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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight) 19 1 Browse Search
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing) 4 0 Browse Search
The Daily Dispatch: June 27, 1861., [Electronic resource] 2 0 Browse Search
The Daily Dispatch: December 13, 1862., [Electronic resource] 2 0 Browse Search
Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Harvard Memorial Biographies 1 1 Browse Search
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Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Engineering. (search)
little room has been left. Industrial engineering covers statical, hydraulic, mechanical, and electrical engineering, and adds a new branch which we may call chemical engineering. This is pre-eminently a child of the nineteenth century, and is the conversion of one thing into another by a knowledge of their chemical constituents. When Dalton first applied mathematics to chemistry and made it quantitative, he gave the key which led to the discoveries of Cavendish, Gay-Lussac, Berzelius, Liebig, and others. This new knowledge was not locked up, but at once given to the world, and made use of. Its first application on a large scale was made by Napoleon in encouraging the manufacture of sugar from beets. The new products were generally made from what were called waste material. We now have the manufacture of soda, bleaching powders, aniline dyes, and other products of the distillation of coal, also coal-oil from petroleum, acetylene gas, celluloid, rubber goods in all their nume
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), University and College education in the United States, the trend of (search)
brary might as well have been in Waterville or Bridgeport as in New Haven, so far as the students in those days were concerned. It is only in comparatively recent years that the largest institutions have had a librarian giving his entire time to the care of the library. And the laboratory occupied as small a place in the situation of forty years ago as did the library. It was something unknown to a college graduate of thirty years ago. The first chemical laboratory in Germany was built by Liebig at Giessen in 1826. This factor, which to-day takes its place side by side with the library, is something which formed no part of education in days past. An institution of higher learning with no library worth mentioning, and with no laboratories, could scarcely be called a university. 2. The curriculum of study in those days dealt wholly with the past. It was largely Latin, Greek, mathematics, and philosophy. Questions of living interest could gain no recognition. The study of Engli
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), A. (search)
d. The modern anaesthetic agents are: cold applications, protoxide of nitrogen (laughing-gas), chloroform, ether, amylene, kerosolene. Sir Humphry Davy suggested the use of protoxide of nitrogen as an anaesthetic agent in surgical operations. It was used by Dr. Wells of Hartford, Conn., in 1844, in dental operations. It has now attained great favor. Chloroform is a terchloride of formyle (the hypothetical radical of formic acid). Its discovery is claimed by Soubeiran, Guthrie, and Liebig, whose claims have about an even date, 1831. The verdict seems to have settled in favor of the former. Its first use as an anaesthetic was by Dr. Simpson of Edinburgh, 1847. Hydrate of chloral has recently become quite unpleasantly prominent in the list of anodynes, sedatives, and hypnotics. Ether was known to the earliest chemists. The discovery of its use as an anaesthetic was made by Dr. Jackson or Dr. Morton of Boston, in 1846. A contest ensued between the parties to prove prio
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), B. (search)
1/2 hour for 14 days; then add 3 lbs. of gum-arabic, and repeat the stirring daily for 14 days, when the blacking will be ready for use. Paste: — Ivory-black4 pounds. Molasses3 pounds. Sperm-oil (hot)9 ounces. Gum-arabic1 ounce. Vinegar12 ounces. Mix; stir occasionally during 6 days. More vinegar will liquefy the compound. The addition of sulphuric acid to ivory-black and sugar produces sulphate of lime, and soluble acid phosphate of lime, which makes a tenacious paste. Liebig's recipe: — Ivory-black8 Molasses4 Hydrochloric acid1 Sulphuric acid2 Waterad. lib. Harness-blacking: 1. Glue or gelatine, 4 oz.; gum-arabic, 3 oz.; water, 3/4 pint; dissolve by heat; add treacle, 7 oz.; ivory-black (in very fine powder), 5 oz.; and gently evaporate until of a proper consistency when cold, stirring all the time. To be kept corked. 2. Mutton-suet, 2 oz.; beeswax, 6 oz.; melt, add sugar candy, 6 oz.; soft soap, 2 oz.; lampblack, 2 1/2 oz.; indigo (in fine powd
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
d water, condensing the vapor in the coil. The liquid escapes at a cock below. In the example, the liquor condensed in each coil may be separately withdrawn. Still-condenser. In Hadley's still the pipe rising from the still has successive condensers b b in ascending series, the liquid in the condenser jackets being gradually cooler as they recede from the still. The object is to eliminate by successive stages a liquid of given tenuity, and return the heavier condensed vapors. In Liebig's, the neck of the still b passes through a water-jacket e to the receiver h. The jacket is furnished with a constant stream of water from cistern c, by pipe d, and exit f, to waste-cup g. a is the lamp. In Fig. 1418 is shown an apparatus for preparing purified ammonia, from the ammoniacal liquor of gas-works, by distillation, cooling, and treating the products with charcoal, and condensing the liquid. Fig. 1419 is an apparatus in which a condenser C is placed between the vacuum-pan A,
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), I. (search)
vapors or anaesthetic agents. 4. An apparatus to enable a fireman, miner, or diver to work in a poisonous or heated atmosphere, or in water, carrying with him a supply of vital air. See diving. Inhalers. Dr. Priestley's letter, speaking of Gaseous oxyd of Septon (dephlogisticated nitrous air), was addressed to one of the editors of the New York Medical repository, and was republished in the London Monthly magazine, June 1, 1800. Chloroform was discovered by Guthrie, Souberain, or Liebig, about 1831, but its valuable properties as an anaesthetic were not appreciated until 1847. Dr. Morton of Boston, and Professor Simpson of Edinborough, discovered its applicability to this purpose almost simultaneously in 1847. See ANAeSTHETIC apparatus. Morton's inhalation apparatus, November 13, 1847, has a chamber to hold the sponge, and two lateral openings through which respectively enter the atmospheric air and pass out the air impregnated with the vapor of the anaethetic agent.
