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μή , Elean μά [α_] SIG9.5 (Olympia, vi B.C.). (Cf. Skt.
A.mā´, Arm. mi [from I.-E. mē´], negative used in prohibitions):—not, the negative of the will and thought, as οὐ of fact and statement; μή rejects, οὐ denies; μή is relative, οὐ absolute; μή subjective, οὐ objective. (A few examples of μηδέ and μηδείς have been included.)
A. in INDEPENDENT sentences, used in expressions of will or wish, command, entreaty, warning,
1. with pres. imper., 2 pers., “μή μ᾽ ἐρέθιζεIl.1.32, al.; 3 pers., “μή μευ πειράτω9.345, etc.: rarely with aor. imper., “μὴ . . ἔνθεο τιμῇ4.410, cf. Od.24.248; in Att., “μὴ ψεῦσον, Ζεῦ, τῆς . . ἐλπίδοςAr.Th.870; 3 pers., “μή τις ἀκουσάτωOd.16.301, cf. Pi.O.8.55, P.5.23, A.Th.1041, S.Aj.1180; “μηδεὶς νομισάτω, προσδοκησάτωX.Cyr.7.5.73, Pl.Ap.17c: with pf. imper. 3 pers., “μή τις ὀπίσσω τετράφθωIl.12.272; or 2 pers. when pf. = pres., “μὴ κεκράγετεAr. V.415.
2. with subj. (usu. 2 pers. of aor.), in prohibitions, “μὴ δή με . . ἐάσῃςIl.5.684, cf. A.Pr.583 (lyr.), al.; μή τοί με κρύψῃς τοῦτο ib.625, cf. S.Ph.470; “μὴ φθονήσῃςPl.Prt.320c: coupled with pres. imper., “μὴ βοηθήσητε τῷ πεπονθότι δεινά, μὴ εὐορκεῖτεD.21.211; 3 pers., “μὴ . . γένηταιIl.4.37, cf. Od.22.213; “μὴ ματεύσῃ θεὸς γενέσθαιPi.O.5.24: rarely, if ever, with 2 pers. pres. subj., “μὴ κάμνῃςE.IA 1143 (leg. κάμῃς); 3 pers., μή τις οἴηται, = μὴ οἰώμεθα, Pl.Lg.861e: also with the hortative subj. used to supply the 1 pers. of the imper., pres. μὴ ἴομεν ἴωμεν) Il.12.216, etc.; “μὴ διώκωμενHdt.8.109, etc.: aor. “μὴ πάθωμενX.Cyr.1.5.11, etc.: rarely with 1sg., “μή σε . . κιχείωIl.1.26, cf. 21.475, 22.123, S.OC174 (anap.).
b. with pres. or aor. subj. in a warning or statement of fear, μὴ . . γένησθε take care you do not become, Il.5.487; μὴ . . ὑφαίνῃσιν I fear . . may prove to be weaving, Od.5.356; “αἷμα μὴ σοῖς ἐξομόρξωμαι πέπλοιςE.HF1399: in Att. Prose, to make a polite suggestion of apprehension or hesitation, perhaps, “μὴ ἀγροικότερον τὸ ἀληθὲς εἰπεῖνPl.Grg.462e, cf. Tht. 188d, Arist.Pol.1291a8, al.: in later Greek the ind. is found, “μὴ ἔννοια ἡμῶν . . ἀντιλαμβάνεταιDam.Pr.27.
5. with opt. to express a negative wish, with pres., “ μὴ κραίνοι τύχηA.Th.426, cf. Eu.938 (lyr.): more freq. with aor., “μὴ σέ γ᾽ ἐν ἀμφιάλῳ Ἰθάκῃ βασιλῆα Κρονίων ποιήσειενOd.1.386, cf. 403, 11.613.
B. in DEPENDENT clauses:
1. with Final Conjs., “ἵνα μήIl.19.348, etc.; “ὅπως μήD.27.5,al.; “ὡς μήIl.8.37, A.Pr.53,al.; “ὄφρα μήIl. 1.118,al.: with ὅπως ἄν and ὡς ἄν, that so, “ὅπως ἂν . . μηδέAr.V.178, Pl.Grg.481a; “ὡς ἂν μήOd.4.749, Hdt.1.5; but
b. μή alone, = ἵνα μή, lest, “ἀπόστιχε μή τινοήσῃ ἭρηIl.1.522, cf. 587; “λίσσεσθαι . . , μή οἱ . . χολώσαιτο φρένα κούρηOd.6.147: fut. ind. and aor. subj. in consecutive clauses, Ar.Ec.495 (lyr., dub.l.).
