Soon after his return from
Knoxville I ordered
Sherman to distribute his forces from
Stevenson to
Decatur and thence north to
Nashville;
Sherman suggested that he be permitted to go back to
Mississippi, to the limits of his own department and where most of his army still remained, for the purpose of clearing out what Confederates might still be left on the east bank of the
Mississippi River to impede its navigation by our boats.
He expected also to have the co-operation of
Banks to do the same thing on the west shore.
Of course I approved heartily.
About the 10th of January
Sherman was back in
Memphis, where
Hurlbut commanded, and got together his
Memphis men, or ordered them collected and sent to
Vicksburg.
He then went to
Vicksburg and out to where
McPherson was in command, and had him organize his surplus troops so as to give him about 20,000 men in all.
Sherman knew that General (
Bishop) [Leonidas]
Polk was occupying
Meridian with his headquarters, and had two divisions of infantry with a considerable force of cavalry scattered west of him. He determined, therefore, to move directly upon
Meridian.
I had sent some 2,500 cavalry under
General Sooy Smith to
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Sherman's department, and they had mostly arrived before
Sherman got to
Memphis.
Hurlbut had 7,000 cavalry, and
Sherman ordered him to reinforce
Smith so as to give the latter a force of about 7,000 with which to go against
Forrest, who was then known to be south-east from
Memphis.
Smith was ordered to move about the 1st of February.
While
Sherman was waiting at
Vicksburg for the arrival of
Hurlbut with his surplus men, he sent out scouts to ascertain the position and strength of the enemy and to bring back all the information they could gather.
When these scouts returned it was through them that he got the information of
General Polk's being at
Meridian, and of the strength and disposition of his command.
Forrest had about 4,000 cavalry with him, composed of thoroughly well-disciplined men, who under so able a leader were very effective.
Smith's command was nearly double that of
Forrest, but not equal, man to man, for the lack of a successful experience such as
Forrest's men had had. The fact is, troops who have fought a few battles and won, and followed up their victories, improve upon what they were before to an extent that can hardly be counted by percentage.
The difference in result is often decisive victory instead of inglorious defeat.
This same difference, too, is often due to the way troops are officered, and for the particular kind of warfare which
Forrest had carried on neither army could present a more effective officer than he was.
Sherman got off on the 3d of February and moved out on his expedition, meeting with no opposition whatever until he crossed the Big Black, and with no great deal of opposition after that until he reached
Jackson, Mississippi.
This latter place he reached on the 6th or 7th,
Brandon on the 8th, and
Morton on the 9th.
Up to this time he moved in two columns to enable him to get a good supply of forage, etc., and expedite the march.
Here, however, there were indications of the concentration of Confederate infantry, and he was obliged to keep his army close together.
He had no serious engagement; but he met some of the enemy who destroyed a few of his wagons about
Decatur, Mississippi, where, by the way,
Sherman himself came near being picked up.
He entered
Meridian on the 14th of the month, the enemy having retreated toward
Demopolis, Alabama.
He spent several days in
Meridian in thoroughly destroying the railroad to the north and south, and also for the purpose of hearing from
Sooy Smith, who he supposed had met
Forrest before this time and he hoped had gained a
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decisive victory because of a superiority of numbers.
Hearing nothing of him, however, he started on his return trip to
Vicksburg.
There he learned that
Smith, while waiting for a few of his men who had been ice-bound in the
Ohio River, instead of getting off on the 1st as expected, had not left until the 11th.
Smith did meet
Forrest, but the result was decidedly in
Forrest's favor.
Sherman had written a letter to
Banks, proposing a co-operative movement with him against
Shreveport, subject to my approval.
I disapproved of
Sherman's going himself, because I had other important work for him to do, but consented that he might send a few troops to the aid of
Banks, though their time to remain absent must be limited.
We must have them for the spring campaign.
The trans-
Mississippi movement proved abortive.
My eldest son [
Frederick Dent], who had accompanied me on the
Vicksburg campaign and siege, had while there contracted disease, which grew worse, until he had grown so dangerously ill that on the 24th of January I obtained permission to go to
St. Louis, where he was staying at the time, to see him, hardly expecting to find him alive on my arrival.
