْدٌ [Zeyd has stood]; and he adds, that Ks states his having heard them say so, and having thought that it expressed a condition, but that he asked them, and they answered that they meant قَدْقَامَ زَيْدٌ, and not مَا قَامَ زَيْدٌ. (T.) [So too, accord. to the K, in all the exs. cited in the next sentence as from the Mughnee; but this is evidently a mistake, occasioned by an accidental omission.] ― -b6- [Sixthly,] it is asserted also by the Koofees, that it is syn. with إِِذْ, in the following exs.: in the Kur [v. 62], وَا@تَّقُوا ا@للّٰهَ إِِنٌ كُنْتُمْ مُؤْمِنِينَ [And fear ye God, because ye are believers: and so, accord. to AZ, as is said in the T, in a similar instance in the Kur ii. 278: and in the same, iv. 62]: and [in the Kur xlviii. 27,] لَتَدْ خُلُنَّ ا@لمَسْجِدَ ا@لْحَرَامَ إِِنْ شَآءَ آمِنِينَ [Ye shall assuredly enter the sacred mosque, because God hath willed, in security]: and in like instances, when the verb therein expresses what is held sure to happen or to have happened: and in the saying, “ أَتَغْضَبُ إِِنٌ أُدْنَا قُتَيْبَةَ حُزَّتَا
جِهَارًا وَلَمْ تَغْضَبْ لِقَتْلِ ا@بْنِ حَازِمِ
” [Art thou angry because the ears of Kuteybeh have been cut, openly, or publicly, and wast not angry for the slaughter of Ibn-Házim?]: (Mughnee:) but in all these instances [it is sufficiently obvious that] ان may be otherwise explained. (Mughnee, K.) ― -b7- [Seventhly,] it is sometimes syn. with إِِذَا; as in the Kur [ix. 23], لَا تَتَّخِذُوا آبَآءَكُمْ وَإِِخْوَانَكُمْ أَوْلِيَآءَ إِِنِ ا@سْتَحَبُّوا ا@لْكُفْرَعَلَى ا@لْإِِيمَانِ [Take not ye your fathers and your brethren as friends when they love unbelief above belief]; and in the same [xxxiii. 49], وَا@مْرَأَةً مُؤْمِنَةً إِِنْ وَهَبَتْ نَفْسَهَا لِلنَّبِىّ [And a believing woman when she giveth herself to the Prophet]: so says AZ. (T.) ― -b8- [Eighthly,] it is used for إِِمَّا, (Mughnee and K, voce إِِمَّا,) distinct from إِِمَّا which is a compound of the conditional إِِنٌ and the redundant مَا. (Mughnee ibid.) [See an ex. in a verse cited voce إِِمَّا in the present work, commencing with the words سَقَتْهُ الرَّوَاعِدُ.]
An Arabic-English Lexicon. London. Williams and Norgate. 1863.
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