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NEGATIVE SENTENCES

2688. The simple negative particles are οὐ and μή. οὐ is the negative of fact and statement, and contradicts or denies; μή is the negative of the will and thought, and rejects or deprecates. The difference between the simple negatives holds true also of their compounds οὔτε μήτε, οὐδέ μηδέ, οὐδείς μηδείς, etc.

a. τὰ οὐκ ὄντα is that which does not exist independently of any opinion of the writer: τὰ οὐκ ὄντα λογοποιεῖν to fabricate what does not actually exist And. 3.35. τὰ μὴ ὄντα is that which is regarded as not existing, that which is dependent on the opinion of the writer, the whole sum of things that are outside of actual knowledge: τὰ μὴ ἐόντα οὔτε ὁρᾶται οὔτε γι_νώσκεται that which does not exist is neither seen nor known Hippocrates, de arte § 2; cp. τὸ μὴ ὄν P. R. 478b.

b. The rarer οὐχί (οὐ-χί) denies with greater emphasis than οὐ. The form μηκέτι no longer is due to the analogy of οὐκ-έτι.

2689. μή as the negative of will and thought is used in various expressions involving emotion, as commands, prohibitions, wishes, hopes, prayers, petitions, promises, oaths, asseverations, and the like; in expressions marking condition, purpose, effort, apprehension, cautious assertion, surmise, and fear; in setting forth ideality, mere conceptions, abstractions as opposed to reality or to definite facts; in marking ideas as general and typical; when a person or thing is to be characterized as conceived of rather than real.—μή is used not merely when the above notions are apparent but also when they are latent. Greek often conceives of a situation as marked by feeling where English regards it as one of fact; and hence uses μή where we should expect οὐ.

a. μή corresponds to the Sanskrit prohibitive particle mā´, which in the Rig Veda is used with the independent indicative of an augmentless aorist or imper fect which has the force of the subjunctive; rarely with the optative. In later Sanskrit mā´ was used with the subjunctive, optative, and imperative.

b. μή was originally used only in independent clauses; but later was employed in subordinate clauses, and with dependent infinitives and participles. On the origin of μή as a conjunction, see 2222. In Homer μή is used especially with the subjunctive, optative, and imperative (i.e. in commands and wishes); rarely with the indicative (in μὴ ὤφελλον, in oaths, in questions, after verbs of fearing referring to a past event); with the infinitive when used for the imperative after a verb of saying, etc. when the infinitive expresses a command or a wish, and when a dependent infinitive is used in an oath; with the participle only in connection with a command (Ξ 48) or a wish (δ 684).

c. In later Greek (Polybius, Lucian, Dio Chrysostomus, etc.) μή has encroached on οὐ, generally by extension of usages occurring rarely in the classical language. Thus Lucian has μή after causal ὡς, ὅτι, διότι, ἐπεί; in relative clauses (sometimes οὐδέν ἐστιν ὅτι μή); with participles of cause (even ἅτε μή) or of concession; with participles without the article following an adjective; with the infinitive after verbs of saying and thinking. ὅτι μή appears in indirect discourse (complete or partial) where the classical language would use the infinitive or ὅτι with the optative or ὡς with the participle; so after verbs of saying and thinking, after verbs of emotion, and even after verbs of knowing.


POSITION OF οὐ AND μή

2690. οὐ and μή are generally placed before the word they negative; but may follow, when emphasis is laid on a particular word, as in contrasts.

ὑπολάβῃ δὲ μηδείς but let no one suppose T. C. 84, ““οἱ δὲ στρατηγοὶ ἐξῆγον μὲν οὔ, συνεκάλεσαν δέand the generals did not lead them out, but called them togetherX. A. 6.4.20, ξύμμαχοι ἐγενόμεθα οὐκ ἐπὶ καταδουλώσει τῶν Ἑλλήνων Ἀθηναίοις, ἀλλ᾽ ἐπ᾽ ἐλευθερώσει ἀπὸ τοῦ Μήδου τοῖς Ἕλλησιν we became allies, not to the Athenians, for the purpose of enslaving the Greeks, but to the Greeks for the purpose of freeing them from the Mede T. 3.10, ““ἀπόλοιτο μὲν μήperish indeed —may he notE. Med. 83.

a. A contrast must be supplied in thought when the negative precedes the article, a relative, a conjunction, or a preposition. Thus, ““εἰ δὲ περὶ ἡμῶν γνώσεσθε μὴ τὰ εἰκόταbut if you pass upon us a sentence that is unjustT. 3.57, πολεμεῖν δὲ μὴ πρὸς ὁμοία_ν ἀντιπαρασκευὴν ἀδύνατοι unable to carry on a war against a power dissimilar in character to their own 1. 141, ἀμυνούμεθα τοὺς πολεμίους οὐκ εἰς μακρά_ν we shall shortly (lit. in no long time) punish the enemy X. C. 5.4.21, οὐ κατὰ κόσμον disorderly B 214.

b. The order of the parts of a negative compound may be reversed for strong emphasis; as ἔτ᾽ οὐκ ὤν ( = οὐκέτι ὤν) S. Tr. 161, μίαν οὐκ ( = οὐδεμίαν) Hdt. 8.119.

c. The negative may be placed in front of an infinitive when English transfers it to another verb in the sentence; as ““εἰ βουλόμεθ᾽ ἡμεῖς μὴ προσποιεῖσθαι πολεμεῖν αὐτὸν ἡμῖνif we wish to assume that he is not waging war with usD. 8.58, ““ἡμᾶς οὐδ᾽ ἐναυλισθῆναι ἐπιτρέπειςyou do not permit us even to take up our quartersX. A. 7.7.8 ( = οὐκ ἐπιτρέπεις κωλύ_εις).


οὐ ADHERESCENT

2691. οὐ adherescent (or privative) placed before a verb (or other single word) not merely negatives the meaning of the simple verb but gives it an opposite meaning, the two expressing a single negative idea; as οὔ φημι I deny, I refuse (not I say not). οὔ φημι is preferred to φημὶ οὐ as nego is preferred to aio non.

2692. Adherescent οὐ is especially common with verbs of saying or thinking, but occurs also with many verbs of will or desire. In such cases οὐ goes closely with the leading verb, forming a quasi- compound; whereas it belongs in sense to a following infinitive if an infinitive depends on the leading verb. In Latin actual composition has taken place in nego, nescio, nequeo, nolo.

““οὐκ ἔφη ἰέναιhe refused to goX. A. 1.3.8, οὔ φα_σιν εἶναι ἄλλην ὁδόν they say that there is no other road 4. 1. 21 (cp. φῂς οὔ; yes or no? P. A. 27d), τίνας δ᾽ οὐκ ᾤετο δεῖν λέγειν; who were those whom he thought ought not to speak? Aes. 1.28, ““ οὐκ ἐᾶτε ἡμᾶς . . . ποιεῖνwhat you forbid us to doX. C. 1.3.10, ““οὐκ ἀξιοῖ . . . φεύγοντα τι_μωρεῖσθαιhe said that it was not right to avenge himself on an exileT. 1.136.

a. So with οὔ φημι and οὐ φάσκω deny, refuse ( = ἀπαρνοῦμαι), οὐκ οἴομαι, οὐ νομίζω, οὐ δοκῶ, οὐκ ἐῶ and οὐ κελεύω forbid (veto), οὐκ ἀξιῶ regard as unworthy, do not expect that, refuse, οὐχ ὑπισχνοῦμαι refuse, οὐ προσποιοῦμαι dissimulo, οὐ συμβουλεύω dissuade, advise not to, οὐκ ἐθέλω am unwilling, οὐκ ἐπαινῶ disapprove. This association often persists in participles, as οὐκ ἐῶν, οὐκ ἐθέλων. Homer has οὔ φημι, φημὶ οὐ, and οὔ φημι οὐ.

2693. οὐ with the principal verb may be equivalent in sense to μή with a dependent infinitive; as οὐ συμβουλεύων Ξέρξῃ στρατεύεσθαι ἐπὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα advising Xerxes not to march against Greece ( = συμβουλεύων μὴ στρατεύεσθαι) Hdt. 7.46.

2694. Analogous to this use with verbs is the use of οὐ with adjectives and adverbs.

οὐκ ὀλίγοι πολλοί, οὐκ ἐλάχιστος μέγιστος, οὐχ ἧττον μᾶλλον, οὐχ ἥκιστα μάλιστα, οὐ καλῶς basely, οὐκ ἀφανής famous, οὐκ εἰκότως unreasonably, οὐ περὶ βραχέων on important matters (cp. 2690 a), regularly οὐ πάνυ not at all, as οὐ πάνυ χαλεπόν easy.

2695. The origin of adherescent οὐ is to be found partly in the unwillingness of the early language to use the negative particle with the infinitive, partly in the preference for a negative rather than a positive assertion, and to the disinclination to make a strong positive statement (litotes, as in some of the cases of 2694), and partly in the absence of negative compounds, the development of which in adjectives and participles (2071 a) was in turn restricted by the use of adherescent οὐ.

2696. Adherescent οὐ is often found in a protasis with εἰ and in other constructions where we expect μή.

εἰ δ᾽ ἀποστῆναι Ἀθηναίων οὐκ ἠθελήσαμεν . . ., οὐκ ἠδικοῦμεν but if we refused to revolt from the Athenians, we were not doing wrong T. 3.55, ““εἰ οὐκ ἐᾷςif thou forbiddestS. Aj. 1131 ( = εἰ κωλύ_εις), εἰ μὴ Πρόξενον οὐχ ὑπεδέξαντο, ἐσώθησαν ἄν if it had not been that they did not receive Proxenus, they would have been saved D. 19.74, ““εἰ μὲν οὐ πολλοὶ ἦσανif they were fewL. 13.62 (emended by some to οὖν μή). ἐὰ_ν οὐ is rare, as ““ἐά_ν τε οὐ φῆτε ἐά_ν τε φῆτεboth if you deny it and if you admit itP. A. 25b (cp. L. 13.76, D. 26.24).

2697. But μή often does not yield to οὐ, as ““ἄ_ντ᾽ ἐγὼ φῶ ἄ_ν τε μὴ φῶboth if I assent and if I do notD. 21.205, ““οὐκ οἶδ᾽ ὅπως φῶ τοῦτο καὶ μὴ φῶI know not how I shall say this and not say itE. I. A. 643, ἐὰ_ν μὴ . . . ἐᾶτε D. 16.12, and in many cases where μή goes closely with the following word, as ““εἰ ἐδίδου κρίσιν καὶ μὴ ἀφῃρεῖτοif he were granting a trial and not taking it awayD. 23.91.