While I was permitted to go, I was not permitted to turn over my command to any one else, but was directed to keep the headquarters with me and to communicate regularly with all parts of my division and with
Washington, just as though I had remained at
Nashville.
When I obtained this leave I was at
Chattanooga, having gone there again to make preparations to have the troops of
Thomas in the southern part of
Tennessee co-operate with
Sherman's movement in
Mississippi.
I directed
Thomas, and
Logan who was at
Scottsboro, Alabama, to keep up a threatening movement to the south against
J. E. Johnston, who had again relieved
Bragg, for the purpose of making him keep as many troops as possible there.
I learned through Confederate sources that
Johnston had already sent two divisions in the direction of
Mobile, presumably to operate against
Sherman, and two more divisions to
Longstreet in
East Tennessee.
Seeing that
Johnston had depleted in this way, I directed
Thomas to send at least ten thousand men, besides
Stanley's division which was already to the east, into
East Tennessee and notified [John M.]
Schofield, who was now in command in
East Tennessee, of this movement of troops into his department and also of the reinforcements
Longstreet had received.
My object was to drive
Longstreet out of
East Tennessee as a part of the preparations for my spring campaign.
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About this time
General Foster, who had been in command of the Department of the Ohio after
Burnside until
Schofield relieved him,
1 advised me that he thought it would be a good thing to keep
Longstreet just where he was; that he was perfectly quiet in
East Tennessee, and if he was forced to leave there, his whole well-equipped army would be free to go to any place where it could effect the most for their cause.
I thought the advice was good, and, adopting that view, countermanded the orders for pursuit of
Longstreet.
On the 12th of February I ordered
Thomas to take
Dalton and hold it, if possible; and I directed him to move without delay.
Finding that he had not moved, on the 17th I urged him again to start, telling him how important it was, that the object of the movement was to cooperate with
Sherman, who was moving eastward and might be in danger.
Then again on the 21st, he not yet having started, I asked him if he could not start the next day. He finally got off on the 22d or 23d.
The enemy fell back from his front without a battle, but took a new position quite as strong and farther to the rear.
Thomas reported that he could not go any farther, because it was impossible with his poor teams, nearly starved, to keep up supplies until the railroads were repaired.
He soon fell back.
Schofield also had to return for the same reason.
He could not carry supplies with him, and
Longstreet was between him and the supplies still left in the country.
Longstreet, in his retreat, would be moving towards his supplies, while our forces, following, would be receding from theirs.
On the 2d of March, however, I learned of
Sherman's success, which eased my mind very much.
The next day, the 3d, I was ordered to
Washington.
The bill restoring the grade of lieutenant-general of the army had passed through Congress and became a law on the 26th of February.1
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My nomination had been sent to the Senate on the 1st of March and confirmed the next day (the 2d). I was ordered to
Washington on the 3d to receive my commission, and started the day following that.
The commission was handed to me on the 9th.
It was delivered to me at the
Executive Mansion by
President Lincoln in the presence of his Cabinet, my eldest son, those of my staff who were with me and a few other visitors.
The President in presenting my commission read from a paper — stating, however, as a preliminary, and prior to the delivery of it, that he had drawn that up on paper, knowing my disinclination to speak in public, and handed me a copy in advance so that I might prepare a few lines of reply.
The President said: “
General Grant, the nation's appreciation of what you have done, and its reliance upon you for what remains to be done in the existing great struggle, are now presented, with this commission constituting you lieutenant-general in the Army of the United States.
With this high honor, devolves upon you, also, a corresponding responsibility.
As the country herein trusts you, so, under God, it will sustain you. I scarcely need to add, that, with what I here speak for the nation, goes my own hearty personal concurrence.”
To this I replied: “
Mr. President, I accept the commission, with gratitude for the high honor conferred.
With the aid of the noble armies that have fought in so many fields for our common country, it will be my earnest endeavor not to disappoint your expectations.
I feel the full weight of the responsibilities now devolving on me; and I know that if they are met, it will be due to those armies, and above all, to the favor of that
Providence which leads both nations and men.”
