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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), D. (search)
gulating the energy of the fire by regulating the area of the passage of ingress or egress, as the case may be. Dampers are of various forms: like butterfly-valves, as in the illustration; hinged flaps, like clack-valves; sliding or rotating grates, like registers, etc. The damper is to the air-pipe or flue what the valve or faucet is to the duet for steam or liquids. The register or damper-valve for chimneys is an old English invention, and is referred to as such by Savot, in his book, 1624. The Laconicum, or stove of Laconia, used in heat- ing the air of the sweating-apartment of the Roman baths, was heated by the flames of the hypocaustum beneath the floor. The heat of the stove was regulated by means of a brazen shield suspended by a chain so as to close entirely or partially the opening of communication between the stove and the basement furnace. In the Baths of Titus a globe attached to a chain acted as a ball-valve in the same manner as a damper. The dampers of fu
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), F. (search)
. The mantels are constructed of flat arches. The example is adduced to show the earlier form of chimney, and perhaps the most ancient one in existence, anticipating by several centuries the first chimneys erected in Italy. (See chimney.) The fireplace (A, Fig 1996) in the hall of Vicar's Close, Wells, England, is an example of the fireplace of some centuries back. Fireplaces Louis Savot, of the Faculty of Medicine at Paris (1579-1640), published a work on warming and ventilation in 1624. His is the first recorded attempt at combining the cheerfulness of an open fire with the economy of an inclosed stove. Fig. B shows a front view and an elevation of his ingenious arrangement. The hearth, covings, and back were lined with thick iron plates three inches distant from the masonry. Air entered at a, passed along the chambers b, and entered the room at c c. D is Prince Rupert's fireplace, somewhat celebrated in its time. It had a diving flue and false fire-back. About
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), H. (search)
in the nests of setting hens, and also to prevent one hen from driving another off the nest. Her-ba′ri-um. A collection of dried plants. Aristotle is considered the founder of the philosophy of botany, 347 B. C. The Historia Plantarum of Theophrastus was written about 320 B. C. Authors on botany were numerous at the close of the fifteenth century. The Botanic Gardens of Padua, Leyden, and Leipsic were established respectively in 1545, 1577, 1580; the Jardin des Plantes, in Paris, in 1624; Oxford, 1632. The system of Linnaeus was made known in 1750; and Jussieu's system, founded on Tournefort's, and called the natural system, in 1758. The latter is now accepted by such authorities as Lindley and London. The Linnaean was founded upon sexual differences, the classes being determined by the number of stamens, the orders by the number of pistils. The natural system of Jussieu is founded upon modes of growth and fructification. At the death of Linnaeus, the number of species d
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), I. (search)
urnace by the use of coke from pit-coal. The parties who yet possessed plenty of wood, and with whom the production of iron was fast becoming a monopoly, urged the charcoal-burners to destroy the works of Dudley, which was done. Dudley's patent was granted for thirty-one years, which would bring it to 1650, the time of the Protectorate, when England had a ruler fit to succeed Queen Bess. The celebrated statute of King James, limiting the duration of patents to fourteen years, was passed in 1624. From the circumstance that Dudley petitioned Oliver Cromwell and Council for a renewal of the term, two things are evident: one, that he had pursued the scheme and anticipated or had achieved success; the other, that the limitation of his patent from thirty-one to fourteen years had not been enforced or had been revoked. Dudley charges that the extension of his term was refused by the influence of favorites of the Protector, who wished to share in his profits, and on his refusal defeate
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), M. (search)
atmosphere is about 58 1/2 miles. Huyghens states that Drebell had a microscope in 1621, and that he was the reputed inventor of it; the invention is also claimed by Fontana, a Neapolitan, in 1618. Burrell asserts that the Jansens, father and son, made the first microscope and presented it to Prince Maurice and Archduke Albert of Austria. The invention was, however, clearly anticipated by Roger Bacon. Spectacles were in use A. D. 1200. The double microscope was invented by Farncelli in 1624. Dr. Hooke (1635 – 1702) made microscopes of a sphere of glass, from 1/20 to 1/50 of an inch in diameter. Having made and polished his lens, he placed it against a small hole in a thin piece of metal and fixed it with wax. Leuwenhoeck's microscopes, 26 in number, which he presented to the Royal Society, have each a doubleconvex lens. Their powers were from 40 to 160. Comes Mr. Reeve, with a microscope and a scotoscope. For the first I did give him £ 5 10 s., a great price, but a m
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), R. (search)
valve to close or open an aperture for the passage of air. As, — a. The draft-regulating plate of a stove or furnace. Sometimes connected with a pivoted plate in the chimney, so as to be self-operating. The damperplate of a locomotive engine. b. A perforated plate governing the opening into a duct which admits warm air into a room for heat, or fresh air for ventilation, or which allows foul air to escape. Savot in his work L'Architecture Francois des Bastimens particuliers, Paris, 1624, is the first to mention the register-plate. He credits the invention to the English, saying that it is customary in England when a brazier full of fuel is well lighted, and has ceased to smoke, to pass an iron plate (porte de fer legere) across the chimney, and so confine the heat to the room. This plate is the same as the damper, but the term register is the older. In the furnaces of the alchemists, openings left for the supply of air, and which could be contracted or closed by pieces o
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
small blast-furnace by the use of coke from pit-coal. The parties who yet possessed plenty of wood, and with whom the production of iron was fast becoming a monopoly, urged the charcoal-burners to destroy the works of Dudley, which was done. Dudley's patent was granted for 31 years, which would bring it to 1650, the time of the Protectorate, when England had a ruler fit to succeed Queen Bess. The celebrated statute of King James, limiting the duration of patents to 14 years, was passed in 1624. Dudley's petition for an extension was refused. Iron of poor quality continued to be made in districts where wood was scarce, and of good quality from charcoal in places where forests yet remained. The demand for iron continuing to grow, — a natural effect of advancing civilization, — iron was imported from Sweden and Russia in large quantities and of excellent quality. The forests of these countries gave them a natural advantage over England, whose forests had by this time become thin