ATHENS
Attica, Greece.
The city lies approximately in the middle of the largest plain of the
region, at a distance of 6-7 km from the shore of the
Saronic gulf. Except for the S edge, which is open to
the sea, the plain is enclosed on all sides by a wall of
mountains, Hymettos, Pentele, Parnes, and Aigaleos.
At first the city was established on the rock of the
Acropolis, but in time it spread out all around to a distance of not greater than 1 km, over terrain that was
level except for the SW quarter, which was hilly and
included the hills of the Muses, of the Pnyx, of the
Nymphs, and of the Areopagus. The Eridanos River cut
through the city at the N, the Ilissos at the E, and to
the W at a distance of 3 km flowed the Kephisos.
The earliest inhabitants settled on the Acropolis and
in the surrounding area in Neolithic times. From then
on and up to the time of Theseus the most ancient city
included, besides the Acropolis, a large area to the S
of it. In that first period the city seems to have had no
particular distinction, but to have developed equally
with the other kingdoms of Attica. The great expansion
of Athens is due to Theseus, who brought about the
unification of all the small kingdoms and founded the
city state of Athens. In memory of this unification, called
the Synoecism, a special festival, the Synoikia, was
inaugurated and at the same time, the Panathenaia, in
honor of the patron of the city, the goddess Athena.
Tradition has it that during the Dorian invasion the
city was saved by the self-sacrifice of King Kodros, who
brought about his own death at the hands of the enemy
so as to carry out an oracle according to which the city
would be saved by the death of the king. The Athenians, in honor of his great sacrifice, ended the custom
of kingship since they believed there could be no worthy
successor to Kodros. During all the long Geometric
period (1050-700 B.C.) the city of Athens continued to
increase, new settlements were founded, and the city
kept growing towards its peak and highest prosperity.
In Athens as in other cities of Greece, aristocratic government succeeded to monarchy. At first the principal
magistrate (archon) kept control for a period of ten
years. Even after the archonship was made a yearly
office, beginning in 683-682 B.C., the aristocracy continued to have great strength since it owned the greater
part of the land and held all political power in its hands.
The eupatrid, Kylon, exploiting the dissatisfaction of the
farmers and other citizens, attempted a revolution in
636 or 632 with the aim of becoming tyrant, but the
attempt failed.
The Athenians continued their struggles, demanding
basically the franchise and the recording of the laws.
In 624 B.C. Draco drew up a new system of law and
codified the ancient, predominantly criminal, body of
laws. But the citizens were still not content and unrest
continued until the beginning of the 6th c. B.C. In 594
B.C. the warring parties agreed on the choice of Solon, a
man trusted by all, to reform the state and the laws. The
emergence of Solon ended a stage in the history of
Athens. He was particularly honored by the Athenians
for his advice concerning the acquisition of Salamis, and
the consequent reduction of the power of Megara. Another success of his was the final union of Eleusis with
Athens, and the astonishing increase in the might and
authority and influence of Athens. After his election
as archon in 594-593 B.C. Solon established a new body
of law with radical changes. He brought about the abolition of agrarian debts, the liberation of those enslaved
because of debt, and the foundation of the Heliaia and
other popular courts. At the same time he established
a new council of 400, the boule, composed of 100 members from each of Athens' four tribes, and achieved the
inclusion of the Thetes, the lowest, neglected rank of
citizens, into the ekklesia of the people.
In spite of all this development of the state, inner
peace was not secured, and in 561 B.C. Peisistratos set
up a tyranny. Although he retained the basic elements
of Solon's law code he instituted his own ideas as well.
The tyranny of Peisistratos and his successors lasted
until 510 B.C. Through the whole period, in spite of the
Athenians' dissatisfaction, a series of measures improved the city's progress through notable advances in
spiritual, artistic, architectural, and commercial matters.
In 508 B.C., Kleisthenes made a series of radical changes
which resulted in the establishment of the Athenian
democracy. The most important of these was the division of the population into 10 tribes. With the new
division, the membership of the boule was increased to
500, 50 from each tribe. The boule prepared drafts of
the laws which were debated and ratified by the ekklesia, which had become the sovereign body. With all
these innovations the Athenians reached such a peak of
spirit and idealism that their few repulsed the great
Persian assault, and so brought about the victories of
Marathon (490 B.C.) and later of Salamis (480 B.C.).
