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jam , adv. for diam, collat. form of diem, cf. pri-dem, du-dum, Corss. Ausspr. I. p. 213; II. p. 850; but acc. to Georg Curtius Gr. Etym. 398, 620; locat. form from pronom. stem ja.
I. Of time, denoting a point or moment of time as coinciding with that of the action, etc., described.
A. Of present time.
1. As opp. to past or future, at this time, now, just now, at present, i. e. while I speak or write this.
b. Strengthened.
(α). By repetition: jam jam, jam jamque (nearly = nunc), at this very time, precisely now: “jam jam intellego, Crasse, quod dicas,Cic. de Or. 3, 24, 90: “jam jam minime miror te otium perturbare,id. Phil. 2, 34, 87: “jam jam dolet quod egi, jam jamque paenitet,Cat. 63, 73: “jam jam linquo acies,Verg. A. 12, 875: “jam jamque video bellum,Cic. Att. 16, 9 fin.: “at illum ruere nuntiant et jam jamque adesse,id. ib. 7, 20, 1; cf.: “jam mihi, jam possim contentus vivere parvo,Tib. 1, 1, 25 (7).—
(β). By nunc: jam nunc, just now, at this very time, as things now are: “jam nunc irata non es,Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 65: “dux, jam nunc locatus in urbe,Liv. 22, 38, 9; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 127: “quae cum cogito, jam nunc timeo quidnam, etc.,Cic. Div. in Caecil. 13, 42: “deliberationis ejus tempus ita jam nunc statui posse, etc.,Liv. 31, 32, 3: “ipsa Venus laetos jam nunc migravit in agros,Tib. 2, 3, 3: “nec jam nunc regina loquor,Val. Fl. 8, 47; so, “nunc jam (nunciam): secede huc nunciam,Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 23: “audi nunciam,Ter. And. 2, 1, 29: “i nunciam,id. Ad. 2, 1, 21: nunc jam sum expeditus, Cass. ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 12, 5: “nunc jam nobis vobisque consulatus patet,Liv. 7, 32, 14.—
(δ). By pridem, v. jampridem.—
2. In contrast with the time at which something was expected.
a. Of that which occurs sooner, already, so soon: “quies (animos) aut jam exhaustos aut mox exhauriendos, renovavit,Liv. 21, 21, 7: “gravitate valetudinis, qua tamen jam paululum videor levari,Cic. Fam. 6, 2, 1; 3, 8, 16: “jamne ibis,are you going so soon, Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 86; id. Rud. 2, 7, 26.—
3. As continued from the past, already, by this time, ere now, till now, hitherto: “et apud Graecos quidem jam anni prope quadrigenti sunt, etc.,Cic. Or. 51, 171: “obsolevit jam ista oratio,id. de Imp. Pomp. 17, 52: “nondum feminam aequavimus gloriā, et jam nos laudis satietas cepit?Curt. 9, 6, 23.—With numerals and words specifying time: “jam biennium est, cum mecum coepit rem gerere,Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 35; so, “plus jam anno,id. Curc. 1, 1, 14: “sunt duo menses jam,Cic. Rosc. Com. 3, 8: “qui septingentos jam annos vivunt, etc.,id. Fl. 26, 63: “annum jam tertium et vicesimum regnat,id. de Imp. Pomp. 3, 7; id. Fin. 2, 29, 94.—
4. With imperatives, to express haste or impatience, like Engl. now, now, straightway, at once: “quid miserum, Aenea, laceras? Jam parce sepulto,Verg. A. 3, 41: “sed jam age, carpe viam,id. ib. 6, 629: “et jam tu ... illum adspice contra,id. ib. 11, 373.—So in impetuous or passionate questions (freq. in Plaut.): “Jam tu autem nobis praeturam geris?Plaut. Ep. 1, 1, 23; cf. id. Aul. 5, 11; id. Bacch. 2, 2, 25.—
5. Jam ... jam, at one time ... at another, now ... now, at this time ... at that: “jamque eadem digitis jam pectine pulsat eburno,Verg. A. 647: “jamque hos cursu, jam praeterit illos,id. ib. 4, 157: “qui jam contento, jam laxo fune laborat,Hor. S. 2, 7, 20: “jam vino quaerens, jam somno fallere curas,id. ib. 2, 7, 114: “jam secundae, jam adversae res, ita erudierant, etc.,Liv. 30, 30; Tib. 1, 2, 49; Ov. M. 1, 111.—
B. Of past time.
2. Like English now, by this time, already.
b. Strengthened.
