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CONCORD OF SUBJECT AND PREDICATE

949. A finite verb agrees with its subject in number and person.

Thus, ““τοῦτο τὸ ψήφισμα ἐγένετοthis bill was passedL. 13.56, ““ δέδοικ᾽ ἐγὼ μὴ πάθηθ᾽ ὑ_μεῖςwhich I fear lest you may sufferD. 9.65, ἢν δ᾽ ἀποψηφίσωνται οἱ ἄλλοι, ἄπιμεν ἅπαντες τοὔμπαλιν but if the rest vote against (following), we shall all return back again X. A. 1.4.15, ““τὼ ξένω τώδε φίλω ἐστὸν ἐμώthese two strangers are friends of mineP. G. 487a.

a. The verbal predicate, when a copulative verb (917), may be attracted to the number of a predicate noun, which often stands between subject and verb: ““τὸ χωρίον τοῦτο, ὅπερ πρότερον Ἐννέα ὁδοὶ ἐκαλοῦντοthis place which was formerly called Nine WaysT. 4.102, ““ἅπα_ν τὸ μέσον τῶν τειχῶν ἦσαν στάδιοι τρεῖςthe entire space between the walls was three stadesX. A. 1.4.4. So with the participles of such copulative verbs: τὴν ἡδονὴν διώκετε ὡς ἀγαθὸν ὄν (for οὖσαν) you chase after pleasure as if it were a good P. Pr. 354c.


WITH ONE SUBJECT


Subject in the Singular, Verb in the Plural

950. With singular collective substantives (996) denoting persons and with like words implying a plural, the verb may stand in the plural.

Thus, ““τὸ στρατόπεδον ἐν αἰτίᾳ ἔχοντες τὸν Ἆγιν ἀνεχώρουνthe army returned holding Agis at faultT. 5.60, ““τοιαῦτα ἀκούσα_σα πόλις Ἀ_γησίλα_ον εἵλοντο βασιλέα_the city, after hearing such arguments, chose Agesilaus kingX. H. 3.3.4. So with βουλή senate, μέρος part, πλῆθος multitude, δῆμος people, ὄχλος throng.

951. So with ἕκαστος: τῶν ἑαυτοῦ ἕκαστος καὶ παίδων καὶ χρημάτων ἄρχουσι every man is master of his own children and property X. R. L. 6.1.

952. If ἕκαστος, ἑκάτερος, ἄλλος are added in apposition to a plural subject, the verb generally remains plural: ““ἐγώ τε καὶ σὺ μακρὸν λόγον ἑκάτερος ἀπετείναμενboth you and I have carried on a long controversyP. Pr. 361a. If the verb follows the apposition, it may be singular: οὗτοι μὲν ἄλλος ἄλλα λέγει these say, some one thing, some another X. A. 2.1.15. Cp. 982.

953. A subject in the singular, followed by a clause containing the preposition μετά with, rarely takes a plural verb: ““Ἀλκιβιάδης μετὰ Μαντιθέου ἵππων εὐπορήσαντες ἀπέδρα_σανAlcibiades and Mantitheus escaped because they were well provided with horsesX. H. 1.1.10.


Subject in the Dual, Verb in the Plural

954. The first person dual agrees in form with the first person plural (462).

955. A dual subject may take a plural verb: ““Ξενοφῶντι προσέτρεχον δύο νεα_νίσκωtwo youths ran up to XenophonX. A. 4.3.10. In the orators the dual verb is almost always used.

956. The dual and plural verb may alternate: αἵρεσιν εἱλέτην τε καὶ διεπρά_ξαντο the two souls have made their choice and put it into effect P. Phae. 256c.

957. The neuter dual may be followed by the dual, the plural, or the singular verb (A 104, 200, M 466).


Subject in the Plural, Verb in the Singular

958. A neuter plural subject is regarded as a collective (996), and has its verb in the singular: ““καλὰ ἦν τὰ σφάγιαthe sacrifices were propitiousX. A. 4.3.19.

N.—The neuter plural seems to have been originally in part identical in form with the feminine singular in α_, and to have had a collective meaning.