οὐ AFTER εἰ (ἐά_ν

2698. οὐ is sometimes found in clauses introduced by εἰ (ἐά_ν).

a. When οὐ is adherescent (2696).

b. When there is an emphatic assertion of fact or probability, as where a direct statement is quoted. Thus, εἰ δὲ οὐδὲν ἡμάρτηταί μοι if (as I have shown) no error has been committed by me And. 1.33, εἰ, ὡς νῦν φήσει, οὐ παρεσκεύαστο if, as he will presently assert, he had not made preparations D. 54.29. Cp. X. A. 1.7.18, quoted in 2790.

c. When εἰ (ἐά_ν) is used instead of ὅτι that (because) after verbs of emotion (2247). Thus, ““μὴ θαυμάσῃς εἰ πολλὰ τῶν εἰρημένων οὐ πρέπει σοιdo not be surprised if much of what has been said does not apply to youI. 1.44. Here μή is possible.

d. When εἰ (ἐά_ν) approaches the idea of ἐπεί since (cp. 2246, 2298 b). So εἰ τούσδε . . . οὐ στέργει πατήρ if (since) their father has ceased to love these children E. Med. 88 (often explained as οὐ adherescent). Here μή is possible.

e. When a single εἰ introduces a bimembered protasis as a whole, the μέν clause and the δέ clause of that protasis may have οὐ. Such bimembered protases often depend on a preceding apodosis introduced by αἰσχρόν, ἄτοπον, δεινόν, θαυμαστόν ἐστι (ἂν εἴη) and like expressions of emotion (c). Thus, εἶτ᾽ οὐκ αἰσχρόν . . . εἰ τὸ μὲν Ἀργείων πλῆθος οὐκ ἐφοβήθη τὴν Λακεδαιμονίων ἀρχὴν . . ., ὑ_μεῖς δὲ ὄντες Ἀθηναῖοι βάρβαρον ἄνθρωπον φοβήσεσθε; is it not then disgraceful, if it is true that whereas the Argive commons did not fear the empire of the Lacedaemonians, you, who are Athenians, are going to be afraid of a barbarian? D. 15.23, αἰσχρὸν γάρ, εἰ πατὴρ μὲν ἐξεῖλεν Φρύγας, δ᾽ ἄνδρ᾽ ἕν᾽ ου᾽ δυνήσεται κτανεῖν for it is disgraceful that, whereas the father destroyed the Phrygians, the other (the son) is not going to be able to destroy one foe E. El. 336, δεινὸν ἂν εἴη, εἰ οἱ μὲν ἐκείνων ξύμμαχοι ἐπὶ δουλείᾳ τῇ αὑτῶν (χρήματα) ““φέροντες οὐκ ἀπεροῦσιν, ἡμεῖς δὲ ἐπὶ τῷ . . . αὐτοὶ σῴζεσθαι οὐκ ἄρα δαπανήσομενit would be strange if, whereas their allies will not fail to pay tribute for their own enslavement, we on the other hand will not expend it for the purpose of saving ourselvesT. 1.121.

N. 1.—The second member of such protases has οὐ if the verb stands in the indicative, but μή (in classical Greek) i<*> the verb is in the optative. In Aes. 2.157 οὐ κατάσχοιμι is due to indirect discourse.

N. 2.—In such sentences εἰ may (1) have a conditional force in both clauses, as L. 30.16, 31. 24; (2) have a conditional force in the second member, but the force of ἐπεί in the first member, as L. 20.36, Is. 14.52; (3) have the force of ἐπεί in the first member, and that of ὅτι in the second member, as D. 8.55, Aes. 3.242; (4) have the force of ὅτι in both members, as T. 1.35, 1. 121, X. C. 7.5.84.

f. A bimembered clause introduced by εἰ may contain a negative clause with οὐ directly opposed to a positive clause; as εἰ δὲ τῷ μέν, τοῖς δ᾽ οὔ D. 23.123.

g. εἰ whether in simple and alternative indirect questions takes either οὐ or μή (2676 c, e).

2699. Homer has εἰ and the indicative with οὐ (12 times) when the subordinate clause precedes the main clause; but usually εἰ μή, when the subordinate clause follows. Thus, εἰ δέ μοι οὐ τείσουσι βοῶν ἐπιεικἔ ἀμοιβήν, δύ_σομαι εἰς Ἀίδα_ο but if they will not pay a fitting compensation for the cattle, I will go down to Hades μ 382, ἔνθα κεν Ἀργείοισιν ὑπέρμορα νόστος ἐτύχθη, εἰ μὴ Ἀθηναίην Ἥρη πρὸς μῦθον ἔειπεν then in that case the return of the Argives had been accomplished against fate, if Hera had not spoken a word to Athena B 155.

a. The Homeric εἰ οὐ with the indicative has been explained either as a retention of the original use, μή with that mood being an extension through the analogy of the subjunctive and optative; or because οὐ went with the predicate, whereas μή was closely attached to εἰ.

2700. Homer has εἰ οὐ (adherescent) with the subjunctive in εἰ δ᾽ ἂν . . . οὐκ ἐθέλωσιν Γ 289, εἰ δέ κ᾽ . . . οὐκ εἰῶσιν Υ 139.

2701. Herodotus has a few cases of εἰ οὐ with the indicative, as 6. 9; ἢν οὐ with the subjunctive is doubtful (6. 133).


GENERAL RULE FOR μή

2702. μή stands

1. With the imperative.

2. In clauses with εἰ, ἐά_ν (exceptions, 2698).

3. With the subjunctive, except after μή lest, when οὐ is used.

4. With the optative, except after μή lest, or when the optative has ἄν or is in indirect discourse.

5. With the infinitive, except in indirect discourse.

6. With participles when they have a conditional or general force.


οὐ AND μή WITH THE INDICATIVE AND OPTATIVE


SIMPLE SENTENCES AND INDEPENDENT CLAUSES

2703. Statements (2153) expressed by simple sentences and independent clauses take οὐ. Direct questions take either οὐ or μή (2651). The independent future indicative has μή only in questions.

2704. In wishes μή is used with the indicative (1780-1781) or the optative (1814, cp. 2156).

““εἴθε σε μήποτ᾽ εἰδόμα_νwould that I had never seen theeS. O. T. 1218, μήποτ᾽ ὤφελον λιπεῖν τὴν Σκῦρον would that I had never left Scyrus S. Ph 969.

““μὴ ζῴηνmay I not liveAr. Eq. 833, ““ἀναιδὴς οὔτ᾽ εἰμὶ μήτε γενοίμηνI neither am nor may I become shamelessD. 8.68, ““οὔτ᾽ ἂν δυναίμην μήτ᾽ ἐπισταίμην λέγεινneither could I tell nor may I be capable of tellingS. Ant. 686.

a. That ὤφελον takes μή, not οὐ, shows that it has lost to a certain extent its verbal nature. In late Greek it even became a particle like εἴθε.

b. Indirect expressions of wishing with πῶς ἄν and the optative (1832), βουλοίμην ἄν (1827), ἐβουλόμην (ἄν) with the infinitive, take οὐ (1782, 1789).

c. The use is the same in dependent clauses; as ἐπειδὴ δ᾽ μήποτ᾽ ὤφελε (συμβῆναι) ““συνέβηbut when that happened which I would had never happenedD. 18.320.


SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN THE INDICATIVE OR OPTATIVE

2705. In subordinate clauses μή or οὐ is used.

a. Final clauses have μή, as ““φίλος ἐβούλετο εἶναι τοῖς μέγιστα δυναμένοις, ἵνα ἀδικῶν μὴ διδοίη δίκηνhe wished to be on friendly terms with men in power in order that he might not pay the penalty for his wrong-doingX. A. 2.6.21, ἔδει τὰ ἐνέχυρα τότε λαβεῖν, ὡς μηδ᾽ ει᾽ ἐβούλετο ἐδύνατο ἐξαπατᾶν quoted in 2185 c.

b. Object clauses with ὅπως after verbs of effort have μή, as ““φρόντιζ᾽ ὅπως μηδὲν ἀνάξιον τῆς τι_μῆς ταύτης πρά_ξειςsee to it that you do nothing unworthy of this honourI. 2.37, ““ἐπεμέλετο ὅπως μήτε ἄσι_τοι μήτε ἄποτοί ποτε ἔσοιντοhe took care that they should never be without food or drinkX. C. 8.1.43.

c. Conditional clauses regularly have μή. Thus, ““εἰ μὴ ὑ_μεῖς ἤλθετε, ἐπορευόμεθα ἂν ἐπὶ βασιλέα_if you had not come, we should be marching against the kingX. A. 2.1.4, ““οὐκ ἀπελείπετο αὐτοῦ, εἰ μή τι ἀναγκαῖον εἴηhe never left him unless there was some necessity for itX. M. 4.2.40. So in concessive clauses (2369). On οὐ adherescent in conditional clauses see 2696.

d. Relative Clauses, if conditional, have οὐ with a definite antecedent, μή with an indefinite antecedent (2505). μή is thus used when the case in question is typical of a class (μή ‘generic’). Thus, ““προσημαίνουσιν τε χρὴ ποιεῖν καὶ οὐ χρήthey signify beforehand what one must do and what notX. C. 1.6.46, μὴ οἶδα οὐδὲ οἴομαι εἰδέναι what I do not know, I do not even think I know P. A. 21d.

N. 1.—Homer has ὃς (ὅσος) οὐ with the indicative (μή B 301).

N. 2.—οὐ is regular in relative clauses when an opposition is expressed (T. 1.11. 2), and when a negative clause precedes; as οὐκ ἔστιν ὅστις (ὅπως) οὐ οὐδεὶς ὅστις οὐ, etc. (X. C. 1.4.25, X. A. 2.4.3).

e. The expression τοιοῦτος, ὅς (ὅστις, etc.), when preceded by a negative, takes οὐ; as ταμιεῖον μηδενὶ εἶναι μηδὲν τοιοῦτον, εἰς οὐ πᾶς βουλόμενος εἴσεισι it is necessary that no one shall have (such) a storehouse that anybody who pleases may not enter it P. R. 416d. But even when no negative precedes, we have οὐ, when the relative clause makes an assertion or defines attributively; as ““συγγραφεὺς τῶν λόγων . . . τοιοῦτος, οἷος οὐδεὶς ἄλλος γέγονεsuch a writer of speeches as no one had beenI. 15.35. When the antecedent is general or is thought of in respect of its character we have μή; as ““βουληθεὶς τοιοῦτον μνημεῖον καταλιπεῖν, μὴ τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης φύσεώς ἐστινwishing to leave behind him such a memorial as would surpass human natureI. 4.89; cp. 2705 g.

f. Relative clauses of purpose take μή, as ““θαλάσσιον ἐκρί_ψατ᾽, ἔνθα μήποτ᾽ εἰσόψεσθ᾽ ἔτιcast me out into the sea where ye may never see me moreS. O. T. 1411, ““κρύψα_σ᾽ ἑαυτήν, ἔνθα μή τις εἰσίδοιhiding herself where no one might see herS. Tr. 903.

g. Clauses with a relative pronoun referring to an antecedent thought of in respect of its character (of such a sort) take μή. The use of μή characteristic comes from the generic meaning of μή, i.e. the antecedent is not regarded simply as a person who does something but as a person of such a nature as, one who typifies a class. In such cases ὃς μή may refer to a definite person or thing. So especially in relative clauses of cause and result, which ordinarily take οὐ. Thus, ““ταλαίπωρος ἄρα τις σύ γε ἄνθρωπος εἶ . . ., μήτε θεοὶ πατρῷοί εἰσι μήτε ἱεράa wretched being art thou then, who hast neither ancestral gods nor shrinesP. Eu. 302b, ““ψηφίσασθε τοιαῦτα ἐξ ὧν μηδέποτε ὑ_μῖν μεταμελήσειpass such a vote that you will never repent of itAnd. 3.41, ““τοιαῦτα λέγειν . . ., οἷς μηδεὶς ἂν νεμεσήσαιto use language at which no one could feel just resentmentD. 21.161, . . . μηδὲν ἂν ὀμόσα_ς the man who would not take an oath 54. 40. Sophocles is especially fond of the generic μή.

h. Consecutive clauses (and consecutive relative clauses) with ὤστε take οὐ with the indicative and optative. Thus, (Λακεδαιμόνιοι) εἰς τοῦτ᾽ ἀπληστία_ς ἦλθον ὥστ᾽ οὐκ ἐξήρκεσεν αὐτοῖς ἔχειν τὴν κατὰ γῆν ἀρχήν the Lacedaemonians became so insatiate in their desires that they were not satisfied with their empire on the land I. 12.103, ““ὥστ᾽ οὐκ ἂν αὐτὸν γνωρίσαιμ᾽ ἂν εἰσιδώνso that I should not recognize him, if I were to see himE. Or. 379. On τοιοῦτος ὃς οὐ see 2705 e.

i. Oaths and protestations in the indicative with μή express a solemn denial or refusal, or repudiate a charge. Thus, ἴστω νῦν Ζεὺς . . . μὴ μὲν τοῖς ἵπποισιν ἀνὴρ ἐποιχήσεται ἄλλος let Zeus now know (i.e. I swear by Zeus) that no other man shall mount these horses K 329, μὰ τὴν Ἀφροδί_την . . . μὴ ᾿γώ σ᾽ ἀφήσω by Aphrodite, far be it from me that I should release you Ar. Eccl. 999. Cp. 2716.