Immediately after the victory the provident Themistokles
had a new wall built around the ruined city, and he
completed the fortification of the Peiraeus which he had
chiefly been responsible for initiating when he was
archon in 493-492 B.C. because he understood its particular importance for the development of Athenian
naval power. The completion of his plan was brought
about shortly afterwards with the building of the Long
Walls.
Fortification was not the only concern of the Athenians. In 478 B.C. Kimon instituted the first Athenian
Confederacy and the Athenian state was revealed as a
great power. At the same time, about mid 5th c. B.C.,
under Perikles and a staff of inspired artists, the masterworks of the classical age were created on the Acropolis, in the lower city, and in the principal demes of Attica. These, along with philosophy, letters, and other
kinds of intellectual manifestations, created the Golden
Age. The catastrophic disasters of the Peloponnesian
War and the cruelties exhibited during both phases of
it, exhausted the city and its people.
The appearance of the Macedonians and the defeat
of the Athenians in the battle of Chaironeia in 338 B.C.
brought about a great reaction in the Athenians, since
they realized they had lost the leadership of the Greek
world. Athens experienced a temporary revival of influence during the administration of the orator Lykourgos
(338-326 B.C.). The Lamian War in 322 B.C. brought
new disaster to Athens since its unexpected result was
a change of regime, installation of a Macedonian garrison, and the destruction of the commercial fleet. The
appearance of Roman conquerors also brought disastrous
consequences to Athens. In 86 B.C. the Athenians revolted to obtain their freedom, but the conquest of the
city by Sulla was the result. The walls of the city and
of Peiraeus were demolished by the victorious Roman
general who sought in this way the diminution of
Athens' power.
In the Imperial period the city enjoyed a certain
amount of freedom and was enriched with grandiose
new buildings and temples. But in A.D. 267, in spite of
Valerian's fortification of the city, Athens suffered a
fearful devastation by the Herulians. In the 5th c. A.D.
much energy was put into the reconstruction of the city,
which for all its vicissitudes remained an important intellectual center. The philosophical schools, which were
known throughout the Greek world, practiced until
A.D. 529 when a strict order issued by Justinian closed
their doors. The closing of the schools put an end to
the city's community spirit and to its ancient glory, but
it continued as the capital of an eparchy in the great
Byzantine Empire until 1204. There followed the occupation of the city by the Franks until 1456 and then
the Turkish occupation until 1821, when, after a harsh
struggle, the Greeks gained their freedom. The city of
Athens in 1833 was proclaimed capital of the new
Greek state.
Excavations
The work of uncovering the monuments
of the ancient city began in 1834 with the dismantling
of all their mediaeval additions. At the same time excavations began, which in 1860 took on a systematic
character. The excavations, together with the preserved
literary evidence, particularly the description of the
city's monuments by Pausanias in the 2d c. A.D., allow identification of the monuments and a virtually
complete description of Athenian topography.
The Fortifications
In the second half of the 13th c.
B.C. the so-called Pelargikon, or Pelasgian wall, was
erected on the peak of the Acropolis hill. The city
seems not to have been surrounded by a wall until
the beginning of the 6th c. B.C. The first circuit wall,
which is mentioned by Thucydides (
1.89.3) must have
been built by Solon, or more probably by Peisistratos.
Unfortunately, no traces of this wall have yet been discovered.
After the destruction of the city by the Persians in
480-479 B.C., the so-called Themistoklean wall was built,
which enclosed an area said to be much greater than
that contained by the older wall. Within this new wall
were included the Eridanos and the Olympieion, as well
as the whole extent of the Pnyx, from the Hill of the
Muses to that of the Nymphs. The gates, in order from
the W side of the wall were: the Demian (“executioner's”) Gate; the Peiraeus Gate; the Sacred Gate;
the Thriasian Gate (Dipylon); the Eria (“funeral”）
Gate; the Acharnian Gate; the North Gate; the Gate
of Diochares; the Hippades (“cavalry”) Gate; the Diomeian Gate; the Itonian Gate; the Halade (“seaward”）
Gate; the South Gate. The Themistoklean wall was
destroyed by the Lakedaimonians in 404 B.C. and was rebuilt by Konon in 394 B.C. In about mid 4th c. B.C.,
around the whole lower section of the city, from the base
of the Hill of the Nymphs to that of the Hill of the
Muses, a second wall, the proteichisma, was built outside
the main one, and a deep ditch dug in front of that.
