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L.
La′bel.
A placard or slip attached to an object to indicate contents, destination, or ownership.
See baggage-check, for instance.
1. Animal labels are of many forms: —
a. A metallic strip bent into a link-shape, the ends being passed through two slits in the ear. On the outside is shown the name of the owner or the number of the animal on the stock-book.
b. A plate secured by rivet to the ear.
c. A button is inscribed with the name of the owner and fastened to the ear by means of a locking plate, which enters the tubular shank of the button.
d. A tag attached to the horns, wool, mane, etc., to indicate ownership, class, prize, merit, etc.
2. A card or tablet attached to a bottle, jar, drawer, etc., by a chain, or placed in a panel.
One on a can of fruit or other vegetables.
In one case, the whole series of customary contents are placed on the margin of the can, and the kind contained in the can is indicated by a mark.
3. A brass rule with sights, formerly used in connection with a circumferentor to take altitudes.
4. (
Architecture.) A molding over a doorway or window.
A
head-molding or
hood-molding in the interior; a
drip, drip-stone, or
weather-molding, on the exterior.
La′bel-cor′bel Ta′ble.
（
Architecture.) A corbel-supported head-molding over a doorway or window.
Known also as a
drip-stone or
hood-molding.
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Labeling-machine. |
La′bel-ing-ma-chine′.
A device for attaching labels to cans, jars, or bottles.
The example shows one form, in which the can is fed in at the chute
a, and is taken up by the revolving star
b. It is there retained in place long enough to receive the label from the gumming-wings
c. The cam
d gives downward motion to the cross-head
e, and thence to the arms
f f with the smoothing-rollers attached thereto.
The can is then discharged by a partial revolution of the star
b on to the chute
j. Power is applied at
g. The finger
h holds the label in place while the gumming-wings return for another label.
It takes in four sizes of cans, and has labeled 9,000 in ten hours.
Lab-i-dom′e-ter.
A forceps with a measuring attachment for ascertaining the size of the fetal head.
Lab′o-ra-to-ry.
1. A house or apartment in which chemical experiments are conducted.
2. A manufactory of chemical articles.
3. A place where fireworks are prepared.
4. A department in an arsenal where cartridges, fuses, primers, etc., are made, shells charged, etc.
Lab′o-ra-to-ry — ap-pa-ra′tus.
Instruments and appliances used by the chemist in his study.
Among them may be cited the cupellation-furnace
h, cupel
f,
Liebig's condenser
g, the retort and filterstand
h, measuring-glasses
i i, pipette
k.
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Laboratory-apparatus. |
A
filter for chemical solutions, without access of fresh bodies of atmospheric air, is also shown in the figure; the vessel
a containing the solution and the filtering-matter occupies the neck.
As the liquid reaches the vessel
b it displaces a body of air, which passes by the pipe
c to the chamber
a, entering through the stopple
d, which is ground or provided with cork.
See also balance.
Lab′y-rinth.
（
Metallurgy.)
a. A sinuous channel in which the ground ore (
slime) and water are conducted, in order that the metallic portions may be deposited according to their respective gravities.
b. A chamber of many turnings in which fumes, derived from dry distillation of mercury, etc., are condensed.
See condenser.
A resin obtained from the
Ficus indica. See resin.
Lace.
A kind of network of threads of flax, cotton,
gold or
silver wire, or other suitable material, forming a fabric of transparent texture.
Its origin is not known, but it appears to have been used by the ladies of ancient
Greece and
Rome.
It was early used in
Northern Italy, and is said to have been introduced into
France by
Mary de Medicis.
In 1483 its importation into
England was prohibited.
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The systematic manufacture was introduced into
England by refugees from
Flanders.
Lace was anciently worked by the needle.
The invention of lace
knitting is attributed to Barbara, wife of
Christopher Huttman, a German miner, in 1560.
A manufactory was established in
France by
Colbert, in 1566.
Point lace was embroidered with the needle.
Bone lace (temp.
of Charles 1.) was a kind of thread lace, and received its name from the bobbins being made of bone.
About 1768, a stocking-weaver of
Northampton produced a machine for making lace; it was called the
pin-frame, and is still employed in
France for making the lace called
tulle.
The method of
Barbara Huttman is as follows: The lace-maker has a hard cushion in her lap on which the pattern, traced on parchment, is laid, and pins passed through the parchment into the cushion at places determined by the pattern.
She has also a number of bobbins on which the threads are wound, fine thread being used for the meshes or net. The work is begun by attaching the threads in pairs to the pins.
The threads are then intertwined by means of the bobbins, so as to form the required pattern.
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Lace-weaving. |
In
lace-weaving, the threads of the weft are twisted round those of the warp.
The manner of twisting determines the character of the net and its name, as
whip-net,
mail-net,
pattern-net,
drop-net,
spider-net,
balloon-net,
Paris-net,
bobbin-net.