On the 10th I visited the headquarters of the Army of the Potomac at
Brandy Station; then returned to
Washington, and pushed west at once to make my arrangements for turning over the commands there and giving general directions for the preparations to be made for the spring campaign.
It had been my intention before this to remain in the
West, even if I was made lieutenant-general; but when I got to
Washington and saw the situation it was plain that here was the point for the
commanding general to be. No one else could, probably, resist the pressure that would be brought to bear upon him to desist from his own plans and pursue others.
I determined, therefore, before I started back to have
Sherman advanced to my late position,
McPherson to
Sherman's in command of the department, and
Logan to the command of
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McPherson's corps.
These changes were all made on my recommendation and without hesitation.
My commission as lieutenant-general was given to me on the 9th of March, 1864.
On the following day, as already stated, I visited General [
George Gordon]
Meade, commanding the Army of the Potomac, at his headquarters at
Brandy Station, north of the
Rapidan.
I had know
General Meade slightly in the
Mexican war, but had not met him since until this visit.
I was a stranger to most of the Army of the Potomac, I might say to all except the officers of the regular army who had served in the
Mexican war. There had been some changes ordered in the organization of that army before my promotion.
One was the consolidation of five corps into three, thus throwing some officers of rank out of important commands.
Meade evidently thought that I might want to make still one more change not yet ordered.
He said to me that I might want an officer who had served with me in the
West, mentioning
Sherman specially, to take his place.
If so, he begged me not to hesitate about making the change.
He urged that the work before us was of such vast importance to the whole nation that the feeling or wishes of no one person should stand in the way of selecting the right men for all positions.
For himself, he would serve to the best of his ability wherever placed.
I assured him that I had no thought of substituting any one for him. As to
Sherman, he could not be spared from the
West.
This incident gave me even a more favorable opinion of
Meade than did his great victory at
Gettysburg the July before.
It is men who wait to be selected, and not those who seek, from whom we may always expect the most efficient service.
Meade's position afterwards proved embarrassing to me if not to him. He was commanding an army and, for nearly a year previous to my taking command of all the armies, was in supreme command of the Army of the Potomac-except from the authorities at
Washington.
All other general officers occupying similar positions were independent in their commands so far as any one present with them was concerned.
I tried to make
General Meade's position as nearly as possible what it would have been if I had been in
Washington or any other place away from his command.
I therefore gave all orders for the movements of the Army of the Potomac to
Meade to have them executed.
To avoid the necessity of having to give orders direct, I established my headquarters near his, unless there were reasons for locating them elsewhere.
This sometimes happened, and I had on occasions to give orders direct to the troops affected.
On the 11th I returned to
Washington and, on the day after, orders were published
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by the War Department placing me in command of all the armies.
I had left
Washington the night before to return to my old command in the
West and to meet
Sherman whom I had telegraphed to join me in
Nashville.
Sherman assumed command of the military division of the Mississippi on the 18th of March, and we left
Nashville together for
Cincinnati.
I had
Sherman accompany me that far on my way back to
Washington so that we could talk over the matters about which I wanted to see him, without losing any more time from my new command than was necessary.
The first point which I wished to discuss was particularly about the co-operation of his command with mine when the spring campaign should commence.
There were also other and minor points, minor as compared with the great importance of the question to be decided by sanguinary war — the restoration to duty of officers who had been relieved from important commands, namely
McClellan,
Burnside and
Fremont in the
East, and
Buell,
McCook,
Negley and
Crittenden in the
West.
Some time in the winter of 1863-64 I had been invited by the
general-in-chief to give my views of the campaign I thought advisable for the command under me-now
Sherman's.
General J. E. Johnston was defending
Atlanta and the interior of
Georgia with an army, the largest part of which was stationed at
Dalton, about 38 miles south of
Chattanooga.
Dalton is at the junction of the railroad from
Cleveland with the one from
Chattanooga to
Atlanta.
There could have been no difference of opinion as to the first duty of the armies of the military division of the Mississippi.
Johnston's army was the first objective, and that important railroad centre,
Atlanta, the second.