At the same time a cross wall was built along the spine
of the Pnyx hill, between the two peaks, by which the
city was diminished in size.
After Sulla broke down the wall in 86 B.C. the city
remained unwalled until the time of Valerian (A.D. 253-260). He rebuilt the wall and included in it as well the
new city which had been built by Hadrian. For greater
security he changed the Acropolis into a fort, as it had
been before. After the great Herulian destruction of
A.D. 267 a small circuit was built to the N of the Acropolis, known as the Late Roman wall. The outer ancient
circuit, which appears to have been preserved and which
was repaired in Justinian's time, was in use through the
whole Byzantine period until A.D. 1204.
The Acropolis
A few remains of the Mycenaean period and considerable remnants of the Pelargikon remain on the top of the hill from prehistoric times. No
remains of the Geometric period have been discovered.
The first shrines must be dated at the earliest to the 8th
c. B.C. In 566 B.C., the year when Peisistratos instituted
the festival and games of the Great Panathenaia, the
highest section of the Mycenaean tower in front of the
entrance to the Acropolis was taken down and the first
altar was consecrated there to Athena Nike. At the same
time a straight ramp was built up the hill to help the procession in its ascent and the first temples were built
inside the Acropolis: the Hekatompedon in 570-566 on
the site where the Parthenon was later erected, the
Old Temple of Athena in 529-520 whose foundations
have been preserved, and a number of smaller buildings.
In the period from 490 to 480 B.C. the Acropolis was
still surrounded by the Pelargikon wall, but this had
lost its defensive role. In 485 B.C. a new propylon had
replaced the old entrance, and near the Altar of Athena
Nike a small poros temple was built. The Hekatompedon was torn down and in its place the first marble
Parthenon was begun. This was in a half-finished state
when the Acropolis was razed by the Persians in 480
B.C. A new program for rebuilding the temples and
other buildings which had been destroyed was started
in 448 B.C. after the signing of Kallias' Peace Treaty
with the Persians at Susa. Among the first works on
the Acropolis was the construction of strong retaining
walls, partly to level the area, but chiefly to enlarge the
area of the Acropolis. Then followed monuments which
still remain today in a remarkable state of preservation:
the Parthenon in 447-438 B.C., the Propylaia in 437-432,
the Erechtheion in 421-406, the Temple of Brauronian
Artemis, the Chalkotheke, and other small temples and
altars.
In Hellenistic and Roman times only minor buildings
were constructed on the Acropolis. Immediately after 27
B.C. the Erechtheion was repaired and a circular temple
of Rome and Augustus was built to the E of the Parthenon. The temples of the Acropolis remained virtually
untouched through the whole mediaeval period, save for
their conversion to Christian churches. Their destruction
and demolition began in the middle of the 17th c. A.D.
and continued until the Greek War of Independence.
Around the Acropolis
In the whole area around the
Acropolis remains and sherds from the Neolithic through
the Late Geometric periods are found. From the 7th,
but chiefly from the 6th c. B.C. through the Roman
period, all along the Peripatos road which surrounds
the Acropolis numerous shrines and other buildings
were constructed. In 465 B.C. the Klepsydra fountain was
built and at some time after the Persian wars the cult
of Pan was instituted in a small cave above it, next door
to a cave in which Apollo Hypoakraios had been worshiped since an early period. East of it, in the cave of
Aglauros, a fountain had been built in Mycenaean
times, which communicated directly to the Acropolis
by means of a stair. Even after the destruction of the
fountain, the stair was still used by the Arrephoroi to
get down to the neighboring Shrine of Aphrodite and
Eros. On the S slope of the Acropolis were the Odeion
of Perikles and W of it on the ruins of the old Theater
of Dionysos Eleuthereus, the new theater, which was
finally completed under Lykourgos (338-326 B.C.). At the
highest point behind the theater the monument of Thrasyllos was built in 321-320 B.C., while to the S of the
scene building was the Sanctuary of Dionysos Eleutheros, including a stoa and two temples. The cult of
Asklepios was founded in 419-418 B.C. to the W of the
theater, with a sanctuary incorporating numerous buildings. Later a stoa was built in front of it by Eumenes II
(197-159 B.C.). Above the E end of this was the monument of Nikias (320-319) and at the other end, the
Odeion of Herodes Atticus which was built soon after
A.D. 160. The Shrine of the Nymphs was uncovered in
front of the odeion. Sherds found in it dated from
about the middle of the 7th c. B.C.
