I.hard.
I. Lit.
A. Orig. as affecting the sense of feeling: “et validi silices ac duri robora ferri,” Lucr. 2, 449; so, “silex,” Verg. A. 6, 471: “ferrum,” Hor. C. 3, 11, 31: “cautes,” Verg. A. 4, 366; Ov. M. 4, 672: “bipennes,” Hor. C. 4, 4, 57: “ligones,” id. Epod. 5, 30: “aratrum,” id. S. 1, 1, 28: “compes,” id. Epod. 4, 4: “pellis,” Lucr. 6, 1195; Verg. G. 3, 502: “arva,” id. ib. 2, 341; cf. “cutis,” Ov. M. 8, 805: “alvus,” Cels. 6, 18, 9; Hor. S. 2, 4, 27: aqua, hard, i. e. containing much earthy matter, Cels. 2, 30 fin.; cf. “muria,” saturated with salt, Col. 6, 30 fin.; 12, 6, 1 et saep., v. muria: “dumeta,” i. e. rough, Ov. M. 1, 105 et saep.: “gallina,” tough, not yet boiled tender, Hor. S. 2, 4, 18; cf.: “fungi, qui in coquendo duriores fient,” Plin. 22, 23, 47, § 99 et saep.— Sup.: “ladanum durissimum tactu,” Plin. 26, 8, 30, § 48; cf.: “durissimus tophus vel carbunculus,” Col. 3, 11, 7 et saep.—As subst.: dūrum , i, n.
(α).
E duro (sc. ligno), of the hardened wood of the vine, Col. 3, 6, 2; 3, 10, 15; 21 et saep.; cf. duramentum.—
(β).
Durum cacare, Mart. 3, 89, 2.—
B. Transf.
1. As affecting the sense of taste: “vinum, opp. suavis,” hard, harsh, Pall. Oct. 14, 5; cf.: “sapor Bacchi,” Verg. G. 4, 102: “acetum,” Ser. Samm. 40 and 351.—
2. As affecting the ear: “vocis genera permulta: ... grave acutum, flexibile durum,” Cic. N. D. 2, 58, 146; cf. Quint. 11, 3, 15 and 32.—Hence, in rhet., hard, rough (cf. asper, II.): “aspera et dura et dissoluta et hians oratio,” Quint. 8, 6, 62: “consonantes,” id. 11, 3, 35: “syllabae,” id. 12, 10, 30: “verba,” id. 8, 3, 32 sq.; cf. id. 1, 5, 72: “compositio,” id. 9, 4, 142.
II. Trop.
A. Opp. to cultivated, rough, rulde, uncultivated: “Q. Aelius Tubero ut vita sic oratione durus, incultus, horridus,” Cic. Brut. 31; cf.: “(Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores, et oratione et moribus,” id. Fin. 4, 28, 78; id. Mur. 29: “Attilius poëta durissimus,” id. Att. 14, 20, 3: “C. Marius, qui durior ad haec studia videbatur,” id. Arch. 9, 19; cf. Quint. 10, 1, 93; 8 prooem. § 26; Hor. S. 1, 4, 8 al.: “pictor durus in coloribus,” Plin. 35, 11, 40, § 137; cf. Quint. 12, 10, 7: Fauni, gens duro robore nata, Verg. A. 8, 315; cf.: “terrea progenies duris caput extulit arvis,” id. G. 2, 341; cf. also Stat. Th. 4, 276 sq.; Ov. Tr. 3, 11, 8.—
2. But sometimes as a praiseworthy quality, opp. to soft, weakly, hardy, vigorous (esp. freq. in poets): “fortes et duri Spartiatae,” Cic. Tusc. 1, 43; cf.: “Ligures, durum in armis genus,” Liv. 27, 48: “durum genus experiensque laborum,” hardy, Ov. M. 1, 414: “unde homines nati, durum genus,” Verg. G. 1, 63 (cf. λᾶας and λαός, Pind. Ol. 9, 71): “gens dura atque aspera cultu,” a hardy race, id. A. 5, 730: “genus humanum durius, tellus quod dura creāsset,” Lucr. 5, 926: “Dardanidae,” Verg. A. 3, 94: “Hannibal,” Hor. C. 2, 12, 2: “Iberia,” id. ib. 4, 14, 50: “vindemiator,” id. S. 1, 7, 29; cf.: “ilia messorum,” id. Epod. 3, 4: “juvenci,” Ov. M. 3, 584 et saep. —
B. Opp. to morally mild, gentle, harsh, rough, stern, unyielding, unfeeling, insensible, obstinate: “quis se tam durum agrestemque praeberet, qui, etc.,” Cic. Or. 43, 148; cf.: “quis nostrum animo tam agresti et duro fuit, ut? etc.,” id. Arch. 8: “neque sunt audiendi, qui virtutem duram et quasi ferream esse quandam volunt,” id. Lael. 13 fin.; “ingenio esse duro atque inexorabili,” Ter. Ph. 3, 2, 12: “satis pater durus fui,” id. Heaut. 