The classification of laces at the
English exhibition of 1851 was as follows: —
1.
Pillow-lace, the article or fabric being wholly made by hand (known as
Valencieanes, Mechlia, Honiton, Buckingham); or
Guipare made by the crochet-needle; and
silk lace, called
blande when white, and
Chantilly, Pay, Grammont, and
black Buckinghamshire, when black.
2. Lace, the ground being machine-wrought, the ornamentation made on the
pillow and afterwards applied to the ground (known as
Brussels, Honiton, or
appliquee lace).
3. Machine-made net or quillings, wholly plain, whether warp or bobbin (known as
bobbin-net, tulles, blondes, Cambraic, Mechlin, Malines, Brussels, Alencon, etc.).
4. Lace, the ground being wholly made by machine, partly ornamented by machine and partly by hand, or wholly ornamented by hand, whether tamboured, needle-embroidered, or darned.
5. Lace, wrought and ornamented by machinery, comprising
trimming laces of every description,
veils, falls, scarfs, shawls, lappets, curtains, etc.
The dates of some of the inventions connected with lace-making are as follows: —
| Bobbin-lace invented by Barbara Huttman of St. Annaberg, Germany | 1561. |
| Pillow-lace making taught at Gt. Marlow, England | 1626. |
| Strutt's machine for making open work stockings | 1758. |
| Crane's Vandyke machine | 1758. |
| Else and Harvey's “pin” machine | 1770. |
| Frost's point-net machine | 1777. |
| Dawson's point-net machine | 1791. |
| Heathcoat's bobbin-net machine | 1801. |
| Hill's plain ground net machine | 1816. |
| “Limerick” lace made | 1829. |
Laced-stocking.
A bandage support for varicose veins, weak legs, etc.
Lace-mak′ing ma-chine′.
Lace is a delicate kind of network composed of silk, flax, or cotton threads, twisted or plaited together.
See lace.
The meshes are of an hexagonal figure, in which thick threads are also interwoven to form the pattern, according to some design; and these threads, which are called
gymp, form the ornament of the lace.
The
point-net frame was invented by
Morris (
England) in 1764, and is a variety of the stocking-frame, making a stitch or loop like that of a stocking, and formed by a continuance of one thread.
The thread is by the machine formed into loops, a whole course at once, by pressing it down alternately over and under between a number of parallel needles.
A second course is then made of similar loops on the same needles, and the loops of the first are drawn through those of the second in such a manner as to form meshes by retaining the first loops; the second are then retained by a third, and these by a fourth, and so on.
The
warp-net frame is also a variety of the stocking-frame, but the parts are very differently arranged, the movements being produced by treadles, leaving the hands of the workman to manage the machine, which is a piece of mechanism applied in front of the row of needles of the frame.
In the
warp-net frame the piece of lace is not formed of one continuous thread, as in the
point-net frame, but there are as many different threads as there are needles in the frame; these threads are
warped or wound upon a roller or beam the same as a loom, and it is from this circumstance that the machine is called a
warp-frame. These threads pass through eyes in the ends of small points, called
guides, which are opposite the needles; and these guides are fixed on two bars, each of which has half the guides fastened on it; that is, one guide is fast to one bar, and the next to the other, and so on alternately of the whole.
Each of the guides presents a thread to its needle, and all are at once moved by the hand to twist the threads two or three times round the needles that are opposite to them.
The loop is now made in a manner similar to that in the
point-net frame. The next time, the alternate guides are shifted endways, so as to apply themselves to other needles than those they were opposite to before; this crosses the thread so as to make a net, but the quantity that is shifted endways is changed every time by means of the machinery, so as to move a certain number of needles, which number is changed every time to produce the pattern.
The lace-making machine for weaving the real twisted lace, like that made on the pillow, was invented by Heathcoat, 1804.
The groundwork of the invention is to extend those threads which form the warp of the lace in parallel lines, and dispose the diagonal threads upon small bobbins, which are detached, and are capable of passing round the extended warp-threads so as to twist with them; by this means the number of bobbins is reduced to one half.
In this machine there are two horizontal beams or rollers, one to contain the thread and the other to receive the lace; also a number of small bobbins to contain the thread.
Mr. Hebart thus enumerates the varieties of bobbin net-lace machines: —
| The Loughborough double-tier | Heathcoat's. |
| The single-tier | Stevenson's. |
| The improved double-tier | Brailey's. |
| The improved single-tier | Liver's. |
| The Loughborough improved; with pumping-tackle. |
| The pusher principle. |
| The traverse warp | Beran & Freeman's. |
| The traverse warp, rotary | Lindley & Lacey's. |
| The straight bolt | Kendal & Mauley's. |
| The circular bolt | Manley's. |
| The circular comb | Harvey's. |
| The improved circular comb | Herrey's. |
| The farther improved single-tier | Lever's. |
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