959. A plural verb may be used when stress is laid on the fact that the neuter plural subject is composed of persons or of several parts: ““τὰ τέλη τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων αὐτὸν ἐξέπεμψανthe Lacedaemonian magistrates despatched himT. 4.88, ““φανερὰ ἦσαν καὶ ἵππων καὶ ἀνθρώπων ἴχνη πολλάmany traces both of horses and of men were plainX. A. 1.7.17.

a. With the above exception Attic regularly uses the singular verb. Homer uses the singular three times as often as the plural, and the plural less frequently with neuter adjectives and pronouns than with substantives. In some cases (B 135) the metre decides the choice.

960. Following the construction of δοκεῖ ταῦτα, we find ““δόξαν ταῦταwhen it had been thus decidedX. A. 4.1.13, and also δόξαντα ταῦτα X. H. 3.2.19. See 2078 a.

961. Pindaric Construction. A masculine or feminine plural subject occasionally is used with ἔστι, ἦν, γίγνεται, as: ““ἔστι καὶ ἐν ταῖς ἄλλαις πόλεσιν ἄρχοντές τε καὶ δῆμοςthere are in the other cities too rulers and populaceP. R. 462e. The verb usually precedes, and the subject is still undetermined; hence the plural is added as an afterthought. (Cp. Shakesp. “far behind his worth | Comes all the praises.”) In Greek poetry this construction is rarely used with other verbs. On ἔστιν οἵ, see 2513.

a. ἦν was originally plural (464 e. D), and seems to survive in that use.


Subject in the Plural, Verb in the Dual

962. A plural subject may take a dual verb when the subject is a pair or two pairs: αἱ ἵπποι δραμέτην the span of mares ran Ψ 392.

a. This is common when δύο, ἄμφω, ἀμφότεροι are used with a plural subject: ““δύο ἄνδρες προσελθόντε Ἄ_γιδι διελεγέσθην μὴ ποιεῖν μάχηνtwo men coming to Agis urged him not to fightT. 5.59. But even with these words the plural is preferred. The neuter plural with δύο rarely takes the dual verb (P. Tim. 56e).


WITH TWO OR MORE SUBJECTS

963. (I) When the subjects are different individuals or things and stand in the third person

964. With two subjects in the singular, the verb may be dual or plural: Κριτία_ς καὶ Ἀλκιβιάδης ἐδυνάσθην ἐκείνῳ χρωμένω συμμάχῳ τῶν ἐπιθυ_μιῶν κρατεῖν Critias and Alcibiades were able to keep control of their appetites by the help of his example X. M. 1.2.24, ““Εὐρυμέδων καὶ Σοφοκλῆς ἀφικόμενοι ἐς Κέρκυ_ραν ἐστράτευσανon their arrival in Corcyra Eurymedon and Sophocles proceeded to make an attackT. 4.46.

965. In Homer the verb may intervene between the subjects (Alcmanic Construction): ““εἰς Ἀχέροντα Πυριφλεγέθων τε ῥέουσιν Κώκυ_τός τεPyriphlegethon and Cocytus flow into Acheronκ 513.

966. The verb may agree with the nearest or most important of two or more subjects. The verb may be placed

a. Before both subjects: ““ἧκε μὲν Θερσαγόρα_ς καὶ Ἐξήκεστος εἰς Λέσβον καὶ ᾤκουν ἐκεῖThersagoras and Execestus came to Lesbos and settled thereD. 23.143.

b. After the first subject: ““ τε Πολέμαρχος ἧκε καὶ Ἀδείμαντος καὶ Νικήρατος καὶ ἄλλοι τινέςPolemarchus came and Adimantus and Niceratus and certain othersP. R. 327b, ““Φαλῖνος ᾤχετο καὶ οἱ σὺν αὐτῷPhalinus and his companions departedX. A. 2.2.1.

c. After both subjects: ““τὸ βουλευτήριον καὶ δῆμος παρορᾶταιthe senate and the people are disregardedAes. 3.250. (Cp. Shakesp. “my mistress and her sister stays.”)

967. (II) With several subjects referring to different persons the verb is in the plural; in the first person, if one of the subjects is first person; in the second person, if the subjects are second and third person: ““ὑ_μεῖς δὲ καὶ ἐγὼ τάδε λέγομενbut you and I say thisP. L. 661b, ἡμεῖς καὶ οἵδε οὐκ ἄλλην ἄν τινα δυναίμεθα ᾠδὴν ᾁδειν we and these men could not sing any other song 666 d, οὐ σὺ μόνος οὐδὲ οἱ σοὶ φίλοι πρῶτοι ταύτην δόξαν ἔσχετε not you alone nor your friends are the first who have held this opinion 888 b.