2. in the protasis of conditional sentences, v. εἰ (for the exceptions v. οὐ), and with temporal conjunctions used conditionally, v. ἐπειδάν, ὅταν, ὅτε, etc.
5. c. inf.,
a. regularlyfrom Homer on, exc. after Verbs of saying and thinking (but v. infr. c): after ὥστε or “ὡς, ὥστε μὴ φρονεῖνA.Pers.725 (troch.), etc. (for exceptions v. οὐ): always when the inf. takes the Art., “τὸ μὴ προμαθεῖνPi.O.8.60; “τὸ μὴ ἀμελεῖν μάθεA. Eu.86, cf. 749, Pr.624; “λείπομαι ἐν τῷ μὴ δύνασθαιS.OC496.
c. after Verbs of saying and thinking which involve an action of will, as in those signifying to swear, aver, believe, and the like ; so after ὄμνυμι, Il.9.133, Od.5.179, Hdt.1.165, 2.179, Ar.V.1047, etc.; “μαρτυρῶLys.7.11, D.45.15, etc.; “ὁμολογῶPl.Prt.336b, Smp.202b, cf. Phd. 93d, etc.; “ἐγγυῶμαιPi.O.11(10).18, Pl.Prt.336d; “πέπεισμαιId.Ap. 37a, etc.; “πιστεύωAnd.1.2, X.An.1.9.8, etc.: occasionally with other Verbs, “φημίId.Mem.1.2.39, Pl.Tht.155a; λέγω, προλέγω, Th. 5.49, 1.139; πάντες ἐροῦσι μή . . X. Cyr.7.1.18; νομίζω ib.7.5.59, Th.6.102; “ἡγοῦμαιPl.Ap.27d: very freq. in later Gr., Ev.Matt.2.12, Luc. Peregr.44, etc.
6. with the part., when it can be resolved into a conditional clause, μὴ ἐνείκας, = εἰ μὴ ἤνεικε, Hdt.4.64; μὴ θέλων, = εἰ μὴ θέλεις, A.Pr.504; μὴ δολώσαντος θεοῦ, = εἰ μὴ ἐδόλωσε, Id.Ag. 273; μὴ δρῶν, = εἰ μὴ δρῴην, S.OT77, etc.: in a general or characteristic sense, δίδασκέ με ὡς μὴ εἰδότα, = ut qui nihil sciam, Id.OC1155, cf. Ant. 1063, 1064; τίς πρὸς ἀνδρὸς μὴ βλέποντος ἄρκεσις; one who sees not, Id.OC73: in this signf. freq. with the Art., “ μὴ λεύσσωνId.Tr. 828 (lyr.); “ μὴ δουλεύσαςPl.Lg.762e; “τῷ μὴ εἰργασμένῳAntipho 5.65; “τὸν . . μὴ φροντίσανταLycurg.27, cf. 45, etc.: with causal significance, “μὴ παρὼν θαυμάζεταιS.OT289, etc.; “ἄθλια πάσχω μὴ . . μόνον βιαζόμενοςAntipho 2.2.4; “ἑτέρας μηδεμιᾶς ὁμολογουμένης εἶναιIs.5.16; “μηδενὸς ἐμποδὼν ὄντοςD.3.8: very freq. in later Greek, POxy.38.16 (i A.D.), Luc.DMeretr.12.4, etc.: occasionally after Verbs of knowing and showing, S.Ph.79, OC656,797, 1122, E.Tr.970, Th.1.76, 2.17.
8. after Verbs expressing fear or apprehension (cf. μὴ οὐ):
a. when the thing feared is fut., mostly with subj.: with pres. subj., δεινῶς ἀθυμῶ μὴ βλέπων μάντις shall proveto be . . , S.OT747, cf.Ant.1113; “ὅρα μὴ κυβεύῃςPl.Prt.314a: more freq. with aor., “δείδοικα . . μή σε παρείπῃIl. 1.555, cf. 9.244, 13.745: with pf., shall prove to have been, “δέδοικα μὴ περαιτέρω πεπραγμέν᾽ μοιS. Tr.663, cf. Ph.494, Hdt.3.119,4.140, etc.: less freq. with fut. ind., X.Cyr.2.3.6, Ar.Ec.488, Pl.Phlb.13a: with opt. according to the sequence of moods and tenses: pres. opt., S. Tr.482, X.An.1.10.9: aor., Od.11.634, etc.: pf., X.Cyr.1.3.10: with fut. opt. in oratio obliqua, Id.HG6.4.27, Mem.1.2.7, Pl.Euthphr.15d: with opt. and ἄν, S.Tr.631, X.vect.4.41.
c. with ind. and subj. in consecutive clauses, E.Ph.93.