3, 1, 30; cf. id. Ad. 1, 1, 39; Cic. Cael. 16; Hor. S. 1, 2, 17: “Varius qui est habitus judex durior,” Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62: cf. Caes. B. C. 3, 20, 4: “mala vel duri lacrimas motura Catonis,” Luc. 9, 50: duriorem se praebere alicujus miserae et afflictae fortunae, Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 14, 13 A (cf. opp. at the end of the letter: se placabiliorem praebere): “duri hominis vel potius vix hominis videtur, periculum capitis inferre multis,” Cic. Off. 2, 14, 50; Hor. C. 4, 1, 7: “quid nos dura refugimus aetas?” id. ib. 1, 35, 34: “ōs durum,” shameless, impudent, Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 36 Ruhnk.; Cic. Quint. 24 fin.; Ov. M. 5, 451: “cor,” Vulg. Sirach, 3, 27 et saep. Of the austerity of the Stoic mode of living, v. above, A.—
C. Of things, hard, severe, toilsome; troublesome, burdensome, disagreeable; adverse, unfortunate: “opulento homini hoc servitus dura est,” Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 12; so, “servitus,” Cic. Rep. 1, 44; 2, 25; cf. “lex,” Plaut. Merc. 4, 6, 1: “condicio,” Cic. Rab. Post. 6 fin.: “provincia,” Ter. Ph. 1, 2, 23; cf. “partes,” id. Eun. 2, 3, 62; Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 10, 8 A: “dolor,” Lucr. 3, 460: “labor,” id. 5, 1272: “subvectiones,” Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1: “venatus,” Ov. M. 4, 307: “dura cultu et aspera plaga,” Liv. 45, 30 fin.: “durissimo tempore anni,” Caes. B. G. 7, 8, 2; cf. id. B. C. 3, 25, 3; Hirt. B. G. 8, 5 fin.: “morbum acrem ac durum,” Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 119; cf. “valetudo,” Hor. S. 2, 2, 88: “dolores,” Verg. A. 5, 5: “frigus,” Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 10: “fames,” Hor. S. 1, 2, 6: “pauperies,” id. C. 4, 9, 49: “causa,” Lucr. 3, 485; Quint. 4, 1, 25; Hor. S. 1, 10, 26: “nomen (opp. molle),” Cic. Off. 1, 12: “verbum,” id. Brut. 79, 274: “propositio,” Quint. 4, 5, 5 et saep.: De. Etiamne id lex coëgit? Ph. Illud durum, Ter. Ph. 2, 1, 8; so in the neutr. sing., Quint. 11, 1, 85; 12, 1, 36; Hor. S. 1, 9, 42 et saep.; cf. “ellipt.: non vanae redeat sanguis imagini ... Durum: sed levius fit patientia, etc.,” Hor. C. 1, 24, 19. In plur. subst.: dura , ōrum, n., hardships, difficulties: “siccis omnia dura deus proposuit,” Hor. C. 1, 18, 3; id. Ep. 2, 1, 141; Sen. Oedip. 208; Verg. A. 8, 522: “ego dura tuli,” Ov. M. 9, 544 al. (In fem. plur. ellipt., sc. partes, Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 22 very dub.).— Comp.: “hi, si quid erat durius, concurrebant,” if any unusual difficulty occurred, Caes. B. G. 1, 48, 6; 5, 29, 6; id. B. C. 3, 94, 6.—Adv. posit. in two forms: dūrĭter and dūre .
A. (Acc. to 1. A.) Hardly: “juga premunt duriter colla (boum),” Vitr. 10, 8.—Comp.: “durius,” Vitr. 10, 15 fin.—
B. (Acc. to II. A.-C.)
1. Hardly, stiffly, awkwardly: “membra moventes Duriter,” Lucr. 5, 1401: “duriter,” Auct. Her. 4, 10, 15; Gell. 17, 10, 15: “dure,” Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 66; Quint. 9, 4, 58; 10, 2, 19; Gell. 18, 11, 2.—Comp., Ov. R. Am. 337; Hor. S. 2, 3, 22; Quint. 8, 6, 24; 9, 4, 15; 117.—
b. Hardily, rigorously, austerely: “vitam parce ac duriter agebat,” Ter. And. 1, 1, 47; id. Ad. 1, 1, 20; Novius ap. Non. 512.—
2. Harshly, roughly, sternly: “quam tibi ex ore orationem duriter dictis dedit,” Enn. Trag. v. 348 Vahl.: “duriter,” Afran. Com. v. 251 Rib.; Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 28.— Comp., Cic. Lig. 6; id. Att. 1, 1, 4; id. Fam. 11, 27, 7; Caes. B. C. 1, 22 fin.; Tac. Agr. 16; id. A. 3, 52; Sen. Ep. 8; Vulg. Gen. 42, 7.—Sup., Hadrian. in Dig. 47, 14, 1.—
3. Hardly, unfavorably, unfortunately: “durius cadentibus rebus,” Suet. Tib. 14 fin.