μή WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE AND IMPERATIVE

2706. The subjunctive is a mood of will, and therefore takes μή.

2707. Independent clauses take μή: the hortatory subjunctive (1797), the prohibitive subjunctive (1800), the deliberative subjunctive (1805), the subjunctive of doubtful assertion (1801).

a. The anticipatory subjunctive in Homer takes οὐ (1810, cp. 1813).

2708. Dependent clauses take μή: final clauses, as ““δοκεῖ μοι κατακαῦσαι τὰ_ς ἁμάξα_ς . . . ἵνα μὴ τὰ ζεύγη ἡμῶν στρατηγῇit seems to me advisable to burn the wagons that our baggage-train may not be our generalX. A. 3.2.27. Object clauses after verbs of effort, as οὐ φυλάξεσθ᾽ ὅπως μὴ . . . δεσπότην εὕρητε; will you not be on your guard lest you find a master? D. 6.25. So in conditional clauses with ἐά_ν, in conditional relative clauses and in relative clauses referring to indefinite time, place, and manner.

a. After μή lest, οὐ is used (2221).

2709. The imperative is a mood of will and therefore takes μή in prohibitions (1840).

a. The future indicative after interrogative οὐ has an imperative sense (1918).


NEGATIVES OF INDIRECT DISCOURSE

2710. The negatives of direct discourse are retained in indirect discourse introduced by ὅτι or ὡς.

““ἐνθυ_μηθῆναι χρὴ ὅτι οὐδείς ἐστιν ἀνθρώπων φύσει οὔτε ὀλιγαρχικὸς οὔτε δημοκρατικόςit must be borne in mind that no man by nature is disposed either to oligarchy or to democracyL. 25.8.

““εἶπε . . . ὅτι οὐ περὶ πολι_τεία_ς ὑ_μῖν ἔσται ἀλλὰ περὶ σωτηρία_ς, εἰ μὴ ποιήσαιθ᾽ Θηρα_μένης κελεύοιhe said that the question would not be about your constitution but about your safety, if you did not accept the propositions of TheramenesL. 12.74.

a. In ““προεῖπεν ὡς μηδεὶς κι_νήσοιτο ἐκ τῆς τάξεωςhe gave orders that no one should move from his positionX. H. 2.1.22 μηδείς is due to the fact that the main verb denotes a command.

On the negative in indirect discourse with the infinitive see 2722, 2737, 2738; with the participle, 2729, 2737, 2738; and in indirect questions, 2676.


οὐ AND μή WITH THE INFINITIVE

2711. The infinitive not in indirect discourse has μή; the infinitive in indirect discourse has οὐ, but sometimes μή. The articular infinitive has μή. On the use with μὴ οὐ see 2742 ff.

a. The ordinary negative of the infinitive is μή, which could be so used since the infinitive was employed as early as Homer in an imperative sense. οὐ with the infinitive in indirect discourse is probably due to the analogy of οὐ with the indicative and optative in clauses of indirect discourse introduced by ὅτι (ὡς). οὐ became the natural negative of indirect discourse as soon as the infinitive came to represent the indicative or optative.

2712. μή is used with the articular infinitive.

““παράδειγμα τοῦ μὴ ὑ_μᾶς ἀδικεῖνa warning not to injure youL. 27.5, ““ὑπὲρ τοῦ μὴ τὸ κελευόμενον ποιῆσαιin order to avoid doing what was commandedD. 18.204. On τὸ (τοῦ) μὴ οὐ, see 2744. 9. 10, 2749 b, d.


οὐ AND μή WITH THE INFINITIVE NOT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE

2713. μή is the regular negative after all verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and substantives, which take an infinitive not in indirect discourse. Thus, after verbs and other words denoting ability, fitness, necessity (and their opposites). Cp. 2000-2007.

““εἰκὸς σοφὸν ἄνδρα μὴ ληρεῖνit is proper for a wise man not to talk idlyP. Th. 152b, ““τὰ_ς ὁμοία_ς χάριτας μὴ ἀντιδιδόναι αἰσχρόνit is disgraceful not to repay like servicesT. 3.63.

2714. χρή (χρῆν, ἐχρῆν) takes either μή or οὐ.

““χρὴ μὴ καταφρονεῖν τοῦ πλήθουςone must not despise the multitudeI. 5.79, ““χρῆν οὔ σ᾽ ἁμαρτάνεινthou oughtst not to do wrongE. Hipp. 507, χρῆ δ᾽ οὔποτ᾽ ““εἰπεῖν οὐδέν᾽ ὄλβιον βροτῶνit is not right ever to call any son of man happyE. And. 100.

a. For original οὐ χρή was substituted (for emphasis) χρὴ οὐ, where the οὐ was still taken with χρή; ultimately οὐ was felt to belong with the infinitive and hence came to be separated from χρή.

b. δεῖ takes μή, as ““μὴ ὀκνεῖν δεῖ αὐτούςthey must not fearT. 1.120. οὐ δεῖ may be used for δεῖ μή (2693). In ““δεῖ οὐχ ἁπλῶς εἰπεῖνone must not speak in a general wayI. 15.117 οὐχ is adherescent. Note οἶμαι δεῖν οὐ, φημὶ χρῆναι οὐ, οἶμαι χρῆναι μή.

2715. μή is used with the infinitive in wishes and prohibitions. Thus, ““θεοὶ πολῖται, μή με δουλεία_ς τυχεῖνye gods of my country, may bondage not be my lotA. Sept. 253, ““οἷς μὴ πελάζεινdo not approach theseA. Pr. 712.

2716. μή is used with the infinitive in oaths and protestations. Thus, ἴστω νῦν τόδε γαῖα . . . μή τί τοι αὐτῷ πῆμα κακὸν βουλευσέμεν ἄλλο let earth now know this (i.e. I swear by earth) that I will not devise any harmful mischief to thine own hurt ε 187. Cp. 2705 i.

2717. μή is used with the infinitive of purpose (cp. 2719) or result (2260). Cp. 2759. On ἐφ᾽ μή see 2279; on ὥστε οὐ see 2269.

2718. μή is used when the infinitive stands in apposition (1987), and hence is like τὸ μή with the infinitive. Thus, ““τοῦτο ἕν ἐστιν ὧν φημι, μηδένα ἂν ἐν βραχυτέροις ἐμοῦ τὰ αὐτὰ εἰπεῖνthis is one of the things I maintain—that no one can say the same things in fewer words than I canP. G. 449c. Cp. A. Pr. 173, 431, 435, P. R. 497b. Such cases are not to be confused with μή after verbs of asseveration or belief (2725).

2719. μή is used with the infinitive introduced by verbs of will or desire (1991) or by verbs expressing activity to the end that something shall or shall not be done; as ““τὴν Κέρκυ_ραν ἐβούλοντο μὴ προέσθαιthey wished not to give up CorcyraT. 1.44, ““φυλακὴν εἶχε μήτ᾽ ἐκπλεῖν . . . μηδένα μήτ᾽ ἐσπλεῖνhe kept guard against any one either sailing out or inT. 2.69.

2720. Verbs of commanding and exhorting (κελεύω, λέγω, βοῶ), asking (αἰτῶ, ἀξιῶ), advising (συμβουλεύω), and other verbs of will or desire of like meaning, take μή.

ἐκέλευε . . . μὴ ἐρεθίζειν he ordered him not to provoke his wrath P. R. 393e, ““ἔλεγον αὐτοῖς μὴ ἀδικεῖνthey told them not to commit injusticeT. 2.5, ““ἐβόων ἀλλήλοις μὴ θεῖνthey shouted to each other not to runX. A. 1.8.19, ἱ_κέτευε μὴ κτεῖναι he besought them not to kill him L. 1.25, ““συμβουλεύω σοι . . . μὴ ἀφαιρεῖσθαι ἂν δῷςI advise you not to take away what you may have givenX. C. 4.5.32.

2721. οὐ is used after verbs of will or desire only when it is attached to the leading verb or to some particular word; when it marks a contrast inserted parenthetically; where a compound negative takes up οὐ used with the leading verb; and when οὐδείς may be resolved into οὐ and τὶς, οὐ going with the leading verb. Examples in 2738.


οὐ AND μή WITH THE INFINITIVE IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE

2722. Verbs of saying and thinking take οὐ with the infinitive in indirect discourse. Here οὐ is retained from the direct discourse.

(ἀνάγκῃ) ““φαμεν οὐδένα θεῶν οὔτε μάχεσθαι τὰ νῦν οὔτε μαχεῖσθαί ποτεwe declare that no one of the gods either now contends with necessity, or ever willP. L. 818e ( = οὐδεὶς . . . μάχεται . . . μαχεῖται), ““λέγοντες οὐκ εἶναι αὐτόνομοιsaying that they were not independentT. 1.67, ( = οὔκ ἐσμεν), ““οἶμαι γὰρ ἂν οὐκ ἀχαρίστως μοι ἔχεινfor I think it would not be unattended with gratitude to meX. A. 2.3.18 ( = οὐκ ἂν ἔχοι), ““ἡγήσαντο ἡμᾶς οὐ περιόψεσθαιthey thought that we should not view it with indifferenceT. 1.39 ( = οὐ περιόψονται), ““ἐμοὶ δὲ δοκοῦσιν οὗτοι οὐ τὸ αἴτιον αἰτιᾶσθαιbut these persons seem to me not to blame the real causeP. R. 329b, ““ἐνόμισεν οὐκ ἂν δύνασθαι μένειν τοὺς πολιορκοῦνταςhe thought the besiegers would not be able to hold their positionX. A. 7.4.22 ( = οὐκ ἂν δύναιντο).