C. in QUESTIONS:
I. direct questions,
1. with ind., where aneg. answer is anticipated (but more generally in A.Ag.683 (lyr.), S.OC1502, Tr.316, Pl.Grg.488b), in Hom. only μή . . ; Od.6.200, 9.405; μή σοι δοκοῦμεν . . ; A.Pers.344, cf. Pr.249,959, etc.: in Trag. and Att. freq. ἆρα μή; Id.Th.208, S.El.446, Pl.R.405a: for questions in which μή μηδέ) follows οὐ, v. οὐ μή.
b. in other questions, τί μὴ ποιήσω; what am I not to do? S.El.1276 (lyr.); τί μή; why not? Id.Aj.668 (s.v.l.); cf. μήν
2. with subj., when the speaker deliberates about a neg. action, μὴ οὕτω φῶμεν; Pl.R.335c, cf. 337b, 417b; τοιοῦτος μὴ δῷ δίκην; D.21.35; πῶς μὴ φῶμεν; Pl.Tht. 161e: with opt. and ἄν, πῶς ἄν τις μὴ θυμῷ λέγοι; how can a man help being excited when he speaks? Id.Lg.887c, cf. Grg.510d, X. Mem.3.1.10.
II. indirect questions, freq. with Verbs implying fear and apprehension (cf. B. 8), “ὄφρα ἴδωμεν μὴ τοὶ κοιμήσωνταιIl.10.98, cf. 101, Od.21.395; “περισκοπῶ μή πού τις . . ἐγχρίμπτειS.El.898, cf. Th.2.13, etc.; also σκοπεῖσθαι πῶς ἂν μή . . Isoc.5.8, cf. 15.6; later in simple indirect questions, “ἐπυνθάνετο μὴ ἔγνωAnt.Lib.23.5.
2. in questions introduced by “εἰ, ἤρετό με . . εἰ μὴ μέμνημαιAeschin.2.36 (εἰ οὐκ in same sense, 1.84): in the second part of a disjunctive question, εἰ . . (or εἴτε μή . . , εἴτε . . εἴτε μή . . , A.Eu.468, 612, And.1.7, Pl.Ap.18a, R.457d, X.Cyr.2.1.7; εἴτε . . εἴτε μή . . , εἰ . . οὔ, εἰ . . μή without difference of meaning between μή and οὐ, Is.8.9; so also, “τοὺς νόμους καταμανθάνειν εἰ καλῶς κεῖνται μή, . . τοὺς λόγους, εἰ ὀρθῶς διδάσκουσι τὸ πρᾶγμα οὔAntipho 5.14.
D. POSITION of μή. When the neg. extends its power over the whole clause, μή prop. precedes the Verb. When its force is limited to single words, it precedes those words. But Poets sts. put μή after the Verb, “ὄλοιο μή πωS.Ph.961; φράσῃς . . μὴ πέρα ib.332, cf. OC1522.
2. μή is sts. repeated, “μή, μή καλέσῃςAr.V.1418, cf. S. Aj.190, OC210 (both lyr.).
E. PROSODY: in Trag. μή may be joined by synizesis with a following ει or ου, μὴ οὐ, μὴ εἰδέναι, S.OT13,221, Tr.321, etc.: initial ε after μή is cut off by aphaeresis, “μὴ 'πὁθουνId.Aj.962; “μὴ 'μβαίνῃςId.OC400; “μὴ 'γώId.Ph.910: in Prose, “μὴ 'κIG12.115.11: μή folld. by α is sts. written μἀ . . (v. μὴ ἀλλά, etc.); sts. separately, “μὴ ἀδικεῖνA.Eu.85, etc.
F. μή in COMPOSITION, or joined with other Particles, as μὴ ἀλλά, μὴ γάρ, μὴ οὐ, μὴ ὅπως or ὅτι, μή ποτε, etc., will be found in alphabetical order.
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  • Cross-references in general dictionaries from this page (280):
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