968. But the verb may be singular if it refers to the nearer or more important or more emphatic subject: πάρειμι καὶ ἐγὼ καὶ οὗτος Φρυ_νίσκος καὶ Πολυκράτης. I am present and so are Phryniscus here and Polycrates X. A. 7.2.29.

969. The verb may agree in person with the nearer or more important subject: ““σύ τε γὰρ Ἕλλην εἶ καὶ ἡμεῖςfor you are a Greek and so are weX. A. 2.1.16.

970. With subjects connected by the disjunctives or, either—or, οὔτεοὔτε neither—nor, the verb agrees in number with the nearer subject when each subject is taken by itself: ““οἴτε σὺ οὔτ᾽ ἂν ἄλλος οὐδεὶς δύναιτ᾽ ἀντειπεῖνneither you nor anybody else could replyX. M. 4.4.7.

971. When the subjects are taken together, the plural occurs: ““ Δημοφῶν Θηριππίδης ἔχουσι τῶν ἐμῶνwhat Demophon or Therippides have of my propertyD. 27.12. This is unusual.

972. When than unites two subjects, if the verb follows , it agrees with the second subject: ““τύχη ἀεὶ βέλτι_ον ἡμεῖς ἡμῶν αὐτῶν ἐπιμελούμεθαfortune always takes better care of us than we do of ourselvesD. 4.12.


CONCORD OF PREDICATE SUBSTANTIVES

973. A predicate substantive agrees with its subject in case: Μιλτιάδης ἦν στρατηγός Miltiades was a general.

974. A predicate substantive may agree in gender and number with its subject; but this is often impossible: τύχη τὰ θνητῶν πρά_γματα the affairs of mortals are chance Trag. frag. p. 782, ““πάντ᾽ ἦν ἈλέξανδροςAlexander was everythingD. 23.120.

975. A predicate substantive or adjective agrees with the subject of the governing verb when the subject of the infinitive is omitted because it is the same as that of the governing verb (937): ““οὐχ ὁμολογήσω ἄκλητος ἥκεινI shall not admit that I have come uninvitedP. S. 174d, ““εἴπερ ἀξιοῦμεν ἐλεύθεροι εἶναιif indeed we claim to be freeX. C. 8.1.4.

On the agreement of demonstrative and relative pronouns with a predicate substantive, see 1239, 2502 e.


APPOSITION

976. Concord.—An appositive (916) agrees in case with the word it describes: ““κόλακι, δεινῷ θηρίῳ καὶ μεγίστῃ βλάβῃto a flatterer, a terrible beast and a very great source of injuryP. Phae. 240b. An appositive also agrees in case with the pronoun contained in a verb: Ταλθύβιος, ἥκω, Δανα̈́δων ὑπηρέτης I, Talthybius, have come, the servant of the Danaids E. Hec. 503. Cp. 942.

977. An appositive to a possessive pronoun stands in the genitive, in agreement with the personal pronoun implied in the possessive: τὸν ἐμὸν ( = ἐμοῦ) ““τοῦ ταλαιπώρου βίονthe life of me, wretched oneAr. Plut. 33, τὰ ὑ_μέτερ᾽ ( = ὑ_μῶν) ““αὐτῶν κομιεῖσθεyou will regain your ownD. 4.7. Cp. 1200. 2. b, 1202. 2. b.

978. An appositive in the genitive may follow an adjective equivalent to a genitive: Ἀθηναῖος ( = Ἀθηνῶν) ὤν, πόλεως τῆς μεγίστης being an Athenian, a citizen of the greatest city P. A. 29d.

979. Agreement in number between the appositive and its noun is unnecessary and often impossible: Θῆβαι, πόλις ἀστυγείτων Thebes, a neighbouring city Aes. 3.133. So with δῶρα in poetry: γάμος, χρυ_σῆς Ἀφροδί_της δῶρα, marriage, gift of golden Aphrodite Theognis 1293.