Besides the Peripatos, the street of the Tripods surrounded the Acropolis. This started at the Prytaneion
and ended in front of the propylon of the Shrine of
Dionysos Eleuthereus. Along this were numerous choregic
monuments, of which many bases have been found, and
one of which, the monument of Lysikrates (335-334
B.C.), is nearly intact. The Prytaneion was in the Agora
of Theseus, where the street of the Tripods branches
off from the Panathenaic Way. Near this spot the Eleusinion was built around the middle of the 6th c. B.C.
Areopagus
The open-air jury court of the same name
was probably held on the top of the rocky Areopagus
Hill. Around the hill were found many Mycenaean and
Geometric graves, and the remains of buildings dating
from the Classical to the Late Roman period. Near the
SW corner of the Agora an “Oval House” of the 8th
c. B.C. and the Triangular Shrine of the Classical period
were excavated. To the W of the Areopagus Hill at a
distance of 300 m was found the Temple of Artemis
Aristoboule, and among the houses on the S slope of
the hill the Amyneion was uncovered as well as the
Shrine probably of Herakles Alexikakos, over which the
Baccheion was built in Roman times. There are also
the remains of a fountain and another small temple.
Agora
The first Agora of the city, known as the Ancient Agora, was founded by Theseus, and is located
on the NW slope of the Acropolis. The Agora of Solon,
which was known from the outset simply as the Agora
or Kerameikos was placed to the N of the Areopagus
in an open, level spot where the prehistoric and Geometric cemetery of the city had been. The new Agora
consisted of a large rectangular area, 200 x 250 m,
whose four sides were bordered by buildings. The chief
buildings, from the mid 6th c. B.C. to approximately 480
B.C. were as follows: on the W side, in order, the Royal
Stoa, the Sanctuary of Zeus Eleutherios, the Temple
of Apollo Patroos, the Temple of the Mother of the
Gods, the Old Bouleuterion, and the Prytaneion. On the
S side were the Court of the Heliaia and the Southeast
Fountain-house. Another very ancient sanctuary was
the Leokorion at the NW corner of the Agora and the
Altar of the Twelve Gods (521-520 B.C.) which was
used as the starting point for milestones. Inside the
Agora square a section of the Panathenaic Way was
used, from 566 B.C. on, as a race track, called the
Dromos, for the gymnastic and horse racing contests,
while the area called the orchestra in the middle of the
square was for the musical and dramatic contests of the
Panathenaic festival.
From the destruction of the city in 480-479 B.C. by
the Persians to the end of the 4th c. B.C., the old buildings were repaired and new ones built as well. On the
W side were built the Stoa of Zeus Eleutherios in 430
B.C., the Temple of Zeus Phratrios and Athena Phratria,
a new Temple of Apollo Patroos, the new Bouleuterion
around the end of the 5th c., the Tholos in 465 B.C. and
the Strategeion. Around the middle of the 4th c. B.C.
the monument to the Eponymous Heroes was built, and
on top of the Agora hill (Kolonos Agoraios) the Temple
of Hephaistos (449-444 B.C.) which has remained virtually intact until now. On the S side of the Agora ca.
the end of the 5th c. B.C. the Southwest Fountain-house,
the South Stoa I, and the mint (Argyrokopeion) were
built. On the E side was the square peristyle, built over
the ruins of a law court in the beginning of the 4th c.
B.C. Finally, on the N side were a number of buildings of
the 5th c. whose purpose is unknown, and in the unexcavated section of this side must be the Stoa of the
Herms and the Stoa Poikile. In Hellenistic times a large
building of unknown purpose was built on the Agora
hill, to the N of the Temple of Hephaistos. North of this,
at the base of the hill was a Temple of Aphrodite
Ourania and from 177-176 B.C. the Altar of Aphrodite
Ourania, the Demos, and the Graces.
Around the middle of the 2d c. B.C. considerable
changes were made in the Agora square, which now
took on a regular form on account of the building of
large stoas and other buildings around it. On the W side
the Metroon was built on the site of the old Bouleuterion,
on the S side the South Stoa II; the whole of the E
side was taken up by the Stoa of Attalos (159-138 B.C.)
which was rebuilt in 1956. In front and in the middle
of this was the monument of the donor and in front of
that the bema (speaker's platform) of the Agora. In the
square, the so-called Middle Stoa, which divided the
Agora in two sections, was built parallel to the South
Stoa II, 32 m away. In a few years the S section 50
formed was bounded at the E by the E building.