2723. Verbs of saying and thinking take μή in emphatic declarations and expressions of thought which involve a wish that the utterance may hold good. So with φημί, λέγω, ἡγοῦμαι, νομίζω, οἶμαι. Cp. 2725.

““φαίην δ᾽ ἂν ἔγωγε μηδενὶ μηδεμίαν εἶναι παίδευσιν παρὰ τοῦ μὴ ἀρέσκοντοςbut for my part I would maintain that no one gets any education from a teacher who is not pleasingX. M. 1.2.39, ““πάντες ἐροῦσι . . . μηδὲν εἶναι κερδαλεώτερον ἀρετῆςall will say that nothing is more profitable than braveryX. C. 7.1.18, τίς δ᾽ ἂν ἀνθρώπων θεῶν μὲν παῖδας ἡγοῖτο εἶναι, θεοὺς δὲ μή; who in the world would think that they were the sons of gods and not gods? P. A. 27d, ““ἀπῇσαν . . . νομίσαντες μὴ ἂν ἔτι . . . ἱκανοὶ γενέσθαι κωλῦσαι τὸν ἐπὶ τὴν θάλασσαν τειχισμόνthey departed in the belief that they would no longer prove able to prevent the building of the wall to the seaT. 6.102.

a. Cp. P. Th. 155a (φημί), T. 1.139, 6. 49, P. R. 346e (λέγω), X. M. 1.2.41, D. 54.44 (οἶμαι), X. C. 7.5.59 (νομίζω), P. Soph. 230c (διανοοῦμαι).

b. Cases where the infinitive is in apposition, or depends on an imperative, or occurs after a condition, do not belong here.

2724. μή with the infinitive is often found after verbs denoting an oracular response or a judicial decision actual or implied. Cp. 2725. Thus, ““ἀνεῖλεν Πυ_θία_ μηδένα σοφώτερον εἶναιthe Pythian prophetess made answer that no one was wiserP. A. 21a (in direct discourse οὐδεὶς σοφώτερός ἐστι). So after κρί_νω, as ἔκρι_νε μὴ Ἀρίστωνος εἶναι Δημάρητον παῖδα the Pythian prophetess gave decisior that Demaretus was not the son of Ariston Hdt. 6.66, ““κέκρισθε . . . μόνοι τῶν πάντων μηδενὸς ἂν κέρδους τὰ κοινὰ δίκαια τῶν Ἑλλήνων προέσθαιyou are adjudged to be the only people who would not betray for lucre the common rights of the GreeksD. 6.10. So καταγιγνώσκω μή T. 7.51, X. C. 6.1.36.

2725. μή is often used with verbs and other expressions of asseveration and belief, after which we might expect οὐ with the infinitive in indirect discourse. Such verbs are those signifying to hope, expect, promise, put trust in, be persuaded, agree, testify, swear, etc. The use of μή indicates strong assurance, confidence, and resolve; and generally in regard to the future. Cp. 2723.

ἐλπὶς ὑ_μᾶς μὴ ὀφθῆναι there is hope that you will not be seen X. C. 2.4.23, ““ὑπι_σχνοῦντο μηδὲν χαλεπὸν αὐτοὺς πείσεσθαιthey promised that they should suffer no harmX. H. 4.4.5, ““πιστεύω . . . μὴ ψεύσειν με ταύτα_ς τὰ_ς ἀγαθὰ_ς ἐλπίδαςI trust that these good hopes will not deceive meX. C. 1.5.13, ““θαυμάζω ὅπως ἐπείσθησαν Ἀθηναῖοι Σωκράτην περὶ θεοὺς μὴ σωφρονεῖνI wonder how the Athenians were persuaded that Socrates did not hold temperate opinions regarding the godsX. M. 1.1.20, ““ὁμολογεῖ μὴ μετεῖναί οἱ μακρολογία_ςhe acknowledges that he cannot make a long speechP. Pr. 336b, ““αὐτὸς ἑαυτοῦ καταμαρτυρεῖ μὴ ἐξ ἐκείνου γεγενῆσθαιhe proves by his own testimony that he is not his sonD. 40.47, ““ὤμοσεν μὴν μὴ εἶναί οἱ υἱὸν ἄλλον μηδὲ γενέσθαι πώποτεhe swore that he had no other son and that none other had ever been born to himAnd. 1.126, ““ὤμνυε . . . μηδὲν εἰρηκέναιhe swore that he had said nothingD. 21.119, ““ὀμοῦμαι μήποτ᾽ . . . ἀλεξήσειν κακὸν ἦμαρI will swear that I will never ward off the evil dayΦ 373. Cp. Ar. Vesp. 1047, 1281, And. 1.90, Lyc. 76. With ὄμνυ_μι the infinitive may refer to the present, past, or future.

2726. Such verbs are hope ἐλπίζω; expect ἐλπίζω, προσδοκῶ, δοκῶ, οἴομαι, εἰκός ἐστι; promise ὑπισχνοῦμαι, ἐπαγγέλλομαι; swear ὄμνυ_μι; agree ὁμολογῶ, συγχωρῶ; pledge ἐγγυῶμαι; put trust in πιστεύω; am persuaded πέπεισμαι; testify μαρτυρῶ; repudiate ἀναίνομαι; threaten ἀπειλῶ, etc.

a. μή is regular after verbs of promising; common after verbs of hoping and swearing. With ὄμνυ_μι, πιστεύω, πείθομαι, μαρτυρῶ, etc. there is an idea of deprecation.

2727. ἐπίσταμαι and οἶδα usually take μή when they denote confident belief ( = I warrant from what I know; cp. πιστεύω μή, ὄμνυ_μι μή). Thus, ““ἐξίσταμαι μή του τόδ᾽ ἀγλάϊσμα πλὴν κείνου μολεῖνI assure you this fair offering has not come from any one save from himS. El. 908 (cp. Ant. 1092). In τοσοῦτόν γ᾽ οἶδα μήτε μ᾽ ἂν νόσον μήτ᾽ ἄλλο πέρσαι μηδέν so much at least I know—that neither sickness nor aught else can undo me (S. O. T. 1455) the infinitive may be appositional (2718). Cases of ἴσθι μή (be assured = I assure you) may have μή by reason of the imperative (2737 a). So S. Ph. 1329.


οὐ AND μή WITH THE PARTICIPLE

2728. The participle has οὐ when it states a fact, μή when it states a condition. On μή due to the force of the leading verb, see 2737.

οὐ πιστεύων since (as, when, etc.) he does not believe, μὴ πιστεύων if he does not believe, ““ἀνέβη ἐπὶ τὰ ὄρη οὐδενὸς κωλύ_οντοςhe went up on the mountains since no one hindered himX. A. 1.2.22, οὐκ ἂν δύναιο μὴ καμὼν εὐδαιμονεῖν thou canst not be happy if thou hast not toiled E. fr. 461, ὡς ἡδὺ τὸ ζῆν μὴ φθονούσης τῆς τύχης how sweet is life if fortune is not envious Men. Sent. 563.

a. μή with the articular participle is the abridged equivalent of a conditional relative sentence. Thus, in μὴ ταῦτα ποιῶν ἄδικός ἐστι, μὴ ποιῶν is virtually the generic ὃς ἂν μὴ ποιῇ or ὅστις μὴ ποιεῖ compressed into a noun.

2729. οὐ is used with a supplementary participle (in indirect discourse) in agreement with a noun (or pronoun, expressed or unexpressed) depending on a verb of knowing, showing, seeing, perceiving, etc. (2106-2115); and also with such supplementary participles (not in indirect discourse) after verbs of emotion (2100), etc. In most such cases ὅτι οὐ might have been used.

““οὐδένα γὰρ οἶδα μι_σοῦντα τοὺς ἐπαινοῦνταςfor I know of no one who dislikes his admirersX. M. 2.6.33, φανερὸν πᾶσιν ἐποίησαν οὐκ ἰδίᾳ πολεμοῦντες they made it clear to all that they were not waging war for their own interests Lyc. 50, ““ὁρῶσι τοὺς πρεσβυτέρους οὐ . . . ἀπιόνταςthey see that their elders do not departX. C. 1.2.8, ““οὐδεὶς μήποθ᾽ εὕρῃ . . . οὐδὲν ἐλλειφθένno one will ever find that anything has been left undoneD. 18.246; ““Κύ_ρῳ ἥδετο οὐ δυναμένῳ σι_γᾶνhe rejoiced that Cyrus was unable to remain silentX. C. 1.4.15.

2730. ἐπίσταμαι and οἶδα denoting confident belief may take μή for οὐ. Thus, ““ἔξοιδα φύσει σε μὴ πεφυ_κότα τοιαῦτα φωνεῖν κακάwell do I know that by nature thou art not adapted to utter such guileS. Ph. 79; cp. S. O. C. 656, T. 1.76, 2. 17. This use of μή is analogous to that with the infinitive (2727).

2731. μή is used when the reason for an action is regarded as the condition under which it takes place; as οὐ τοῦ πλέονος μὴ στερισκόμενοι χάριν ἔχουσιν they are not grateful at not being deprived of the greater part of their rights T. 1.77 ( = εἰ μὴ στερίσκοντο).

2732. The participle with ὡς, ὥσπερ, ἅτε, οἷον, οἷα (2085-2087) has οὐ; as ““ἐθορυβεῖτε ὡς οὐ ποιήσοντες ταῦταyou made a disturbance by way of declaring that you did not intend to do thisL. 12.73. The use of οὐ shows that there is nothing conditional in the use of ὡς though it is often translated by as if. μή occurs only after an imperative or a conditional word (2737).

2733. Participles of opposition or concession (2083) take οὐ; as ““πείθου γυναιξὶ καίπερ οὐ στέργων ὅμωςhearken to women albeit thou likest it notA. Sept. 712.

2734. The participle with the article has οὐ when a definite person or thing is meant, but μή when the idea is indefinite and virtually conditional (whoever, whatever); and when a person or thing is to be characterized (of such a sort, one who; 2705 g). Cp. 2052.

““οἱ οὐκ ὄντεςthe deadT. 2.44, οἱ οὐκ ἐθέλοντες the particular persons (or party) who are unwilling Ant. 6.26, ““οἱ οὐ βουλόμενοι ταῦτα οὕτως ἔχεινthe party of oppositionAnd. 1.9; ““οἱ μὴ δυνάμενοιany who are unableX. A. 4.5.11 ( = οἵτινες μὴ δύνανται or ὅσοι ἂν μὴ δύνωνται), ““ μὴ δαρεὶς ἄνθρωπος οὐ παιδεύεταιhe who gets no flogging gets no trainingMen. Sent. 422, ““ μὴ λέγων φρονεῖthe man who does not say what he thinksD. 18.282, μηδὲν ἀδικῶν οὐδενὸς δεῖται νόμου he who does no wrong needs no law Antiph. 288.


οὐ AND μή WITH SUBSTANTIVES AND ADJECTIVES USED SUBSTANTIVELY

2735. οὐ and μή are used with substantives and substantivized adjectives with the same difference as with participles. Here the generic μή is much more common than οὐ.

