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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
dge-shaped and provided with a handle. Choc′o-late-mill. Chocolate is a paste made from the roasted kernels of the Theobroma cacao (food for the gods), so called by Linnaeus, who so much esteemed it. The beverage was advertised in London in 1657, as an excellent West India drink called chocolate. Chocolate-mill. The roasted and crushed seeds of the cacao-nut tree are ground between two horizontal millstones, which are kept at a temperature of about 200° F., by means of a steam-jackeen by the mufti, but again permitted by an edict of Solyman the Great. The Venetians brought it from the Levant in 1615, and in 1645 it was introduced into Marseilles. Coffee was introduced into England by Daniel Edwards, a Turkey merchant, in 1657. The first coffee-house in England was in St. Michael's Alley, Cornhill, London; opened by Pasqua, a Greek servant of Mr. Edwards. It was then sold at from four to five guineas a pound. Coffee-trees were imported from Mocha by the Dutch about 1
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), F. (search)
s the Danube, mentions the sipho. Its construction seems to be unknown. Apollodorus recommends a leathern bag of water with hollow canes for discharging-nozzles. The first notice of the modern fire-engine is in the Chronicles of Augsburg, 1518, which speaks of the water-syringe useful at fires. They were mounted on wheels, and worked by levers. Similar devices are referred to by Lucar, 1590; Greatorix, 1656; and Morland, 1670. The fire-engine of Nuremberg described by Caspar Schott, 1657, was of a different character. It was mounted on a sled 4 × 10 feet, and drawn by two horses. It had a cistern 2 × 8 feet and 4 feet deep, in which were two horizontal cylinders. The brakes were worked by twenty-eight men, and the combined streams from the cylinders issued at a one-inch orifice, and reached a hight of 80 feet. An English patent appears of the date of 1632 to Thomas Grant, and one to John Van der Heyden (or Heide), of Amsterdam, 1663. He is credited with having brought
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
atim al-Muzaffar Bin Ismail of Isfazar, who was adapting the specific-gravity balance to the determination of the specific gravity of metal by graduations on the beam calculated for liquids of immersion of different densities: He passed away, to meet the mercy of the Supreme God, before perfecting it, and reducing all his views on the subject to writing. The first person in Europe to make a tabular statement of computations in this line was Athanasius Kircher, 1602-80; after him Galileo, 1657; Boyle (born in 1627). The calculations of the latter of the specific gravity of mercury—13.76 and 13.357 —are both less exact than those of the scientific Arab in the retinue of Mahmoud of Ghuzna, A. D. 1000; he made it 13.56. The modern figure is 13.557. The following table gives the specific gravity of a number of gaseous, liquid, and solid substances. See also Clark's Constants of nature, Smithsonian Institution Collections, December, 1873. Gases, Air = 1. Hydrogen0.069 Marsh