In Roman times the Agora was enriched with new
buildings and monuments. To the N of the Middle Stoa
the Odeion of Agrippa was built around 15 B.C., while
in the other section of the square several temples were
built from parts of older Attic temples that had been
destroyed by Sulla in 86 B.C. Thus, the Temple of Ares
which had been built in the deme of Acharne in 440-436 B.C. was dismantled and moved to the NW corner
of the Agora in 12 B.C. and there re-erected. Other temples were built with the architectural members of the
Temple of Demeter from Thorikos and of the Temple
of Athena from Sounion. Later on, around A.D. 100, the
Library of Pantainos was built to the S of the Stoa of
Attalos and around the middle of the 2d c. A.D., the
NE Stoa. A colossal Nymphaion took the place of the
mint building, and in Hadrian's period a large basilica
was built next to the Stoa of Attalos in the N side of
the Agora, with a circular fountain in front of it.
Besides the Agora area where the political and religious life of the city went on, there was also a large
stretch of public land to the E of the Stoa of Attalos
where there were markets and public buildings such as
the Andronikos of Kyrrhos (Tower of the Winds) from
the middle of the 1st c. B.C., the so-called Agoranomeion,
the Roman Agora (29-9 B.C.), the library of Hadrian
and the common Shrine of All the Gods which was
also built in the time of Hadrian. Somewhere in this
vicinity, to the E of the Roman Agora, must be the
Diogeneion and the Gymnasium of Ptolemy. According
to the literary evidence the Theseion ought to be
close by, probably just S of the Roman Agora, in a
place corresponding to the very center of the city.
Almost all of the Agora buildings were destroyed in
A.D. 267 by the Herulians. In A.D. 400 the Gymnasium
of the Giants and other smaller buildings filled the Agora
Square.
The Pnyx
The densest district of the city was the
Koile quarter on the heights of the Pnyx hill. On the N
slope of the hill was the first theater-shaped area, built
around the end of the 6th c. B.C. for the meetings of the
popular assembly. The second phase of the Pnyx is dated
to 404-403 B.C. and the third to 330-326 B.C. To this
last period belongs the great square above the Bema
of the Pnyx, which was bounded to the S by two large
stoas. The Heliotropion of the astronomer Meton (433-432 B.C.) is believed to have been situated in the center
of this square, and next to the Bema the Shrine of Zeus
Hypsistos and the Altar of Zeus Agoraios which was
moved to the Agora in the time of Augustus. After the
building of the Diateichisma the Koile quarter was deserted and the whole area was used as a cemetery
throughout Hellenistic and Roman times. In A.D. 114-16
a funerary monument to C. Julius Antiochus Philopappos
was built by the Athenians on the top of the Hill of the
Muses.
The Ilissos District
To the S of the Acropolis, in the
area between the Hill of the Muses and the Ilissos river,
numerous prehistoric remains have been found. These
finds confirm not only the location, but also the extent
of the most ancient city, just as Thucydides (
2.15.3-6）
delineated it, on the S side of the Acropolis. It is precisely in this area that the very ancient shrines are to
be found: the Olympieion, the Pythion, and the Shrine
of Dionysos in the Marshes, along with the Kallirrhoe
spring and the Enneakrounos fountain.
According to Pausanias (
1.18.8) the first temple to
Olympian Zeus was erected by Deukalion. Over this
Peisistratos the Younger laid the foundations of a large
poros Doric temple but never finished it. This temple
was to have had not only the same dimensions but also
the same general appearance as the Hellenistic-Roman
temple. In 174 B.C. Antiochos Epiphanes started the
construction of a marble Corinthian temple which was
finished in A.D. 131-132 under Hadrian. At the same
time a great peribolos wall was built around the temple
and in its NW corner is still preserved the gate in honor
of Hadrian which set the boundary between the old
city and the new one founded by Hadrian.
