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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), L. (search)
s follows: If you insert two similar lenses (that is, both convex) in a tube, and place your eye at a convenient distance, you will see all terrestrial objects, inverted indeed, but magnified and very distinct, with a considerable extent of view. He afterward added two more glasses, which reversed the image and brought it to the natural position. Rheita was the first to employ the combination of three lenses, the terrestrial telescope. Suellius of Leyden, Descartes (1596 – 1650), and Leibnitz (1646 – 1716) stated the doctrine of refraction more or less fully; and Grimaldi, an Italian painter, demonstrated the ellipticity of the sun's image after refraction through a prism; Newton (1642 – 1727) determined that it was owing to the difference in the refrangibility of the respective portions of the rays. Newton supposed that refraction and dispersion were indissolubly united, but Dollond demonstrated that by using two different kinds of glass he could abolish the color, and yet l<
Edward L. Pierce, Memoir and letters of Charles Sumner: volume 3, Chapter 30: addresses before colleges and lyceums.—active interest in reforms.—friendships.—personal life.—1845-1850. (search)
, drudge. I see nothing of Nathan der Weise. Nathan Appleton. Politics have parted us; much displeasure has been directed against me. I could have wished it otherwise, but cannot regret anything I have done. To Rev. James W. Thompson, Salem, April 1:— The science of comparative philology, of which we find the first full exposition, I suppose, in Adelung, The German philologist, 1732-1806. reveals relations and affinities between languages which have not before been supposed. Leibnitz thought he might invent a universal language. When we consider what the Arabic numerals and music accomplish, it does not seem extravagant to anticipate some great triumph hereafter, not unlike that which filled the visions of the all-conquering Brunswicker. It is no answer to this suggestion that we cannot now comprehend the possibility of such an invention. In the progress of intelligence the curtain will be lifted, behind which are whole worlds of mystery. But there are practical que
Edward L. Pierce, Memoir and letters of Charles Sumner: volume 3, Chapter 38: repeal of the Missouri Compromise.—reply to Butler and Mason.—the Republican Party.—address on Granville Sharp.—friendly correspondence.—1853-1854. (search)
in France at the close of the seventeenth century on the comparative merits of the ancients and the moderns struck out some things bearing on this subject, in the writings of Perrault and also of Fontenelle. As a student of Vico, you are doubtless acquainted with the work of his admirer, Cataldo Jannalli,—Cenni sulla natura e necessity della Scienza delle cose e delle store umane. This writer was a librarian at Naples some thirty years ago, and held Vico to be in the same list with Newton, Leibnitz, and the great masters. But the work of Dove, The Theory of Human Progression. to which I first called your attention, is wrought out of a severely logical and reflective mind, without the learning of Vico, and indeed with little knowledge of the literature of the subject; but it seems to me to have a strong grasp, and to open more clearly than any other book the future of science and life. The substantial harmony between his views and those of Comte is curious, when it is known that he
Edward L. Pierce, Memoir and letters of Charles Sumner: volume 3, chapter 14 (search)
rch 4. 1859. He describes Abauzit as a Protestant clergyman of a beautiful nature and remarkable accomplishments, living in the greatest retirement, with a flock of two thousand peasants, cultivating English and German letters, and speaking these two languages as well as French; of a family famous in the history of Protestantism, compelled to flee at the revocation of the edict of Nantes, finding then a refuge in Switzerland; one of his ancestors selected as an arbiter between Newton. And Leibnitz, and honored by a most remarkable tribute from Rousseau in a note to the Nonvelle Heloise. M. Abauzit was a Wesleyan Methodist: and Sumner wrote to Mr. Jay, asking him to send to the pastor documents on the position of the denomination in the United States concerning the slavery question, to enable him to prepare an appeal to them from their brethren in France. who was educating a number of girls in his house. At his request Martins tested them in German, which he had known well from hi
Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Atlantic Essays, A charge with Prince Rupert. (search)
inted malicious and lying pamphlets against him almost every morning, in which he found himself saluted as a nest of perfidious vipers, a night-flying dragon prince, a flapdragon, a caterpillar, a spider, and a butterbox. He was the King's own nephew,--great-grandson of William the Silent, and son of that Elizabeth Stuart from whom all the modern royal family of England descends. His sister was the renowned Princess Palatine, the one favorite pupil of Descartes, and the chosen friend of Leibnitz, Malebranche, and William Penn. From early childhood he was trained to war; we find him at fourteen pronounced by his tutors fit to command an army,--at fifteen, bearing away the palm in one of the last of the tournaments,--at sixteen, fighting beside the young Turenne in the Low Countries,--at nineteen, heading the advanced guard in the army of the Prince of Orange,and at twenty-three we find him appearing in England, the day before the royal standard was reared, and the day after the Kin