““ τῶν γεφυ_ρῶν . . . οὐ διάλυσιςthe non-destruction of the bridgesT. 1.137, κατὰ τὴν τῶν χωρίων ἀλλήλοις οὐκ ἀπόδοσιν because of their non-surrender of the places to each other 5. 35 ( = ὅτι οὐκ ἀπέδοσαν), διὰ τὴν τῶν Κορινθίων οὐκέτι ἐπαναγωγήν because the Corinthians no longer sailed out against them 7. 36. Cp. non-regardance (Shakesp.), nonresidences (Milton). So even with concrete nouns: οἱ οὐχὶ δοῦλοι E. fr. 831.

““ μὴ ἐμπειρία_lack of experienceAr. Eccl. 115, μὴ ἰ_α_τρός he who is not a physician (the non-physician) P. G. 459b, οἱ μὴ πλούσιοι whoever are not rich (the non-rich) P. R. 330a, ““οὐκ ἔστιν ἐν τοῖς μὴ καλοῖς βουλεύμασιν οὐδ᾽ ἐλπίςin schemes that are unwise there is no place even for hopeS. Tr. 725.

a. The use of the negative here compensates for the absence of negative compounds. Cp. αἱ οὐκ ἀναγκαῖαι πόσεις unnecessary potations X. R. L. 5.4.


οὐδείς, μηδείς

2736. οὐδείς, οὐδέν denote that which is actually non-existent or of no account; μηδείς, μηδέν denote that which is merely thought of as nonexistent or of no account. Both are used as the opposite of τὶς or τὶ (εἶναι) to be somebody (something, cp. 1269). The neuter forms are often used of persons; τὸ μηδέν (indeclinable) is used of persons and things.

νῦν μὲν οὐδείς, αὔριον δ᾽ ὑπέρμεγας oh thou who art now a nobody (an actual fact), but to-morrow exceeding great Ar. Eq. 158, ““ὄντες οὐδένεςbeing nobodiesE. And. 700, οὐ γὰρ ἠξίου τοὺς μηδένας for he was not wont to esteem (those whom he regarded as) nobodies S. Aj. 1114, τὸ μηδὲν εἰς οὐδὲν ῥέπει what was thought to be nothing now inclines (shows itself) to be actually nothing E. fr. 532, ὅτ᾽ οὐδὲν ὢν τοῦ μηδὲν ἀνέστης ὕπερ when though naught thyself (a fact) thou hast stood up for him who is as naught S. Aj. 1231. So τὸ οὐδέν zero, actually nothing, τὸ μηδέν abstract nonentity.

a. The construction may influence the choice between οὐδείς and μηδείς; as ἐὰ_ν δοκῶσί τι εἶναι μηδὲν ὄντες, ὀνειδίζετε αὐτοῖς rebuke them if they think they are something when in reality they are nothing P. A. 41e. Cp. 2737 b.


APPARENT EXCHANGE OF οὐ AND μή

2737. Where μή is used when we expect οὐ the negative expression usually depends on a verb that either has μή or would have it, if negatived.

a. After imperatives. Thus, σάφ᾽ ἴσθι μή με θωπεύσοντά σε know well that I shall not fawn upon thee E. Heracl. 983, ““νόμιζε μηδὲν εἶναι τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων βέβαιον εἶναιconsider nothing in human life to be secureI. 1.42 ( = μὴ νόμιζέ τι κτλ.), ““ὡς οὖν μὴ μόνον κρί_νοντες, ἀλλὰ καὶ θεωρούμενοι, οὕτω τὴν ψῆφον φέρετεcast your ballots then in the belief not only that you are passing judgment but also that the eyes of the world are upon youAes. 3.247 (cp. 2732). See also 2086 b.

b. After conditional expressions. Thus, ““εἰ δέ τις . . . νομίζει τι μὴ ἱκανῶς εἰρῆσθαιbut if any one thinks some point has not been sufficiently mentionedAnd. 1.70, λύ_σετε δὲ οὐδὲ τὰ_ς Λακεδαιμονίων σπονδὰ_ς δεχόμενοι ( = ἐὰ_ν δέχησθε) ἡμᾶς μηδετ<*>´οων ὄντας ξυμμάχους and by receiving us, who are allies of neither, you will not be violating the treaty with the Lacedaemonians either T. 1.35. Cp. 2736 a.

c. Other cases: ““κελεύει μεῖναι ἐπὶ τοῦ ποταμοῦ μὴ διαβάνταςhe ordered them to remain by the river without crossingX. A. 4.3.28 (here μεῖναι, if negatived, would take μή, 2720), ““ὑπέσχετο εἰρήνην ποιήσειν μήτε ὅμηρα δοὺς μήτε τὰ τείχη καθελώνhe promised that he would bring peace about without giving hostages or destroying the wallsL. 12.68 (here ποιήσειν, if negatived, would take μή, 2725).

N.—But οὐ may assert itself even under the above circumstances; as μὴ γε οὐ χρὴ ποίει don't do what is really wrong P. Eu. 307b, ““ ἀφί_ετέ με μὴ ἀφί_ετε ὡς ἐμοῦ οὐκ ἂν ποιήσαντος ἄλλαeither acquit me or do not acquit me in the knowledge that I should not act otherwiseP. A. 30b (cp. 2732), ““εἰ νομίζεις οὐχ ὑφέξειν τὴν δίκηνif thou thinkest not to suffer the penaltyS. O. T. 551 ( = οὐχ ὑφέξω), εἰ γνωσθησόμεθα ξυνελθόντες μέν, ἀμύ_νεσθαι δὲ οὐ (some Mss.) ““τολμῶντεςif we shall be known to have come together, and yet not to have the courage to avenge ourselvesT. 1.124 (it would be said of them: ξυνῆλθον μέν, ἀμύ_νεσθαι δὲ οὐκ ἐτόλμων, a contrast, cp. 2690).

d. On μή in questions where we might expect οὐ, see 2676 b.

2738. οὐ is sometimes used where we expect μή.

a. Where οὐ stands in a clause introduced by εἰ or other words after which μή might be expected (2698). Thus, ““ὄφρα καὶ οὐκ ἐθέλων τις ἀναγκαίῃ πολεμίζοιthat every one must of necessity fight even though he would notΔ 300 (cp. 2692 a).

b. Where οὐ goes strictly with the leading verb though it stands with the infinitive. Thus, βουλοίμην δ᾽ ἃν οὐκ εἶναι τόδε I would fain it were not so (I should not wish that this were so) E. Med. 73, ““ὀμώμοκεν οὐ χαριεῖσθαι . . . ἀλλὰ δικάσειν κατὰ τοὺς νόμουςhe has sworn, not that he will show favour, but that he will judge according to the lawsP. A. 35c (some explain this as the οὐ of direct discourse).

c. Where οὐ in a contrast goes closely with a following word or words, or stands in a partial parenthesis. Thus, κελεύων οὐκ ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ ἀλλ᾽ ἐν τῷ θεά_τρῳ τὴν ἀνάρρησιν γίγνεσθαι (he has violated the law) in demanding that the proclamation be made not in the Assembly but in the theatre Aes. 3.204, ““ὁμολογοίην ἂν ἔγωγε οὐ κατὰ τούτους εἶναι ῥήτωρI should acknowledge that I am an orator, but not after their styleP. A. 17b, ““ὑ_μᾶς νῦν ἀξιοῦντες οὐ ξυμμαχεῖν, ἀλλὰ ξυναδικεῖνdemanding that you should be, not their allies, but their partners in wrong-doingT. 1.39.

d. When a compound negative with the infinitive repeats οὐ used with the leading verb. Thus, ( νόμος) ““οὐκ ἐᾷ εἰσιέναι, οὗ ἂν τετελευτηκώς, οὐδεμίαν γυναῖκαthe law does not permit any women to enter where the dead may beD. 43.63.

e. When οὐδείς may be resolved into οὐ and τὶς, οὐ going with the leading verb. Thus, οὐδενὸς ( = οὔ τινος) ἁμαρτεῖν . . . δίκαιός ἐστιν there is nothing he deserves to miss Ant. 4. a. 6 ( = he does not deserve to miss anything), ““ἀξιῶ ἐγὼ ὧν ὀμωμόκατε παραβῆναι οὐδένI ask that you do not break any of the conditions to which you have swornX. H. 2.4.42 ( = οὐκ ἀξιῶ . . . παραβῆναι τι). Cp. S. Ph. 88.


μή AND μὴ οὐ WITH THE INFINITIVE


REDUNDANT OR SYMPATHETIC NEGATIVE

I. With the Infinitive depending on Verbs of Negative Meaning

2739. Verbs and expressions of negative meaning, such as deny, refuse, hinder, forbid, avoid, often take the infinitive with a redundant μή to confirm the negative idea of the leading verb.

With this compare: “First he denied you had in him no right” (Shakesp., Com. of Er. 4. 2. 7); and “La pluie . . . empêche qu'on ne se promène” (Racine); “Verbot ihnen Jesus, dass sie Niemand sagen sollten” (St. Mark 9. 9).

καταρνῇ μὴ δεδρα_κέναι τάδε; dost thou deny that thou hast done this? S. Ant. 442, ““ἀποκωλῦσαι τοὺς Ἕλληνας μὴ ἐλθεῖνto hinder the Greeks from comingX. A. 6.4.24, ““κήρῦκα προέπεμψεν αὐτοῖς . . . ἀπεροῦντα μὴ πλεῖνthey sent a herald to forbid them to sailT. 1.29, ““εὐλαβήσεσθε μὴ πολλῶν ἐναντίον λέγεινyou will beware of speaking in publicP. Eu. 304a, ““ἀπέσχοντο μὴ ἐπὶ τὴν ἑκατέρων γῆν στρατεῦσαιthey abstained from marching upon each other's territoryT. 5.25.

2740. The redundant μή is used after ἀμφιλέγω and ἀμφισβητῶ dispute, ἀνατίθεμαι retract an opinion, ἀντιλέγω speak against, ἀπαγορεύω and ἀπειπεῖν forbid, ἀπιστῶ doubt, ἀπογιγνώσκω abandon an intention, ἀποκρύπτομαι conceal, ἀπολύ_ω acquit, ἀποστερῶ deprive, ἀποστρέφω divert, ἀποχειροτονῶ and ἀποψηφίζομαι vote against, ἀρνοῦμαι (and compounds, and ἄπαρνός εἰμι, ἔξαρνός εἰμι) deny, διαμάχομαι refuse, εἴργω and ἐμποδών εἰμι prevent, ἐναντιοῦμαι oppose, εὐλαβοῦμαι beware of, ἔχω and ἀπέχω prevent, ἀντέχω, ἀπέχομαι, ἐπέχω, κατέχω abstain from, κωλύ_ω (and compounds) hinder, μεταβουλεύομαι alter one's plans, μεταγιγνώκω change one's mind, ὄκνον παρέχω make hesilate, φεύγω (and compounds) escape, avoid, disclaim, φυλάττομαι guard against, etc.

2741. Also after the following verbs: ἀπαυδῶ forbid, ἀπεύχομαι deprecor, ἀποδοκεῖ resolve not, ἀπροσδόκητός εἰμι do not expect, ἀφαιροῦμαι prevent, ἀφί_ημι acquit, δέδοικα and φοβοῦμαι fear, ἐρύ_κω hinder, καταδεῖ lack, μεταδοκεῖ μοι change one's mind, παύω put an end to, ῥύομαι and σῴζω save from, ὑπεκτρέχω escape from, ὑφί_εμαι give up, etc.

