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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), A. (search)
at the siege of Constantinople.1394 Red-hot balls fired by the English at the siege of Cherbourg.1418 The great cannon of Mahomet II. employed against Constantinople.1453 Louis XI. of France has twelve cannon cast to throw metallic shot, for use as a siege train.1477 Brass cannon first cast in England.1521 Iron cannon first cast in England.1547 Howitzers introduced.1697 Maritz of Geneva introduces the method of casting guns solid and boring them out.1749 Carronades invented by General Melville.1779 For continuation of the subject and details, see ordnance; mortars; projectiles; weapons, etc. In European services, artillery is divided into Field ArtilleryHorse Artillery Foot ArtilleryMarine Artillery Garrison ArtillerySiege Artillery Heavy ArtilleryStanding Artillery Ar-tiller-y Car′riage. In the United States service, wrought-iron is now exclusively used as a material for garrison and sea-coast gun-carriages. Experiments have also been made, promising a s
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), I. (search)
the heated spreading-roll traveling faster than the cloth-carrying roll, and so grinding the gum into the cloth. Gum mixed with paint is spread in a layer of the required thickness upon fabric, by rolls of even motion; and the rubber fabric is then cut into pieces according to pattern, for boot or shoe soles, etc. In′dia-rub′ber spring. The first known use of india-rubber for springs is in Lacy's English patent of 1825. He employed blocks of rubber with interposed plates of iron. Melville, 1844, obtained a patent for hollow spheres of rubber, enclosing air and separated by disks of wood or metal, the whole enclosed in iron cases. In 1845, Walker and Mills patented rubber bags filled with air and enclosed in a case for use as springs. Fuller, 1845, cylindrical rings of rubber having perforated disks between them, and a guide-rod passing through the whole. These had a tendency to swell out at the center under pressure, breaking or injuring the material. To remedy this defe
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
ctrum; and in 1814, Fraunhofer, pursuing the investigation, had discovered and located 576 of these lines. He also observed that these were uniformly the same in light received directly from the sun and reflected from the planets, and that light from the selfluminous fixed stars contained black lines differing from those of the solar light. He thence concluded that these variations were due to causes existing outside of our atmosphere,—a conclusion which has been since amply confirmed. Melville, in 1752, noticed the yellow flame due to sodia; and in 1822 Sir John Herschel remarked that the colors contributed by different objects to flame afford in many instances a ready and neat way of detecting extremely minute quantities of them. Mr. Fox Talbot, in 1834. distinguishes the difference between the red lines produced by the flames of strontia and lithia, and in 1845 Professor W. A. Miller experimented upon the spectra of the alkaline earth metals. Professor Bunsen, however, s