(α). Jam jamque, Verg. A. 8, 708.—
(β). By tum, as early as that: “se jam tum gessisse pro cive,Cic. Arch. 5, 11; Liv. 29, 1; Verg. 7, 738; Tac. Agr. 45.—
(γ). By tunc (post-Aug.; “once in Cic.),Suet. Aug. 89; id. Ner. 7; Tac. H. 4, 50; Cic. Fam. 3, 12, 3 dub.—
3. Of a time succeeding another time referred to, from that time, thenceforth, thereafter (esp. with a or ab, when it is often = Eng. even, very): “qui aequom esse censent nos jam a pueris nasci senes,Ter. Heaut. 2, 1, 2: “quae me maxime sicuti jam a prima adolescentia delectarunt,Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 67: “benevolentia quae mihi jam a pueritia tua cognita est,id. ib. 4, 7, 1: “dederas enim jam ab adolescentia documenta,id. Mil. 8, 22: jam ab illo tempore, cum, etc., from the very time when, etc., id. Fam. 2, 16, 9; cf.: “urgerent philosophorum greges jam ab illo fonte et capite Socrate,id. de Or. 1, 10, 42. —So with ex: “jam ex quo ipse accepisset regnum,ever since, Liv. 42, 11, 8.—
C. Of future time.
1. In the time immediately approaching, forthwith, straightway, directly, presently: “occlude sis fores ambobus pessulis: jam ego hic ero,Plaut. Aul. 1, 2, 25: “ille jam hic aderit,id. Ep. 2, 2, 72: omitte; “jam adero,Ter. Eun. 4, 6, 26; cf. id. ib. 4, 6, 1; id. And. 1, 2, 9; 4, 4, 38: bono animo es; “jam argentum ad eam deferes, quod ei es pollicitus,id. Heaut. 4, 6, 18: “facere id ut paratum jam sit,Plaut. As. 1, 1, 76: “jam fuerit, neque post unquam revocare licebit,Lucr. 3, 927: “jam faciam quod voltis,Hor. S. 1, 1, 16: “jam enim aderunt consules ad suas Nonas,Cic. Att. 7, 20, 2.—
2. In the time immediately succeeding another time referred to, forthwith, at once, straightway, then: “nunc ubi me illic non videbit, jam huc recurret,Ter. Ad. 4, 1, 10: “accede ad ignem ... jam calesces,id. Eun. 1, 2, 5: “nisi puerum tollis, jam ego hunc in mediam viam provolvam,id. And. 4, 4, 38: “de quibus jam dicendi locus erit, cum de senioribus pauca dixero,Cic. Brut. 25, 96: “agedum, dictatorem creemus. Jam hic centicescet furor,Liv. 2, 29, 11: “aperi, inquit, jam scies,Petr. 16, 2; cf. Verg. A. 1, 272.—
3. Representing as present an impending event, now, already, presently (mostly poet.): “jam te premet nox,Hor. C. 1, 4, 16: “jam veniet mors, jam subrepet iners aetas,Tib. 1, 1, 70: “jam mare turbari trabibus videbis, jam fervere litora flammis,Verg. A. 4, 566; 6, 676: “alius Latio jam partus Achilles,id. ib. 6, 89: “hic magnae jam locus urbis erit,Tib. 2, 5, 55.—
D. With negatives, denoting cessation of previous condition: jam non, no more, no longer: “quem odisse jam non potestis,Cic. Clu. 10, 29; Ov. M. 4, 382: “non jam,not any more, Cic. Div. in Caecil. 1, 3: “nihil jam,Caes. B. G. 2, 21.—
E. With comparatives: “ad mitiora jam ingenia,which had become milder, Liv. 27. 39: “ad ferociores jam gentes,which then were less civilized, id. 21, 60: “una jam potior sententia,Stat. Th. 2, 368.