2742. When a verb of denying, refusing, hindering, forbidding, etc., is itself negatived, either directly or by appearing in a question expecting a negative answer, the infinitive has μὴ οὐ. Here both the introductory clause and the dependent clause have virtually an affirmative sense.

οὐδεὶς πώποτ᾽ ἀντεῖπεν μὴ οὐ καλῶς ἔχειν αὐτούς (τοὺς νόμους) no one ever denied that they (the laws) were excellent D. 24.24, τίνα οἴει ἀπαρνήσεσθαι μὴ οὐχὶ καὶ αὐτὸν ἐπίστασθαι τὰ δίκαια; who, think you, will deny that he too understands what is just? P. G. 461c ( = οὐδεὶς ἀπαρνήσεται). But μὴ οὐ is not used after οὔ φημι, οὐκ ἐῶ, οὐκ ἐθέλω (2692 a).

a. μὴ οὐ with the infinitive here, and elsewhere, is used only when the introductory word or words has an actual or a virtual negative. Since, in ἀρνοῦμαι μὴ ταῦτα δοᾶσαι I deny that I did this, μή confirms the negative idea in ἀρνοῦμαι, so in οὐκ ἀρνοῦμαι μὴ οὐ ταῦτα δρᾶσαι I do not deny that I did this, οὐ after the strengthening μή confirms the οὐ prefixed to the leading verb. Cp. “Je ne nie pas que je ne sois infiniment flatté” (Voltaire). In the first sentence μή repeats the ‘negative result’ of ἀρνοῦμαι (single sympathetic negative, untranslatable); in the second sentence οὐ is repeated with the infinitive to sum up the effect of οὐκ ἀρνοῦμαι (double sympathetic negative; both untranslatable). After verbs negative in meaning (deny, etc.) μή and μὴ οὐ cannot be translated in modern English (see 2739). After verbs not negative in character but preceded by a negative, and after virtually negative expressions, μή or μὴ οὐ has a negative force (2745, 2746).

b. μὴ οὐ with the infinitive regularly indicates a certain pressure of interest on the part of the person involved.

2743. After deny, speak against, doubt, etc., followed by ὡς or ὅτι, a redundant οὐ is often inserted. Thus, ““ὡς μὲν οὐκ ἀληθῆ ταῦτ᾽ ἐστίν, οὐχ ἕξετ᾽ ἀντιλέγεινthat this is true you will not be able to denyD. 8.31.

a. Here the ὡς clause is an internal accusative (accusative of content) after ἀντιλέγειν. Originally the meaning seems to have been ‘you will not be able to deny in this way—this is not true’ where οὐ is not redundant.

2744. Summary of Constructions after Verbs of Hindering, etc.

After verbs signifying (or suggesting) to hinder and the like, the infinitive admits the article τό or τοῦ (the ablatival genitive, 1392). Hence we have a variety of constructions, which are here classed under formal types. The simple infinitive is more closely connected with the leading verb than the infinitive with τὸ μή or τὸ μὴ οὐ, which often denotes the result (cp. ὥστε μή) of the action of the leading verb and is either an accusative of respect or a simple object infinitive. The genitive of the infinitive is very rare with κωλύ_ω and its compounds.

a. Some scholars regard the infinitive with the negative as an internal accusative, not as a simple object infinitive; and the infinitive without the negative as an external accusative.

1. εἴργει με μὴ γράφειν (the usual construction: examples 2739).

2. εἴργει με γράφειν (less common). Since the redundant μή is not obligatory, we have the simple infinitive as object (1989), as εἰ τοῦτό τις εἴργει δρᾶν ὄκνος if some scruple prevents us from doing this P. Soph. 242a, δ̀ν θανε<*>ῖν ἐρρυ_σάμην whom I saved from death E. Alc. 11, ““οἱ θεῶν ἡμᾶς ὅρκοι κωλύ_ουσι πολεμίους εἶναι ἀλλήλοιςthe oaths sworn in the name of the gods prevent our being enemies to each otherX. A. 2.5.7, and so usually with κωλύ_ω (cp. 2744. 7).

3. εἴργει με τὸ μὴ γράφειν (rather common; cp. 1): εἶργον τὸ μὴ . . . κακουργεῖν they prevented them from doing damage T. 3.1, ““οἷοί τε ἦσαν κατέχειν τὸ μὴ δακρύ_εινthey were able to restrain their weepingP. Ph. 117c.

4. εἴργει με τὸ γράφειν (not uncommon; cp. 2): ““ἐπέσχον τὸ εὐθέως τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις ἐπιχειρεῖνthey refrained from immediately attacking the AtheniansT. 7.33, ““ἔστιν τις, ὅς σε κωλύ_σει τὸ δρᾶνthere is some one who will prevent thee from the deedS. Ph. 1241.

5. εἴργει με τοῦ μὴ γράφειν, with the ablatival genitive, 1392 (not so common as 3): πᾶς γὰρ ἀσκὸς δύο ἄνδρας ἕξει τοῦ μὴ καταδῦναι for each skin-bag will pre- vent two men from sinking X. A. 3.5.11. Other cases are: Hdt. 1.86, T. 1.76, X. C. 2.4.13, 2. 4. 23, 3. 3. 31, I. 7.17, 12. 80, 15. 122, P. L. 637c, 832 b, D. 23.149, 33. 25. Observe that this idiom does not have the logical meaning ‘from not,’ which we should expect. Some write τὸ μή or μή alone.

6. εἴργει με τοῦ γράφειν (not common, and very rare with κωλύ_ω, as X. A. 1.6.2): τοῦ δὲ δρα_πετεύειν δεσμοῖς ἀπείργουσι; do they prevent their slaves from running away by fetters? X. M. 2.1.16, ““ἐπέσχομεν τοῦ δακρύ_εινwe desisted from weepingP. Ph. 117e (cp. 3).

7. οὐκ εἴργει με γράφειν (not very common, but more often with οὐ κωλύ_ω; cp. 2): οὐδὲ διακωλύ_ουσι ποιεῖν ὧν ἂν ἐπιθυ_μῇς; nor will they prevent you from doing what you desire? P. Lys. 207e, τί κωλύ_ει ( = οὐδὲν κ.) καὶ τὰ ἄκρα ἡμῖν κελεύειν Κῦρον προκαταλαβεῖν; what hinders our ordering Cyrus to take also the heights in advance for us? X. A. 1.3.16, ““ταῦτά τινες οὐκ ἐξαρνοῦνται πρά_ττεινcertain people do not deny that they are doing these thingsAes. 3.250.

8. οὐκ εἴργει με μὴ οὐ γράφειν (the regular construction): οὐκ ἀμφισβητῶ μὴ οὐχὶ σὲ σοφώτερον ἐμέ I do not dispute that you are wiser than I P. Hipp. Minor 369 d, ““οὐδὲν ἐδύνατο ἀντέχειν μὴ οὐ χαρίζεσθαιhe was not able to resist granting the favourX. C. 1.4.2, τί ἐμποδὼν ( = οὐδὲν ἐμποδών) μὴ οὐχὶ . . . ὑβριζομένους ἀποθανεῖν; what hinders our being put to death ignominiously? X. A. 3.1.13, τί δῆτα μέλλεις μὴ οὐ γεγωνίσκειν τὸ πᾶν; why pray dost thou hesitate to declare the whole? A. Pr. 627.

9. οὐκ εἴργει με τὸ μὴ γράφειν (since occasionally the sympathetic οὐ is not added; cp. 3): καὶ φημὶ δρᾶσαι κοὐκ ἀπαρνοῦμαι τὸ μή (δρᾶσαι) I both assent that I did the deed and do not deny that I did it S. Ant. 443, τίς . . . σοῦ ἀπελείφθη τὸ μή σοι ἀκολουθεῖν; who failed to follow you? X. C. 5.1.25.

10. οὐκ εἴργει με τὸ μὴ οὐ γράφειν (very common; cp. 8): ““οὐκ ἐναντιώσομαι τὸ μὴ οὐ γεγωνεῖν πᾶνI will not refuse to declare allA. Pr. 786, ““τὸ μὲν οὖν μὴ οὐχὶ ἡδέα εἶναι τὰ ἡδέα λὁγος οὐδεὶς ἀμφισβητεῖno argument disputes that sweet things are sweetP. Phil. 13a.

Very unusual constructions are

11. οὐκ εἴργει τὸ γράφειν (““οὐκ ἂν ἀρνοίμην τὸ δρᾶνI will not refuse the deedS. Ph. 118).

12. οὐκ εἴργει μὴ γράφειν (οὔτ᾽ ἠμφεσβήτησε μὴ σχεῖν neither did he deny that he had the money D. 27.15).

13. οὐκ εἴργει τοῦ μὴ οὐ γράφειν (once only: E. Hipp. 48, where τὸ μὴ οὐ is read by some).

On the negative after ὥστε, see 2759.

II. μὴ οὐ with the Infinitive depending on Negatived Verbs

2745. Any infinitive that would take μή, takes μὴ οὐ (with a negative force), if dependent on a negatived verb. Here οὐ is the sympathetic negative and is untranslatable.

““οὐκ ἂν πιθοίμην μὴ οὐ τάδ᾽ ἐκμαθεῖν σαφῶςI cannot consent not to learn this exactly as it isS. O. T. 1065.

2746. μὴ οὐ with the infinitive thus often follows verbs and other expressions formed by οὐ (or α-privative) with a positive word and denoting what is impossible, improbable, wrong, senseless, and the like.

““οὐδεὶς οἷός τ᾽ ἐστὶν ἄλλως λέγων μὴ οὐ καταγέλαστος εἶναιno one by speaking otherwise can avoid being ridiculousP. G. 509a, ““ὑπέσχου ζητήσειν ὡς οὐχ ὅσιόν σοι ὂν μὴ οὐ βοηθεῖν δικαιοσύνῃyou promised to make the inquiry on the ground that it would not be right for you not to assist justiceP. R. 427e, ““πάνυ ἀνόητον ἡγοῦμαι εἶναί σοι μὴ οὐ καὶ τοῦτο χαρίζεσθαιI think it is utterly senseless for me not to grant you this favour alsoP. S. 218c.

2747. Such expressions are, e.g. οὐχ ὅσιός τ᾽ εἰμί, οὐχ ὁ̂όν τ᾽ ἐστί, οὐχ ἱκανός εἰμι, οὐκ ἔστι, ἀδύνατός εἰμι, οὐ δίκαιόν ἐστι, οὐχ ὅσιόν ἐστι, οὐ προσδοκία_ ἐστί, ἄλογόν ἐστι, οὐκ ἀνεκτόν ἐστι, ἄνοιά ἐστι, and many others.

2748. Some expressions denoting repugnance to the moral sense involve a negative idea, and may have the same construction. Thus, ὥστε πᾶσιν αἰσχύ_νην εἶναι μὴ οὐ συσπουδάζειν so that all were ashamed not (i.e. felt it was not right) to coöperate zealously X. A. 2.3.11. So with αἰσχρόν ἐστι ( = οὐ καλόν ἐστι), δεινόν ἐστι.