980. An appositive to two substantives is dual or plural: ““θάρρος καὶ φόβος, ἄφρονε ξυμβούλωdaring and fear, two unintelligent counsellorsP. Tim. 69d, ““ὕπνος πόνος τε, κύ_ριοι συνωμόταιsleep and toil, supreme conspiratorsA. Eum. 127.

981. Partitive Apposition (σχῆμα καθ᾽ ὅλον καὶ μέρος, construction of the whole and part). The parts are represented by the appositives, which stand in the same case as the whole, which is placed first to show the subject or object of the sentence: τὼ ὁδώ, μὲν εἰς μακάρων νήσους, δ᾽ εἰς τάρταρον two roads, the one to the Islands of the Blest, the other to Tartarus P. G. 524a (distributive apposition). The appositives are generally in the nominative ( μέν, δέ; οἱ μέν, οἱ δέ), rarely in the accusative.

a. The whole may stand in the singular: λέγεται ψυ_χὴ μὲν νοῦν ἔχειν, δὲ ἄνοιαν; with regard to the soul, is one said to have intelligence, the other folly? P. Ph. 93b.

982. To the word denoting the whole the appositive may be a collective singular (adjunctive apposition): ““οὗτοι μὲν ἄλλος ἄλλα λέγειthese say, some one thing, some anotherX. A. 2.1.15 (cp. ἠρώτων δὲ ἄλλος ἄλλο P. Charm. 153c), ““οἱ στρατηγοὶ βραχέως ἕκαστος ἀπελογήσατοeach of the generals defended himself brieflyX. H. 1.7.5. Cp. 952.

983. The apposition may be limited to one or more parts: ““Πελοποννήσιοι καὶ οἱ ξύμμαχοι τὰ δύο μέρηtwo-thirds of the Peloponnesians and the alliesT. 2.47. Often with participles: (οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι) ἀνεμνήσθησαν καὶ τοῦδε τοῦ ἔπους, φάσκοντες οἱ πρεσβύτεροι πάλαι ᾁδεσθαι the Athenians bethought themselves of this verse too, the old men saying that it had been uttered long before T. 2.54.

984. In partitive apposition emphasis is laid on the whole, which is stated at once as the subject or object of the sentence. In the genitive of the divided whole (1306) emphasis is laid on the parts; thus, τῶν πόλεων αἱ μὲν τυραννοῦνται, αἱ δὲ δημοκρατοῦνται, αἱ δὲ ἀριστοκρατοῦνται of states some are despotic, others democratic, others aristocratic P. R. 338d.

985. Construction of the Whole and Part in Poetry.—In Homer and later poets a verb may take two objects, one denoting the person, the other the part especially affected by the action: ““τὸν δ᾽ ἄορι πλῆξ᾽ αὐχέναhim he smote in the neck with his swordΛ 240, ““ σε πόδας νίψειshe will wash thy feetτ 356. But the accusative of the part, often explained as an appositive, was an external object (1554 b) that became an accusative of respect (1601 a). In ““Ἀχαιοῖσιν δὲ μέγα σθένος ἔμβαλ᾽ ἑκάστῳ καρδίῃand she set mighty strength in the heart of each of the AchaeansΛ 11, ἑκάστῳ is a partitive appositive, καρδίῃ is local dative and grammatically independent of Ἀχαιοῖσιν. The construction is very rare in prose: ““τοῖς ϝἱέσιν αὐτῶν ἀρετὴ παραγενομένη ταῖς ψυ_χαῖςif virtue is imparted in the souls of their sonsP. Lach. 190b.

986. Attributive Apposition.—A substantive may be used as an attributive to another substantive. This is common with substantives denoting occupation, condition , or age (usually with ἀνήρ, ἄνθρωπος, γυνή): ἀνὴρ ῥήτωρ a public speaker, ἀνὴρ τύραννος a despot, πρεσβῦται ἄνθρωποι old men, γραῦς γυνή an old woman. So also ““πελτασταὶ ΘρᾷκεςThracian targeteersX. A. 1.2.9, ““ὄλεθρος Μακεδώνa scoundrel of a MacedonianD. 9.31, Ἕλλην (for Ἑλληνικός), as ““οἱ Ἕλληνες πελτασταίthe Greek targeteersX. A. 6.5.26.

a. In standard prose Ἕλλην is used as an adjective only of persons (in poetry also of things).

b. The addition of ἀνήρ often implies respect: ““ἄνδρες στρατιῶταιfellow soldiersX. A. 1.3.3, ἄνδρες δικασταί jurymen, gentlemen of the jury D. 27.1. (Cp. foemen.) The addition of ἄνθρωπος often implies contempt: ““ἄνθρωπος γόηςa juggling fellowAes. 2.153.

c. Many of the substantives thus qualified by an attributive substantive were originally participles, as ““γέρων ἀνήρan old manP. Lys. 223b.