II. In other relations.
A. To denote that something will certainly, properly, or easily occur, under certain circumstances.
1. In a conclusion, to emphasize its relation to the condition, then surely, then: “si cogites, remittas jam me onerare injuriis,Ter. And. 5, 1, 6: si quis voluerit animi sui notionem evolvere, jam se ipse doceat, eum virum bonum esse, Cic. Off. 3, 19, 76: “si hoc dixissem, jam mihi consuli jure optimo senatus vim intulisset,id. Cat. 1, 8, 21; id. Leg. 1, 12, 34; id. Brut. 17, 68: “si jubeat eo dirigi, jam in portu fore omnem classem,Liv. 29, 27, 8.—
2. In a consequence, to show that it is conceived as immediate, now, then, therefore: satis est tibi in te, satis in legibus; “jam contemni non poteris,Cic. Fin. 2, 26, 84: “jam hoc non potest in te non honorifice esse dictum,id. Fam. 5, 2, 2; id. Leg. 2, 24, 60; id. Clu. 16, 46: “nec hanc solam Romani meretricem colunt ... Jam quanta ista immortalitas putanda est,Lact. 1, 20, 5: “Quae cum ita sint, ego jam hinc praedico,Liv. 40, 36, 14: conspecta et ex muris ea multitudo erat; “jamque etiam legionariae cohortes sequebantur,id. 10, 43, 1.—
B. In transitions.
2. In enumerations: “et aures ... itemque nares ... jam gustatus ... tactus autem,Cic. N. D. 2, 56, 141.—So sometimes repeatedly, at one time ... at another ... at another, jam ... jam ... jam: “jam medici, jam apparatus cibi, jam in hoc solum importatum instrumentum balinei nullius non succurrit valetudini,Vell. 2, 114, 2; cf. Flor. 2, 17, 8, and I. A. 5. supra.—
C. For emphasis.
1. After non modo ... sed ( = adeo), now, even, I may say: “non cum senatu modo, sed jam cum diis bellum gerere,Liv. 21, 63, 6.—
2. Pressing the strict sense of a word or clause, now, precisely, indeed: “(Hieronymum) quem jam cur Peripateticum appellem, nescio,Cic. Fin. 5, 5, 14: “hoc quidem haud molestum est jam, quod collus collari caret,Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 107: “loquor enim jam non de sapientium, sed de communibus amicitiis,Cic. Lael. 21, 77: “te quoque jam, Thais, ita me di bene ament, amo,Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 43: “imitatio morum alienorum ... jam inter leniores affectus numerari potest,Quint. 9, 2, 58: “reliqua jam aequitatis sunt,id. 7, 1, 62: “cetera jam fabulosa,Tac. G. 46: “desine: jam venio moriturus,Verg. A. 10, 881.—So esp. with et: et jam (cf. etiam), and indeed, and in fact, et lenitas illa Graecorum et verborum comprehensio, et jam artifex, ut ita dicam, stilus, Cic. Brut. 25, 96: “pulchriora etiam Polycleti et jam plane perfecta,id. ib. 18, 70: “Pompeium et hortari et orare et jam liberius accusare non desistimus,id. Fam. 1, 1, 3; Quint. Decl. 5, 3; Luc. 8, 659; cf. “jamque,Cic. Fam. 4, 6, 9; so, “jam et: nec deerat Ptolemaeus, jam et sceleris instinctor,Tac. H. 1, 23; 1, 22; “and, ac jam: ac jam, ut omnia contra opinionem acciderent, tamen se plurimum navibus posse,Caes. B. G. 3, 9: jam ergo, in very fact: “jam ergo aliquis condemnavit,Cic. Clu. 41, 113.—
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  • Cross-references in general dictionaries from this page (119):
    • Cicero, Letters to his Friends, 12.12.5
    • Cicero, Letters to his Friends, 1.1.3
    • Cicero, Letters to his Friends, 3.12.3
    • Cicero, Letters to his Friends, 5.2.2
    • Cicero, Letters to his Friends, 5.2.4
    • Cicero, Letters to his Friends, 6.2.1
    • Cicero, Letters to his Friends, 7.26.1
    • Cicero, Letters to Atticus, 16.9
    • Cicero, Letters to Atticus, 1.4.1
    • Cicero, Letters to Atticus, 1.6.1
    • Cicero, Letters to Atticus, 7.20.2
    • Caesar, Gallic War, 1.11
    • Caesar, Gallic War, 2.21
    • Caesar, Gallic War, 3.9
    • Cicero, Against Catiline, 1.8.21
    • Cicero, Philippics, 2.34.87
    • Cicero, Divinatio against Q. Caecilius, 13.42
    • Cicero, Divinatio against Q. Caecilius, 1.3
    • Cicero, For Quintus Roscius the Actor, 3.8