2749. Instead of μὴ οὐ we find also μή, τὸ μή, τοῦ μή, τὸ μὴ οὐ (but not τοῦ μὴ οὐ).

a. μή (rarely; cp. 2744. 1): ““ἔλεγον ὅτι . . . οὐ δυνήσοιντο μὴ πείθεσθαι τοῖς Οηβαίοιςthey said that they could not help submitting to the ThebansX. H. 6.1.1, ““αἰσχρὸν . . . γίγνεται ἐμέ γε μὴ ἐθέλεινit is disgraceful for me at least not to be willingP. G. 458d.

b. τὸ μή (cp. 2744. 3): ἔφη . . . οὐχ οι<*>῀όν τ᾽ εἶναι τὸ μὴ ἀποκτεῖναί με he said it was not possible not to condemn me to death P. A. 29c.

c. τοῦ μή (cp. 2744. 5): ““ ἀπορία_ τοῦ μὴ ἡσυχάζεινthe inability to restT. 2.49.

d. τὸ μὴ οὐ (cp. 2744. 10): οὐ μέντοι ἔπειθέ γε τὸ μὴ οὐ μεγαλοπά_γμων . . . εἶναι he could not, however, persuade them that he was not a man who entertained grand designs X. H. 5.2.36, ““ἄλογον τὸ μὴ οὐ τέμνειν διχῇit is irrational not to make a two-fold divisionP. Soph. 219e.


μὴ οὐ WITH THE PARTICIPLE DEPENDING ON NEGATIVED VERBS

2750. μὴ οὐ, instead of μή, is sometimes found with the participle after expressions preceded by οὐ or involving a negative, and usually when such expressions denote impossibility or moral repugnance. μὴ οὐ here denotes an exception, and has the force of except, unless (cp. εἰ μή, 2346 a).

““οὐκ ἄρα ἐστὶν φίλον τῷ φιλοῦντι οὐδὲν μὴ οὐκ ἀντιφιλοῦνnothing then is beloved by a lover except it love in returnP. Lys. 212d, ““δυσάλγητος γὰρ ἂν εἴην τοία_νδε μὴ οὐ κατοικτί_ρων ἕδρα_νfor I should prove hard of heart, did I not pity such a supplication as thisS. O. T. 11 (δυσάλγητος οὐκ οἰκτίρμων, μὴ οὐ κατοικτί_ρων εἰ μὴ κατοικτί_ροιμι).


μή AND μὴ οὐ WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE AND INDICATIVE

2751. The use of μή and μὴ οὐ with the subjunctive is different from that with the infinitive.

a. In doubtful assertions (1801-1802) expressing anxiety, suspicion, surmise, μή is used of that which may be true, μὴ οὐ of that which may not be true.

b. After verbs of fear and caution, where μή means lest, μὴ οὐ means lest not, that not (2221, 2225).

2752. μή and μὴ οὐ are used with the indicative in doubtful assertions (1772). In questions with μὴ οὐ the οὐ belongs to a single word (2651 d).

On ὅπως μή, ὅπως μὴ οὐ with the future, see 1920, 1921, 2203.


REDUNDANT οὐ WITH πλήν, ETC.

2753. Redundant οὐ appears after the negative words πλήν, χωρίς, ἐκτός, ἄνευ except, without, and after πρίν (and μᾶλλον usually) preceded by a negative, which may be involved in a question.

νῦν δὲ φαίνεται ( ναῦς) . . . ““πλέουσα πανταχόσε πλὴν οὐκ εἰς Ἀθήνα_ςbut now it seems that the ship is sailing everywhere except to AthensD. 56.23, πρὶν δ᾽ οὐδὲν ὀρθῶς εἰδέναι, τί σοι πλέον λυ_πουμένῃ γένοιτ᾽ ἄν; before thou knowest the facts, what can sorrow avail thee? E. Hel. 322, ““εὖ δ᾽ ἴστε ὅτι οὐ περὶ τῶν ἐμῶν ἰδίων μᾶλλον τι_μωρήσεσθε Πολυκλέα_ οὐχ ὑπέρ ὑ_μῶν αὐτῶνbut be assured that you will punish Polycles rather for your own good than for my private interestsD. 50.66. Cp. “j'irai vous voir avant que vous ne preniez aucune résolution,” “le bon Dieu est cent fois meilleur qu'on ne le dit.”


ου᾽ μή

2754. οὐ μή, and the compounds of each, are used in emphatic negative predictions and prohibitions.

a. οὐ μή marks strong personal interest on the part of the speaker. In its original use it may have belonged to colloquial speech and as such we find it in comedy; but in tragedy it is often used in stately language. οὐ μή is rare in the orators.

2755. (I) In negative predictions to denote a strong denial.

a. With the (first or second) aorist subjunctive, less often with the present subjunctive (1804). Thus, ““ἢν νι_κήσωμεν, οὐ μή ποτε ὑ_μῖν Πελοποννήσιοι ἐσβάλωσιν ἐς τὴν χώρα_νif we are victorious, the Peloponnesians will never invade your territoryT. 4.95, ““οὐδεὶς μηκέτι μείνῃ τῶν πολεμίωνnot one of the enemy will stand his ground any longerX. A. 4.8.13, οὔτι μὴ φύγητε you shall not escape (a threat) E. Hec. 1039, ““οὐ μή σοι δύνωνται ἀντέχειν οἱ πολέμιοιyour enemies will not be able to withstand youX. Hi. 11.15.

b. With the future indicative (first and third person). Thus, ““οὔ σοι μὴ μεθέψομαί ποτεnever will I follow theeS. El. 1052, οὐ μὴ δυνήσεται Κῦρος εὑρεῖν Cyrus will not be able to find X. C. 8.1.5. In indirect discourse, the future optative or infinitive; as ““ἐθέσπισεν . . . ὡς οὐ μή ποτε πέρσοιενhe prophesied that they never would destroyS. Ph. 611, ““εἶπεν . . . οὐ μή ποτε εὖ πρά_ξειν πόλινhe declared that the city would never prosperE. Phoen. 1590.

2756. (II) In strong prohibitions (cp. 1919).

a. With the future indicative (second person singular). Thus, ““οὐ μὴ καταβήσειdon't come downAr. Vesp. 397.

b. With the aorist subjunctive rarely (1800 N.). Thus ““οὐ μὴ ληρήσῃςdon't talk twaddleAr. Nub. 367. Many editors change the aorist subjunctive to the future indicative.

2757. There are two cases in which οὐ μή is not used in conjunction, but where each negative has its own verb.

a. A positive command in the future indicative (second person) may be joined by ἀλλά or δέ to a prohibition introduced by οὐ μή. Thus, ““οὐ μὴ λαλήσεις ἀλλ᾽ ἀκολουθήσεις ἐμοίdon't prattle but follow meAr. Nub. 505, ““οὐ μὴ δυσμενὴς ἔσει τοῖς φίλοις, παύσει δὲ θυ_μοῦdo not be angry with thy friends, but cease thy wrathE. Med. 1151. (In E. Bacch. 343 δέ with the future is followed by μηδέ with the future.) In such sentences the force of οὐ continues into the ἀλλά or δέ clause. Such sentences are generally printed as questions.

b. A positive command with οὐ and the future indicative (second person) may be followed by the future in a prohibition introduced by μηδέ or καὶ μή. Here the clause with οὐ has the form of a question expecting the answer yes, while the whole sentence has the form of a question expecting the answer no. Thus, οὐ σῖγ᾽ ἀνέξει μηδὲ δειλία_ν ἀρεῖ; wilt thou not keep silence and not win for thyself the reputation of cowardice? ( = keep silence and do not get the reputation of being a coward) S. Aj. 75, οὐκοῦν καλεῖς αὐτὸν καὶ μὴ ἀφήσεις; will you not call him and (will you not) send him away? ( = call him and don't send him away) P. S. 175a. Here οὐ is to be taken also with the following clause. Some scholars make the question in the second clause independent of οὐ.

2758. The origin of the use of οὐ μή is obscure and disputed. See Kvičala Zeitschrift für österreichische Gymnasien 1856, p. 755; Goodwin Moods and Tenses 389; Gildersleeve American Journal of Philology 3. 202, 23. 137; Jebb on Sophocles Ajax 75 (appendix); Chambers Classical Review 10. 150, 11. 109; Wharton o.c. 10. 239; Whitelaw o.c. 10. 239, 16. 277; Sonnenschein o.c. 16. 165; Kühner-Gerth Grammatik der griechischen Sprache 2. § 514. 8.


NEGATIVES WITH ὥστε AND THE INFINITIVE

2759. ὥστε with the infinitive shows the following uses of the negatives.

a. μή in ordinary result clauses including such as express an intended result; as πᾶν ποιοῦσιν ὥστε δίκην μὴ διδόναι μηδ᾽ ἀπαλλάττεσθαι τοῦ μεγίστου κακοῦ they use every effort (so as) to avoid being punished and released from the greatest of evils P. G. 479c.

b. μή sympathetic, after verbs of hindering; as ““ἀπεχόμενοι ὥστε μὴ ἐμβάλλεινrefraining from attackingT. 1.49 (cp. 2744. 1).

N.—After verbs of hindering ὥστε is rarely used for ὥστε μή (cp. 2744. 2); as ““ὥστε γὰρ τὴν σύντομον πρὸς τοὺς Πελληνέα_ς ἀφικέσθαι πρὸ τοῦ τείχους φάραγξ εἶργεthe ravine in front of the walls prevented them from reaching the short cut to the PelleniansX. H. 7.2.13. Cp. P. Eu. 305d.

c. ου᾽, when the ὥστε clause depends on a clause itself subordinate to a verb of saying or thinking (2269).

d. μὴ οὐ after a negatived verb of hindering (cp. 2744. 8); as ““οὔτε σφέας Εὐρυβιάδης κατέχειν δυνήσεται . . . ὥστε μὴ οὐ διασκεδασθῆναι τὴν στρατιήνneither will Eurybiades be able to prevent the fleet from being scatteredHdt. 8.57. Also when the ὥστε clause depends on a negatived verb (2745); as ““πείσομαι γὰρ οὐ τοσοῦτον οὐδὲν ὥστε μὴ οὐ καλῶς θανεῖνfor I will suffer nothing so much as not to die noblyS. Ant. 97.

e. ου᾽ μή (cp. 2754 a); as ““οὕτως ἐπετεθύ_μηκα ἀκοῦσαι ὥστε . . . οὐ μή σου ἀπολειφθῶI have conceived such a desire to hear that I shall not fall behind youP. Phae. 227d.


ACCUMULATION OF NEGATIVES

2760. If in the same clause a simple negative (οὐ or μή) with a verb follows a negative, each of the two negatives keeps its own force if they belong to different words or expressions. If they belong to the same word or expression, they make an affirmative.

οὐ διὰ τὸ μὴ ἀκοντίζειν οὐκ ἔβαλον αὐτόν it was not because they did not throw that they did not hit him Ant. 3. δ. 6, ““οὔ τοι μὰ τὴν Δήμητρα δύναμαι μὴ γελᾶνby Demeter I am not able to help laughingAr. Ran. 42, οὐδεὶς οὐκ ἔπασχέ τι no one was not suffering something (i.e. everybody suffered) X. S. 1. 9 (οὐδεὶς ὅστις οὐ = everybody is commonly used for οὐδεὶς οὐ), οὐδὲ τὸν Φορμίων᾽ ἐκεῖνος οὐχ ὁρᾷ nor does he not see Phormio (i.e. he sees him very well) D. 36.46, οὐδ᾽ εἴ τις ἄλλος σοφός (ἐστιν) ““οὐ φιλοσοφεῖnor if there is any other man who is wise, does he love wisdomP. S. 204a, ““οὐδέ γε ἰδίᾳ πονηρὸς οὐκ ἂν γένοιτο δημοσίᾳ χρηστόςnor can the man who is base in private prove himself noble in a public capacityAes. 3.78.