At the time I wrote
General Halleck giving my views of the approaching campaign, and at the time I met
General Sherman, it was expected that
General Banks would be through with the campaign which he had been ordered upon before my appointment to the command of all the armies, and would be ready to cooperate with the armies east of the
Mississippi, his part in the programme being to move upon
Mobile by land while the navy would close the harbor and assist to the best of its ability.
The plan therefore was for
Sherman to attack
Johnston and destroy his army if possible, to capture
Atlanta and hold it, and with his troops and those of
Banks to hold a line through to
Mobile, or at least to hold
Atlanta and command the railroad running east and west, and the troops from one or other of the armies to hold important points on the southern road, the only east and west road that would be left in the possession of the
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enemy.
This would cut the
Confederacy in two again, as our gaining possession of the
Mississippi River had done before.
Banks was not ready in time for the part assigned to him, and circumstances that could not be foreseen determined the campaign which was afterwards made, the success and grandeur of which has resounded throughout all lands.
In regard to restoring officers who had been relieved from important commands to duty again, I left
Sherman to look after those who had been removed in the
West while I looked out for the rest.
I directed, however, that he should make no assignment until I could speak to the
Secretary of War about the matter.
I shortly after recommended to the
Secretary the assignment of
General Buell to duty.
I received the assurance that duty would be offered to him; and afterwards the
Secretary told me that he had offered
Buell an assignment and that the latter had declined it, saying that it would be degradation to accept the assignment offered.
I understood afterwards that he refused to serve under either
Sherman or [E. R. S.]
Canby because he had ranked them both.
Both graduated before him and ranked him in the old army.
Sherman ranked him as a brigadier-general.
All of them ranked me in the old army, and
Sherman and
Buell did as brigadiers.
The worst excuse a soldier can make for declining service is that he once ranked the commander he is ordered to report to.
On the 23d of March I was back in
Washington, and on the 26th took up my headquarters at Culpeper Court-House, a few miles south of the headquarters of the Army of the Potomac.
Although hailing from
Illinois myself, the
State of the
President, I never met
Mr. Lincoln until called to the capital to receive my commission as lieutenant-general.
I knew him, however, very well and favorably from the accounts given by officers under me at the
West who had known him all their lives.
I had also read the remarkable series of debates between
Lincoln and
Douglas a few years before, when they were rival candidates for the United States Senate.
I was then a resident of
Missouri, and by no means a “
Lincoln man” in that contest; but I recognized then his great ability.
In my first interview with
Mr. Lincoln alone he stated to me that he had never professed to be a military man or to know how campaigns should be conducted, and never wanted to interfere in them: but that procrastination on the part of commanders, and the pressure from the people at the
North and Congress,
which was always with him, forced him into issuing his series of “Military orders” --one, two, three, etc. He did not know but they were all wrong, and did know
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that some of them were.
All he wanted or had ever wanted was someone who would take the responsibility and act, and call on him for all the assistance needed, pledging himself to use all the power of the government in rendering such assistance.
Assuring him that I would do the best I could with the means at hand, and avoid as far as possible annoying him or the War Department, our first interview ended.
The
Secretary of War I had met once before only, but felt that I knew him better.
While commanding in
West Tennessee we had occasionally held conversations over the wires, at night, when they were not being otherwise used.
He and
General Halleck both cautioned me against giving the
President my plans of campaign, saying that he was so kind-hearted, so averse to refusing anything asked of him, that some friend would be sure to get from him all he knew.
I should have said that in our interview the
President told me he did not want to know what I proposed to do. But he submitted a plan of campaign of his own which he wanted me to hear and then do as I pleased about.
He brought out a map of
Virginia on which he had evidently marked every position occupied by the
Federal and Confederate armies up to that time.
He pointed out on the map two streams which empty into the
Potomac, and suggested that the army might be moved on boats and landed between the mouths of these streams.
We would then have the
Potomac to bring our supplies, and the tributaries would protect our flanks while we moved out. I listened respectfully, but did not suggest that the same streams would protect
Lee's flanks while he was shutting us up.
I did not communicate my plans to the
President, nor did I to the
Secretary of War or to
General Halleck.
March the 26th my headquarters were, as stated, at
Culpeper, and the work of preparing for an early campaign commenced.