Within the Themistoklean wall and to the S of the
Olympieion the following buildings have been discovered:
the poros Temple of Apollo Delphinios (450 B.C.)
which, according to tradition, was built on the site of a
very ancient temple, the court of the Delphinion which
is dated to 500 B.C., the Temple of Kronos and Rhea
from the period of the Antonines, and the Panhellenion
(A.D. 131/2). Next to the wall of the city, but outside
it, should be the site of the Pythion, according to a
number of relevant inscriptions which have been discovered. A small stoa SW of the Olympieion dating to
the mid 6th c. B.C. must be identified as the court of the
Palladion. To the S of it the discovery of an ancient
boundary stone in situ confirms the site of the Shrine
of Kodros, Neleus, and Basile, and associated with this
and in front of it (according to the inscription
IG I
2
94), the Sanctuary of Dionysos in the Marshes.
On the other bank of the Ilissos, near the Church of
St. Photini, is the site of Kynosarges, where the ruins
of the Gymnasium, built in A.D. 134 by Hadrian, were
found. The little mid 5th c. B.C. Ionic temple of the
Ilissos now vanished should be attributed to Artemis
Agrotera, and the ruins which have been discovered
next to the Ilisos, to the Metroon in the Fields. Somewhat to the N, in the hollow between the hills by the
Ilissos river, the first stadium was built by Lykourgos. On
the same site Herodes Atticus built the new Stadium in
A.D. 143-44. This was restored in 1896 for the holding
of the first Olympic Games. North of this was the site
of the Shrine of Herakles Pankrates, and between the
Ilissos and the E side of the city was the Gymnasium
of the Lykeion and the Gardens of Theophrastos.
The Kerameikos
In the area of the Kerameikos a
part of the Themistoklean wall has been uncovered, and
two gates, the Dipylon and the Sacred Gates. Within
the wall was the Inner Kerameikos. From the Dipylon
Gate the Panathenaic Way began, which then cut through
the Agora and ended at the Propylaia of the Acropolis.
Along this road on both sides were stoas and numerous
monuments which are mentioned by Pausanias (
1.2.4-5). Parts of the stoas near the Agora have been found,
and about at the middle of the road the site of the
Monument of Euboulides was discovered. The ruins of
three successive buildings uncovered between the Sacred
Gate and the Dipylon are the remains of the Pompeion.
The oldest dates to about 400 B.C., the second to mid
2d c. A.D., and the third to the 4th c. A.D.
Outside the walls, in the Outer Kerameikos was the
main city cemetery. The earliest graves dated to the
Submycenaean and Protogeometric periods, but burials
in this area, which lies along the banks of the Eridanos
River, continued until Late Roman Imperial times. Besides the graves of private persons, this cemetery also held
public graves in the so-called state burial ground, where
notable Athenians and those killed in war were buried.
The private graves were ranged along the Sacred Way,
which started at the Sacred Gate and went to Eleusis.
They also lined the road to Peiraeus. The peribolos of
the Temple of Tritopatres was located at the junction of these roads. The public graves were on both sides
of the 39 m wide road that led from the Dipylon Gate
to the Academy of Plato. On the left side of the road,
at a distance of 250 m from the Dipylon was the site
of the Temple of Artemis Ariste and Kalliste. Pausanias (
1.29.4) lists the graves of notable men and men
fallen in war from this point to the entrance of the
Academy.
The entrance to the Academy was about 1500 m from
the Dipylon Gate, and had various shrines and altars
around it, but none of their sites has been determined.
The Gymnasium of the Academy was founded by Peisistratos and was surrounded by a wall under Hipparchos.
A large gymnasium dating to the end of the Hellenistic
period and a square peristyle of the 4th c. B.C. have
been uncovered in the Academy grounds.
Archaeological Areas and Museums
The larger section of the ancient city with private dwellings lies under the modern city of Athens, but most of the monuments which have been preserved or uncovered through
excavation are set aside as Archaeological Zones. These
are: the Acropolis and the area around it, the Areopagus, the Pnyx, the Agora, the Library of Hadrian, the
Roman Agora, the Kerameikos, the Academy, and the
area of the Olympieion. Finds from the excavations are
kept mainly in the National Archaeological Museum,
but there are three other local museums: on the Acropolis, in the Agora, and in the Kerameikos. To these must
be added two storehouses where chance finds from the
whole city are stored temporarily, and the Byzantine
Museum where all the finds from the mediaeval city are
collected.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
C. Wachsmuth,
Die Stadt Athen im
Alterthum,I-II (1874-90); J. E. Harrison & M. de G.
Verrall,
Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Athens
(1890); E. Curtius,
Die Stadtgeschichte von Athen (1891);
J. G. Frazer,
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J. TRAVLOS