George Ticknor, Life, letters and journals of George Ticknor (ed. George Hillard), chapter 30 (search)
note, 800, 302. Lawrence, James, II 304. Lawrence, Mrs., James, II. 324, 847. Leake, Colonel, II. 155. Lebanon, Conn., Elisha Ticknor born there, I. 1. Lebanon, N. H., I. 4, 5. Lebrun, P. A. . II. 116, 181. Le Chevalier, J. B., I. 131. Le Clerc, General, I. 123. Le Fleming, Lady, I. 434. Legare, Hugh Swinton, I. 278 note, 450, 488, 489, II. 204 note, 436; letters to, 191 and note, 196, 197, 198, 207, 210, 211; death of, 212, 213 and note. Leghorn, visits, I. 183. Leibnitz Mss. in Hanover, I. 78. Leipzig, visits, I. 107, II. 313, 316, 330. Lenox, Robert, I. 15. Lenzoni, Marchesa, II. 48, 56, 57, 88, 91, 92. Lepsius, Dr., K. R., II. 58, 84, 332. Lerchenfeld, Baron, II. 1, 2, 6, 7, 11, 19. Leslie, C. R., I. 389 and note, II. 181. Lesseps, Baron J. B. B., I. 248. Lesseps, Ferd. de, II. 364, 381. Lewis, George Cornewall (Sir G. C.), II. 180, 323, 363, 66, 85, 468; death of, 461, 462 and note. Lewis, Lady, Theresa, II. 323, 359, 366, 370,
George Bancroft, History of the United States from the Discovery of the American Continent, Vol. 2, 17th edition., Chapter 16: (search)
system on consciousness, and made the human mind the point of departure in philosophy. But Descartes plunged immediately into the confusion of hypothesis, drifting to sea to be wrecked among the barren waves of ontological speculation; and even Leibnitz, confident in his genius and learning, lost his way among the monads of creation and the preestablished harmonies in this best of all possible worlds; the Chap. XVI.} illiterate Quaker adhered strictly to his method; like the timid navigators l and equal enfranchisement. Not one of mankind, says Penn, is exempted from this illumination.—God discovers himself to Penn, i 320 every man. He is in every breast, in the ignorant Chap. XVI.} Penn, i. 323. drudge as well as in Locke or Leibnitz. Every moral truth exists in every man's and woman's heart, as an incorruptible seed; the ground may be barren, but the Barclay, 295, 299. seed is certainly there. Every man is a little sovereign to himself. Freedom is as old as reason itsel
George Bancroft, History of the United States from the Discovery of the American Continent, Vol. 3, 15th edition., Chapter 20: (search)
m of mind was introduced by philosophy, and, making its way, at one bound, to the absolute skepticism of pure reason, rejected every prejudice, and menaced the institutions of church and of state with an overthrow. In England, philosophy existed as an empirical science; men measured and weighed the outward world, and constructed the prevailing systems of morals and metaphysics on observation and the senses. In France, the philosophic mind, under the guidance of Descartes, of Fenelon, of Leibnitz,—who belongs to the French world,—of Malebranche, assumed a character alike spiritual and universal. Still more opposite were the governments. In Chap. XX.} France, feudal monarchy had been quelled by a military monarchy; in England, it had yielded to a parliamentary monarchy, in which government rested on property. France sustained the principle of legitimacy; England had selected its own sovereign, and to dispute his claims involved not only a question of national law, but of Englis
George Bancroft, History of the United States from the Discovery of the American Continent, Vol. 3, 15th edition., Chapter XXII (search)
among them of men who, under the guidance of missionaries, became anxious for their salvation, having faith enough for despair, Charle voix, i. 189 if not for conversion; and even in the doctrine of the divine unity, they seemed to find not so much a novel- Shepard ty as the revival of a slumbering reminiscence. They were not good arithmeticians; their tales of the number of their years, or of the warriors in their clans, are little to be relied on; and yet every where they counted like Leibnitz and La Place, and, from the influence of some law that pervades humanity, they began to repeat at ten. They could not dance like those trained to attitudes of grace; they could not sketch light ornaments like Raphael; yet, under every sky, they delighted in a rhythmic repetition of forms and sounds,— would move in cadence to wild melodies,—and, with great elegance and imitative power, they would tattoo their skins with harmonious arabesques. We call them cruel; yet they never invented the
George Bancroft, History of the United States from the Discovery of the American Continent, Vol. 3, 15th edition., Chapter 24: (search)
orch of truth to pass from nation to nation; and therefore, though they could besiege cities, and burn the granges of the peasant, yet, except as their purposes were overruled, their lavish prodigality of treasure, and honor, and life, was fruitless to humanity. One result, however, of which the character did not at first appear, was, during the conflict, achieved in the north. Protestantism was represented on the continent by no great power. Frederick II., a pupil of the philosophy of Leibnitz and Wolf, took advantage of the confusion, and, with the happy audacity of youth, and a discreet ambition, which knew where to set bounds to its own impetuosity, wrested Silesia from Austria. Indifferent to alliances with powers which, having no fixed aims, could have no fixed friendships; he entered into the contest, and withdrew from it, alone. Twice assuming arms, and twice con- 1742. 1745. cluding a separate peace, he retired, with a guaranty from England of the acquisitions which, a
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