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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight) 8 0 Browse Search
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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), B. (search)
ted them; transverse beams were laid on the ropes; planks on the beams; soil on the planks; and the armies crossed thereon. Cords and posts at the sides afforded some degree of protection. How many bridges were built by Pyrrhus in his expeditions, history does not inform us; but the bridges in his Italian campaigns, about 280 B. C., over the streams emptying into the Adriatic, are mentioned by the Greek historians. The first bridge in Rome was built across the Tiber, 621 B. C., by Ancus Martius, uniting the Janiculum and Mons Aventinus, and was memorable for its defence by Horatius Cocles against Lars Porsenna the Etruscan, about 508 B. C.; also as the spot whence the body of Heliogabalus was cast into the Tiber, a stone about his neck, about A. D. 218. It was called the Pons Sublicius, from its having been built upon stakes, or piles. The original bridge was built about the time of Josiah, king of Judah, and a few years previous to Nebuchadnezzar. The Pontus Salarius was
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), F. (search)
ived his and went out. The mark of kindness was too much even for his selfish heart. The Chinese use chop-sticks instead of forks. Bronze forks were used by the Egyptian priests in presenting offerings to the gods. Two of them exhumed at Sakkarah are in the Abbott collection. A fork is mentioned in the accounts of Edward I., and is supposed to have been brought from the East by a returning crusader. Voltaire says that they were used by the Lombards in the fourteenth century; and Martius states that they were common in Italy in the fifteenth century. Table-forks are heard of in Italy from 1458 to 1490. An Italian at the court of Matthias Corvinas, king of Hungary, notices the lack of the fork in the table furniture of the king. A century after, they were not known in France or Sweden. Coryat, in his Crudities, 1611, says: I observed a custom in all those Italian cities and towns through which I passed, that is not vsed in any other country that I saw in my traules,
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
aking the blade cut between two hooks, the tendency of the branch to bend in cutting and pry the jaws apart is avoided. f. The pruningscis-sors has two blades, one being hooked to keep the branch from slipping away. By slotting one of the parts for the passage of the other and making a link connection between the two, the blade is made to give a draw-cut in closing, which is favorable to its efficiency. g is a pruning-chisel, usually placed on the end of a long handle. The name of Martius, a friend of Augustus, has been handed down to us as that of the individual whose predilection for unnatural constraint first introduced the custom of cutting and training trees into artificial imitations of architectural and plastic models. — Humbolot. Pry′an. （Mining.) Ore which breaks up into small pebbles with a mixture of clay. Psal′ter-y. （Music.) An ancient stringed instrument of the harp order; probably of a triangular shape and struck with a plectrum. See piano
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), W. (search)
k. Wood′en bridge. One altogether of wood, or a wooden frame resting upon masonry piers. The bridge across the Euphrates, at Babylon, described by Herodotus as built by Nitocris, consisted of wooden spans supported on stone piers. The latter were constructed during a temporary deviation of the river into a vast basin excavated to form a lake. (Herodotus, 1.186.) The bridge across the Tiber, the Pons Sublicius, was made of wooden beams, as its name indicates. It was built by Ancus Martius when he united the Janiculum to the city of Rome, and is renowned as the scene of the exploit of Horatius, when Rome was attacked by Lars Porsenna of Clusium. It was still a wooden bridge in the time of Augustus, and was carried away by a flood in the time of Otho. It was situated at the foot of the Aventine mount. Caesar's bridge, over the Rhine, 55 B. C., was of wood, built upon piles (Fig. 924, a). Caesar tells us that two timbers, 18 inches square, and pointed at their lower end