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شَهِيدٌ ذ is also written and pronounced شِهِيدٌ, with kesr to the ش: (K, TA:) and in like manner is every word of the measure فَعِيلٌ having a faucial letter for its, medial radical, whether an epithet, like this, or a subst., like رَغِيفٌ and بَعِيرٌ: ElHemdánee says, in the “ Iaráb el-Kur-án, ” that the people of El-Hijáz, and Benoo-Asad, say رَحِيمٌ and رَغِيفٌ and بَعِيرٌ, with fet-h to the first letter; and Keys and Rabee'ah and Temeem say رَحِيمٌ and رِغِيفٌ and بِعِيرٌ, with kesr to the first letter: Sub says, in the R, that Temeem pronounce every فَعِيل of which the medial radical letter is hemzeh or any other faucial with kesr to the first letter: and En-Nawawee states, on the authority of Lth, that some of the Arabs do the same when the medial radical letter is not a faucial; as in كبير and كريم and جليل and the like thereof. (TA.) [This last pronunciation obtains extensively in the present day: and so, in similar cases, does the intermediate pronunciation termed إِِمَالَةُ الفَتْحِ, (i. e. the pronouncing fet-h like “ e ” in the English word “ bed, ”) which may be justly regarded as the best to be followed because intermediate and because sanctioned by the usage of the classical times, except in cases that are pointed out by the grammarians as presenting obstacles to the pronunciation thus termed.] ― -b2- شَهِيدٌ is syn. with شَاهِدٌ [in several senses, as shown below]: and its pl. is شُهَدَآءُ. (S, K.) See شَاهِدٌ, in six places. ― -b3- Also Possessing much knowledge with respect to external things: خَبِيرٌ is used in the like sense with respect to internal things; and عَلِيمٌ, in the like sense absolutely. (L.) [Hence, perhaps,] وَا@دْعُوا شُهَدآءَكُمْ, in the Kur ii. 21, [as though meaning And call ye to your aid those of you who possess much knowledge: or] the meaning here is, your helpers: (Bd:) or your gods whom ye worship. (Jel.) الشَّهِيدُ as a name of God means The Faithful, or Trusty, in his testimony (Zj, L,) or in testimony: (K:) and (Zj, K) as some say, (Zj,) He from whose knowledge nothing is hidden; the Omniscient. (Zj, L, K.) ― -b4- Also, derived from الشَّهَادَةُ, or from المُشَاهَدَةُ, or from الشُّهُودُ, [all inf. ns.,] accord. to different opinions; (TA;) and of the measure فَعِيلٌ in the sense of the measure مَفْعُولٌ; (Msb, TA;) or in the sense of the measure فَاعِلٌ; (TA;) A martyr who is slain in the cause of God's religion; (S, K;) [i. e.] one who is slain by unbelievers on a field of battle; (Msb;) one who is slain fighting in the cause of God's religion: (IAth:) so called because the angels of mercy are present with him; (K;) because the angels are present at the washing of his corpse, or at the removal of his soul to Paradise: (Msb:) or because God and his angels are witnesses for him of his title to a place in Paradise: (IAmb, Mgh, * K:) or because he is one of those who shall be required to bear witness on the day of resurrection, (K, TA,) with the Prophet, (TA,) against the people of past times, (K, TA,) who charged their prophets with falsehood: (TA:) or because of his falling upon the ↓ شَاهِدَة , or ground: (K:) or because he is still living, and present with his Lord: (ISh, Mgh, K:) or because he witnesses. or beholds, God's world of spirits and his world of corporeal beings: (K, * TA:) [and several other reasons are assigned for this appellation:] the primary application is that expl. above: but it is also applied by the Prophet to one who dies of colic: one who is drowned: one who is burned to death: one who is killed by a building falling to ruin upon him: one who dies of pleurisy: (IAth, L:) one who dies of plague, or pestilence: a woman who dies in a state of pregnancy: (L:) and to some others: (IAth:) the pl. is شُهَدَآءُ. (A, Msb, K, &c.)
An Arabic-English Lexicon. London. Williams and Norgate. 1863.
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