987. Descriptive Apposition.—Here the appositive describes something definite that has just been mentioned: ““ ἡμετέρα_ πόλις, κοινὴ καταφυγὴ τῶν Ἑλλήνωνour city, the common refuge of the GreeksAes. 3.134.

988. Explanatory Apposition.—Here the appositive explains a general or vague statement: ““τούτου τι_μῶμαι, ἐν πρυτανείῳ σι_τήσεωςI propose this as the penalty, maintenance in the PrytaneumP. A. 37a, μεγίστου κακοῦ ἀπαλλαγή, πονηρία_ς deliverance from the greatest of evils, vice P. G. 478d. So in geographical statements: Κύπρον ἵκα_νε . . . ἐς Πάφον she came to Cyprus, to Paphos Θ 362; cp. ““ἐς Δωριᾶς, Βοιόνto the territory of the Dorians in which Boeum liesT. 1.107.

989. In Homer the substantival article at the beginning of a sentence may be followed by an appositive noun at or near the end: δ᾽ ἀέκουσ᾽ ἅμα τοῖσι γυνὴ κίεν but she, the woman, went unwillingly with them A 348.

990. τοῦτο, αὐτὸ τοῦτο, αὐτό, ἐκεῖνο often introduce emphatically a following substantive (or an equivalent, 908): ἐκεῖνο κερδαίνειν ἡγεῖται, τὴν ἡδονήν this (namely) pleasure it regards as gain P. R. 606b. Cp. 1248.

991. Apposition to a Sentence.—A noun in the nominative or accusative may stand in apposition to the action expressed by a whole sentence or by some part of it.

a. The appositive is nominative when a nominative precedes: ἐμέθυον: ἱκανὴ πρόφασις I was tipsy, a sufficient excuse Philemon (Com. frag. 2. 531).

b. The appositive is accusative, and states a reason, result, intention, effect, or the like: ῥί_ψει ἀπὸ πύργου, λυγρὸν ὄλεθρον will hurl thee from the battlement, a grievous death Ω 735, Ἑλένην κτάνωμεν, Μενέλεῳ λύ_πην πικρά_ν let us slay Helen and thus cause a sore grief to Menelaus E. Or. 1105, ““εὐδαιμονοίης, μισθὸν ἡδίστων λόγωνblest be thou—a return for thy most welcome tidingsE. El. 231.

N.—The appositive accusative is often cognate (1563 f.): ὁρᾷς Εὐρυσθέα_, ἄελπτον ὄψιν thou beholdest Eurystheus, an unexpected sight E. Heracl. 930.

992. An effect or result may be denoted by an appositive in other cases: ““ἐπῳδῶν προσδεῖσθαί μοι δοκεῖ μύ_θων ἔτι τινῶνwe need, it seems, some further words to act as a spellP. L. 903b.

993. From the construction in 991 b arose many adverbial accusatives (1606 ff.) such as χάριν on account of, πρόφασιν in pretence, δωρεά_ν gratis; as ὅς τις δὲ Τρώων ἐπὶ νηυσὶ φέροιτο . . . χάριν Ἕκτορος whoever of the Trojans rushed at the ships as a favour to Hector (for Hector's sake) O 744.

