Dia'na
an original Italian divinity, whom the Romans completely identified with the Greek Artemis.
The earliest trace of her worship occurs in the story about Servius Tullius, who is said to have dedicated to her a temple on the Aventine, on the ides of Sextilis. (Augustus.)
It is added that, as Diana was the protectress of the slaves, the day on which that temple had been dedicated was afterwards celebrated every year by slaves of both sexes, and was called the day of the slaves (
dies servorum; Fest.
s. v. servorum dies; Plut.
Quaest. Rom. 100; Martial,
12.67.) Besides that day of the slaves, we hear of no festival of Diana in early times, which may be accounted for by supposing that either she was a divinity of inferior rank, or that her worship had been introduced at Rome without being sanctioned or recognized by the government, that is, by the ruling patricians.
The former cannot have been the case, as the goddess was worshipped by the plebeians and the Latins as their patron divinity; for a tradition related that the plebeians had emigrated twice to the Aventine, where stood the temple of Diana (
Liv. 2.32,
3.51,
54; Sallust,
Sal. Jug. 31); and the temple which Servius Tullius built on the Aventine was founded for the benefit of the Latin subjects, who assembled and sacrificed there every year. (
Dionys. A. R. 4.26; comp.
Liv. 1.45; Plut.
Quaest. Rom. 4.) The Sabines and Latins, who formed the main stock of the plebeians, were thus in all probability the original worshippers of Diana at Rome. Now s we know that the Aventine was first occupied by the conquered Sabines who were transplanted to Rome (
Serv. ad Aen. 7.657;
Dionys. A. R. 3.43), and as it is stated that shortly before the decemviral legislation the Aventine was assigned to the plebeians, and that the law ordaining this assignment was kept in the temple of Diana (
Dionys. A. R. 10.32;
Liv. 3.54), it seems clear that Diana's worship was introduced at Rome by the Sabines and Latins on their becoming plebeians, and that she was worshipped by them in particular without the state taking any notice of her, or ordaining any festival in honour of her. Varro (
de L. L. v. 74) moreover expressly attests, that the worship and name of Diana had come from the Sabines. Now, as the religion of the Latins and Sabines did not differ in any essential point from that of the Romans, we may ask what Roman divinity corresponded to the Sabine or Latin Diana ? Diana loved to dwell in groves and in the neighbourhood of wells; she inspired men with enthusiasm and madness; she dreaded the very sight of male beings so much, that no man was allowed to enter her temple, and she herself remained a virgin (
Hor. Ep. 2.1. 454; Plut.
Quaest. Rom. 3; Fest.
s. v. Juvenilia; Augustin,
de Civ. Dei, 7.16); and these characteristics at once shew a striking resemblance between Diana and Feronia or Fauna Fatua.
This circumstance, and the fact that Diana was the goddess of the moon, also render it easy to conceive how the Romans afterwards came to identify Diana with the Greek Artemis, for Fauna Fatua bore the same relation to Picus and Faunus that Artemis bore to Apollo. (Hartung,
Die Relig. der Röm. ii. p. 207, &c.; Niebuhr,
Hist. of Rome, i. p. 367, &c.)
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