    • Cicero, For Archias, 5.11
    • Cicero, For Aulus Cluentius, 10.29
    • Cicero, For Aulus Cluentius, 16.46
    • Cicero, For Aulus Cluentius, 41.113
    • Cicero, For Milo, 8.22
    • Livy, The History of Rome, Book 10, 43.1
    • Ovid, Metamorphoses, 1.111
    • Ovid, Metamorphoses, 4.382
    • Plautus, Curculio, 1.1
    • Plautus, Rudens, 2.7
    • Vergil, Aeneid, 10.881
    • Vergil, Aeneid, 11.139
    • Vergil, Aeneid, 12.179
    • Vergil, Aeneid, 12.875
    • Vergil, Aeneid, 1.18
    • Vergil, Aeneid, 1.272
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    • Vergil, Aeneid, 3.521
    • Vergil, Aeneid, 4.566
    • Vergil, Aeneid, 5.49
    • Vergil, Aeneid, 5.638
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    • Vergil, Georgics, 2.405
    • Vergil, Georgics, 2.57
    • Vergil, Georgics, 3.337
    • Suetonius, Divus Augustus, 89
    • Horace, Satires, 1.1.16
    • Horace, Satires, 2.7.20
    • Horace, Ars Poetica, 158
    • Caesar, Civil War, 3.25.1
    • Tacitus, Annales, 2.21
    • Tacitus, Historiae, 1.23
    • Tacitus, Historiae, 4.50
    • Tacitus, Germania, 46
    • Tacitus, Agricola, 45
    • Plautus, Amphitruo, 3.2
    • Plautus, Asinaria, 1.1
    • Plautus, Aulularia, 1.2
    • Plautus, Bacchides, 2.2
    • Plautus, Captivi, 1.2
    • Plautus, Captivi, 2.1
    • Plautus, Captivi, 2.2
    • Plautus, Epidicus, 1.1
    • Plautus, Epidicus, 2.2
    • Plautus, Menaechmi, 2.3
    • Plautus, Mercator, 3.1
    • Plautus, Miles Gloriosus, 1.1
    • Plautus, Miles Gloriosus, 4.2
    • Cicero, On Oratory, 1.10
    • Cicero, On Oratory, 3.24
    • Lucretius, De Rerum Natura, 3.927
    • Suetonius, Nero, 7
    • Lucan, Civil War, 2.214
    • Lucan, Civil War, 8.659
    • Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia, 11.74
    • Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia, 5.61
    • Pliny the Younger, Epistulae, 2.11.12
    • Livy, The History of Rome, Book 30, 30
    • Livy, The History of Rome, Book 42, 11
    • Livy, The History of Rome, Book 2, 29.11
    • Livy, The History of Rome, Book 22, 12
    • Livy, The History of Rome, Book 22, 38
    • Livy, The History of Rome, Book 9, 19
    • Livy, The History of Rome, Book 27
    • Livy, The History of Rome, Book 27, 39
    • Livy, The History of Rome, Book 31, 32
    • Livy, The History of Rome, Book 6, 32
    • Livy, The History of Rome, Book 29, 1
    • Livy, The History of Rome, Book 29, 27.8
    • Livy, The History of Rome, Book 40, 36.14
    • Livy, The History of Rome, Book 21, 21
    • Livy, The History of Rome, Book 21, 60
    • Livy, The History of Rome, Book 21, 63
    • Livy, The History of Rome, Book 7, 32
    • Livy, The History of Rome, Book 39, 50
    • Cicero, De Legibus, 1.12
    • Cicero, De Legibus, 2.24
    • Cicero, De Republica, 1.5
    • Cicero, de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, 2.26
    • Cicero, de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, 2.29
    • Cicero, de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, 3.7
    • Cicero, de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, 4.15
    • Cicero, de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, 5.5
    • Cicero, de Natura Deorum, 2.56
    • Cicero, De Amicitia, 21
    • Cicero, Tusculanae Disputationes, 1.1
    • Cicero, Tusculanae Disputationes, 5.38
    • Cicero, De Officiis, 1.42
    • Cicero, De Officiis, 3.13
    • Cicero, De Officiis, 3.19
    • C. Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica, 8.47
    • Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 7, 1.62
    • Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 12, 1.45
    • Statius, Thebias, 2
    • Curtius, Historiarum Alexandri Magni, 9.6.23
    • Cicero, Brutus, 17.68
    • Cicero, Brutus, 25.96
    • Cicero, Orator, 51.171
    • Cicero, De Inventione, 2.22
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