994. Many neuter words are used in apposition to a sentence or clause, which they usually precede. Such are ἀμφότερον, ἀμφότερα both, τὸ δεινότατον the most dreadful thing, δυοῖν θά_τερον or θά_τερα one or the other, τὸ ἐναντίον the contrary, τὸ κεφάλαιον the chief point, τὸ λεγόμενον as the saying is, οὐδέτερον neither thing, σημεῖον δέ sign, τεκμήριον δέ evidence, τὸ τελευταῖον the last thing, τὸ τῆς παροιμία_ς as the proverb runs, αὐτὸ τοῦτο this very thing, ταὐτὸ τοῦτο this same thing. Thus, ““τους ἀμφότερα ταῦτα, καὶ εὔνους τῇ πόλει καὶ πλουσίουςthose who are both loyal to the State and richD. 18.171, εἶπεν ὅτι δεῖ δυοῖν θά_τερον, κείνους ἐν Ολύνθῳ μὴ οἰκεῖν αὑτὸν ἐν Μακεδονίᾳ he said that one of two things was necessary—either that they should not live at Olynthus or he himself in Macedon 9. 11, ““τὸ δὲ μέγιστον, πόλεμον ἀντ᾽ εἰρήνης ἔχοντεςand what is worst of all, having war instead of peaceT. 2.65, ἀλλ᾽ , τὸ λεγόμενον, κατόπιν ἑορτῆς ἥκομεν; but have we come ‘after a feast’ as the maying is? P. G. 447a, ““τοῦτο αὐτὸ τὸ τοῦ Ὁμήρονin these very words of HomerP. A. 34d.

995. Very common are introductory relative clauses forming a nominative predicate of the sentence that follows: ““ δὲ πάντων δεινότατονbut what is most terrible of allL. 30.29. ἐστί is regularly omitted (944). Such relative clauses are followed by an independent sentence, a clause with ὅτι, by ὅτε γάρ, ὅταν, ὅταν γάρ, <*>. Similarly ““τὸ δ᾽ ἔσχατον πάντων, ὅτιbut what is worst of allP. Ph. 66d, etc.

hide References (81 total)
  • Cross-references from this page (81):
    • Aeschines, On the Embassy, 153
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    • Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon, 250
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    • Aristophanes, Plutus, 33
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    • Euripides, Electra, 231
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    • Lysias, Against Agoratus, 56
    • Lysias, Against Nicomachus, 29
    • Lysias, Against Andocides, 1
    • Plato, Laws, 661b
    • Plato, Laws, 903b
    • Plato, Republic, 327b
    • Plato, Republic, 338d
    • Plato, Republic, 462e
    • Plato, Republic, 606b
    • Plato, Apology, 29d
    • Plato, Apology, 34d
    • Plato, Apology, 37a
    • Plato, Phaedo, 66d
    • Plato, Phaedo, 93b
    • Plato, Phaedrus, 256c
    • Plato, Symposium, 174d
    • Plato, Phaedrus, 240b
    • Plato, Charmides, 153c
    • Plato, Lysis, 223b
    • Plato, Laches, 190b
    • Plato, Gorgias, 478d
    • Plato, Gorgias, 447a
    • Plato, Gorgias, 487a
    • Plato, Gorgias, 524a
    • Plato, Protagoras, 354c
    • Plato, Protagoras, 361a
    • Plato, Timaeus, 56e
    • Plato, Timaeus, 69d
    • Thucydides, Histories, 1.107
    • Thucydides, Histories, 2.54
    • Thucydides, Histories, 2.65
    • Thucydides, Histories, 4.88
    • Thucydides, Histories, 5.60
    • Xenophon, Anabasis, 1.2.9
    • Xenophon, Anabasis, 1.3.3
    • Xenophon, Anabasis, 1.4.15
    • Xenophon, Anabasis, 1.4.4
    • Xenophon, Anabasis, 1.7.17
    • Xenophon, Anabasis, 2.1.15
    • Xenophon, Anabasis, 2.1.16
    • Xenophon, Anabasis, 2.2.1
    • Xenophon, Anabasis, 4.3.10
    • Xenophon, Anabasis, 6.5.26
    • Xenophon, Anabasis, 7.2.29
    • Xenophon, Anabasis, 4.1.13
    • Xenophon, Anabasis, 4.3.19
    • Xenophon, Cyropaedia, 8.1.4
    • Xenophon, Hellenica, 1.1.10
    • Xenophon, Hellenica, 1.7.5
    • Xenophon, Hellenica, 3.2.19
    • Xenophon, Hellenica, 3.3.4
    • Xenophon, Memorabilia, 1.2.24
    • Xenophon, Memorabilia, 4.4.7
    • Homer, Iliad, 11.240
    • Homer, Iliad, 24.735
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    • Thucydides, Histories, 2.47
    • Thucydides, Histories, 4.46
    • Thucydides, Histories, 4.102
    • Thucydides, Histories, 5.59
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