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), L. (search)
tc. Lab′o-ra-to-ry — ap-pa-ra′tus. Instruments and appliances used by the chemist in his study. Among them may be cited the cupellation-furnace h, cupel f, Liebig's condenser g, the retort and filterstand h, measuring-glasses i i, pipette k. Laboratory-apparatus. A filter for chemical solutions, without access of fresglass. The weights press out the superfluous mercury, and what remains forms an amalgam with the tin, which adheres to the back of the glass. See silvering. Liebig recommended the following solution for silvering mirrors: — One part nitrate of silver dissolved in 20 parts pure water. Form a solution of nitrate of ammonia application of a separate solution causes a deposition of silver on the glass. See also silvering-glass. Siemens has modified the operation, as suggested by Liebig, and greatly simplified the reduction of the silver. Dry ammonia gas is passed through aldehyde to produce aldehyde ammonia; 2.5 grammes of aldehyde ammonia and
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
of silver solution in the usual way, the glass being perfectly clean. See next article. See also Platinizing, page 1741; looking-glass, pages 1350, 1351; Mir-Ror, pages 1452, 1453; glass-silvering, pages 982, 983. Sil′ver-ing glass. In Liebig's process (Wagner's Jahresbericht, Vol. II. pp. 168-171), to an aqueous solution containing 10 grammes nitrate of silver in 200 cubic centimeters, is added sufficient ammonia to clear it, and afterward 450 cubic centimeters of a solution of soda the silvering liquid it is mixed with 1/6 to 1/8 its volume of a solution of milk sugar. After the silver has become attached to the glass, it may be polished with fine rouge and a cloth, and varnished with an alcoholic solution of gum-dammar. Liebig finally, however, recommended the following: Dissolve 1 part nitrate of silver in 10 parts distilled water. Form solution of nitrate of ammonia, specific gravity 1 115; a sulphate of ammonia solution, specific gravity 1.105, may also be used. P
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), W. (search)
d from it, and which forms the base of so many valuable alkaline salt; blood became useful for the production of albumine; cork refuse for the manufacture of floor-cloths: old horseshoe-nails and other scrap-iron for the fabrication of the soft and malleable iron for English fowling-pieces; and so on, with sawdust and leather refuse, etc. China and Japan mainly owe their flourishing agriculture to the extensive use made of human excrements; and one of the greatest chemists of our time, baron Liebig, has acknowledged that they contain the means of restoring to the soil of Europe its power of production a power which will soon be exhausted otherwise. — Vienna Exhibition Programme, 1873. The quantity of anthracite coal-dust which is heaped up in the Pennsylvania coal regions is estimated at 50, 000000 tons. This has heretofore had no commercial value, and indeed it costs 30 cents per ton to dispose of it. Mr. J. E. Wootten, Superintendent of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad,
Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Harvard Memorial Biographies, 1854. (search)
thy action. Yet it would be wrong to convey the impression that James was generally despondent. His fervor and enthusiasm never abandoned him; but he could not resist occasional attacks of melancholy. In the autumn of 1854 he sailed for Europe, accompanied by two classmates and intimate friends,—Horace Furness and Atherton Blight. It was James's especial plan to study agricultural chemistry as a preparation for his chosen profession; and with this view he attended the lectures of Professor Liebig at Munich and Professor Rose at Berlin. On his way to the former city, he stopped to examine the famous agricultural school of Hohenheim; and he afterwards spent a winter of study in Munich. His friend Horace Furness wrote to James's sister, after his death:— What was always so peculiarly charming to me in Jim's character was, that with his great physical strength and love of out-door life and athletic exercises, wherein he always showed to such manly advantage, he united the mo
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