2761. If in the same clause one or more compound negatives follow a negative with the same verb, the compound negative simply confirms the first negative.

““οὐδεὶς οὐδὲν πενίᾳ δρά_σειno one will do anything because of wantAr. Eccl. 605, ““μὴ θορυβήσῃ μηδείςlet no one raise an uproarD. 5.15, ““καὶ οὔτε ἐπέθετο οὐδεὶς οὐδαμόθεν οὔτε πρὸς τὴν γέφυ_ραν οὐδεὶς ἦλθεand neither did any one make an attack from any quarter nor did any one come to the bridgeX. A. 2.4.23, τούτους φοβούμενοι μήποτε ἀσεβὲς μηδὲν μηδὲ ἀνόσιον μήτε ποιήσητε μήτε βουλεύσητε holding them (the gods) in fear never do or intend anything either impious or unholy X. C. 8.7.22. So οὐ . . . οὐδέ non . . . ne . . quidem, οὐ μὴν οὐδέ (2768). οὐδὲ πολλοῦ δεῖ, after a negative, means far from it. Cp. “no sonne, were he never so old of years, might not marry” (Ascham's Scholemaster), “We may not, nor will we not suffer this” (Marlowe).

a. In οὐδὲ γὰρ οὐδέ the first negative belongs to the whole sentence, while the second limits a particular part. Thus, ““οὐδὲ γὰρ οὐδὲ τοῦτο ἐψεύσατοfor he did not deceive me even in thisX. C. 7.2.20 (cp. neque enim . . . ne . . quidem). Cp. E 22, θ 32. So οὐδὲ μὲν οὐδέ B 703, κ 551.

2762. The negative of one clause is often repeated in the same or in another clause either for emphasis or because of lax structure.

δ̀ς οὐκ, ἐπειδὴ τῷδε ἐβούλευσας μόρον, δρᾶσαι τόδ᾽ ἔργον οὐκ ἔτλης who did not, after you had planned his death, dare to do this deed A. Ag. 1634. The repetition is rhetorical when the negative is repeated directly, as ““οὐ σμι_κρός, οὔχ, ἁ_γὼν ὅδεnot trifling, is this struggle, no in truthS. O. C. 587.


SOME NEGATIVE PHRASES

2763. μὴ ὅτι, οὐχ ὅπως, rarely οὐχ ὅτι and μὴ ὅπως, not to speak of, to say nothing of, not only, not only not, so far from (Lat. tantum aberat ut) are idiomatic phrases probably due to an (early, and later often unconscious) ellipsis of a verb of saying. Thus, οὐ λέγω (or οὐκ ἐρῶ) ὅπως, μὴ εἴπω (λέγε or εἴπῃς) ὅτι I do (will) not say that, let me not say that, do not say that. μὴ ὅτι, etc. are often used where these verbal forms cannot be supplied by reason of the form of the sentence.

a. οὐχ ὅτι (οὐχ ὅπως, μὴ ὅτι) . . . ἀλλὰ (καί not only . . . but (also). Thus, ““οὐχ ὅτι μόνος Κρίτων ἐν ἡσυχίᾳ ἦν, ἀλλὰ καὶ οἱ φίλοι αὐτοῦnot only was Crito in peace, but his friends alsoX. M. 2.9.8, οἶμαι ἂν μὴ ὅτι ἰδιώτην τινά, ἀλλὰ τὸν μέγαν βασιλέα_ εὑρεῖν κτλ. I think that not merely any private person but the Great King would find, etc. P. A. 40d.

b. οὐχ ὅπως (rarely οὐχ ὅτι) or μὴ ὅτι . . . ἀλλὰ (καί) is shown by the context to mean not only not (so far from) . . . but (also). Thus, ““οὐχ ὅπως χάριν αὐτοῖς ἔχεις, ἀλλὰ μισθώσα_ς σαυτὸν κατὰ τουτωνὶ_ πολι_τεύειnot only are you not grateful to them, but you let yourself out for hire as a public man to their prejudiceD. 18.131; μὴ ὅτι P. R. 581e.

c. οὐχ ὅπως (rarely οὐχ ὅτι) or μὴ ὅτι (μὴ ὅπως) . . . ἀλλ᾽ οὐδέ (μηδέ) or ἀλλ̓ου᾽ (μή) is shown by the context to mean not only not (so far from) . . . but not even. Thus, ““οὐχ ὅπως τῆς κοινῆς ἐλευθερία_ς μετέχομεν, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ δουλεία_ς μετρία_ς τυχεῖν ἠξιώθημενnot only do we not share in the general freedom, but we were not thought worthy of obtaining even a moderate servitudeI. 14.5, ““νομίζει ἑαυτὸν μὴ ὅτι Πλαταιέα_ εἶναι, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδ᾽ ἐλεύθερονhe considers himself not only not a Plataean but not even a free manL. 23.12.

N. When a negative precedes, the meaning may be not only . . . but not even; as ““τὴν οἰκία_ν . . . οὐδενὶ ἂν μὴ ὅτι προῖκα δοίης, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδ᾽ ἔλα_ττον τῆς ἀξία_ς λαβώνyou would offer your house to no one not only gratis, but not even for a lower price than it is worthX. M. 1.6.11.

d. μὴ ὅτι (less often οὐχ ὅπως) in the second of two balanced clauses, after an expressed or implied negative in the first clause, means much less (Lat. nedum; as οὐδὲ πλεῖν, μὴ ὅτι ἀναιρεῖσθαι τοὺς ἄνδρας δυνατὸν ἦν it was not possible even to sail, much less to rescue the man (i.e. to say nothing of rescuing) X. H. 2.3.35. The preceding negative may be contained in a question or be otherwise implicit. Thus, δοκεῖ σοι ῥᾴδιον εἶναι οὕτω ταχὺ μαθεῖν . . . ὁτιοῦν πρᾶγμα, μὴ ὅτι τοσοῦτον κτλ.; does it appear to you to be easy to learn so quickly any subject whatever, much less a subject of so great importance? P. Crat. 427e; cp. D. 54.17.

The rare οὐχ ὅτι in the second member means though (P. Pr. 336d).

e. μή τί γε, in the orators instead of μὴ ὅτι, after a negative means much less, after a positive much more. Cp. D. 19.137, 8. 27.

2764. ου᾽ μόνον . . . ἀλλὰ καί (negative ἀλλ᾽ οὐδέ) not only . . . but also (Lat. non solum . . . sed etiam). καί may be omitted: usually when the ἀλλά clause either includes the first clause or is strongly contrasted with it. Thus, ““ἱ_μάτιον ἠμφίεσαι οὐ μόνον φαῦλον, ἀλλά τὸ αὐτὸ θέρους τε καὶ χειμῶνοςyou put on a cloak that is not merely wretched but is the same both summer and winter alikeX. M. 1.6.2; cp. D. 18.26.

2765. τι μή, ὅσον μή except, unless. τι (sometimes written ὅτι) μή, and ὅσον μή, ὅσα μή are used, without any verb, to limit a preceding assertion (cp. εἰ μή 2346 a).

““οὐ γὰρ ἦν κρήνη, τι μὴ μία ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ ἀκροπόλειfor there was no spring, except one on the acropolis itselfT. 4.26, πείθουσα δὲ ἐκ τούτων μὲν ἀναχωρεῖν, ὅσον μὴ ἀνάγκη αὐτοῖς χρῆσθαι philosophy persuading the soul to withdraw from them, except so far as she has to make use of them P. Ph. 83a, ““τῆς γῆς ἐκράτουν ὅσα μὴ προϊόντες πολὺ ἐκ τῶν ὅπλωνthey were masters of the country, so far as they could be without advancing far from their campT. 1.111 (ὅσα κρατεῖν ἐδύναντο).

2766. μόνον οὐ (lit. only not), ὅσον οὐ (of time) almost, all but (Lat. tantum non). Thus, ““μόνον οὐ διεσπάσθηνI was almost torn in piecesD. 5.5, ““ἐνόμιζε . . . ὅσον οὐκ ἤδη ἔχειν τὴν πόλινhe thought that he already was all but in possession of the cityX. H. 6.2.16.

2767. ου᾽ μὴν ἀλλά, οὐ μέντοι ἀλλά nevertheless, notwithstanding, cp. Lat. uerum tamen; the colloquial ου᾽ γὰρ ἀλλά has about the force of nay, for indeed, cp. Lat. non enim . . . sed. These elliptical phrases require a verb or some other word to be supplied from the context or general run of the thought; but they often resist strict analysis since the contrasted idea is too vague to be supplied. Thus, ἵππος . . . μι_κροῦ κἀ_κεῖνον ἐξετραχήλισεν: οὐ μὴν (ἐξετραχήλισεν) ἀλλὰ ἐπέμεινεν Κῦρος the horse was within a little of throwing him also over its head; (not that it did throw him however, but = ) nevertheless Cyrus kept his seat X. C. 1.4.8, ἀεὶ μὲν οὖν οἵ θ᾽ ἡμέτεροι πρόγονοι καὶ Λακεδαιμόνιοι φιλοτί_μως πρὸς ἀλλήλους εἶχον, οὐ μὴν (scil. περὶ κακῶν) ἀλλὰ περὶ καλλίστων . . . ἐφιλονί_κησαν while our ancestors and the Lacedaemonians were continually jealous of each other (not indeed about base objects but = ) nevertheless they were rivals about the noblest objects I. 4.85, καὶ γὰρ ἂν δόξειεν οὕτω γ᾽ εἶναι ἄλογον: οὐ μέντοι (scil. ἄλογόν ἐστιν) ἀλλ᾽ ἴσως ἔχει τινὰ λόγον and in fact put thus it would seem to be unreasonable; (it is not however unreasonable but = ) nevertheless perhaps it has some sense P. Ph. 62b, μὴ σκῶπτέ μ᾽, ὦδέλφ᾽, οὐ γὰρ ἀλλ᾽ ἔχω κακῶς don't mock me, brother; nay, for really I am in a bad way Ar. Ran 58 (lit. for it is not so but, i.e. it is not a case for mocking, but). In these phrases ἀλλά seems to show traces of its original force of otherwise (2775).

2768. ου᾽ μὴν οὐδέ nor (yet) again, not however that corresponds to the positive οὐ μὴν (μέντοι) ἀλλά. Thus, ““οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ βαρβάρους εἴρηκεnor again has he spoken of barbariansT. 1.3, οὐ μὰ_ν οὐδ᾽ Ἀχιλεύς no, nor even Achilles B 703, ““οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ ἀναισθήτως αὐτοὺς κελεύω τοὺς . . . ξυμμάχους ἡμῶν ἐᾶν βλάπτεινnot however that I bid you tamely permit them to injure our alliesT. 1.82.

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