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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight) 4 0 Browse Search
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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), E. (search)
view to furnishing prints; the figures have their swords, pens, etc., in their left hands in the impressions, instead of the right. Had they been engraved for the purpose of printing, the figures would have been reversed on the plate, so as to print right. Euclid was printed with diagrams on copper in 1482. The copperplate roller-press was invented in 1545. Etching on copper by means of aqua-fortis invented by F. Mazzuoli or Parmegiano, A. D. 1532. Mezzotinto engraving invented by De Siegen, 1643; improved by Prince Rupert, 1648; and by Sir Christopher Wren, 1662. Mr. Evelyn showed me most excellent painting in little [miniature]; in distemper, in Indian incke, water-colours : graveing; and, above all, the whole secret of mezzo-tinto, and the manner of it, which is very pretty, and good things done with it. — Pepys's Diary, Nov. 1, 1665. At Gresham College, the Royal Society meeting, Mr. Hooke explained to Mr. Pepys the art of drawing pictures by Prince Rupert's rule an
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
sition of the steam furnish oxygen for the removal of the carbon, and hydrogen for separating the sulphur and phosphorus. The process failed by too great a reduction of temperature. Martien added air to the steam. Bessemer used air alone, introduced through tubes. Berard added hydrogen gas, generated in a separate vessel, to the air of Bessemer, the intention being, as with Nasmyth, to remove the sulphur, phosphorus, and arsenic. Krupp's steel is prepared from the spiegel ore of Siegen by puddling and then melting in crucibles. The success of the process is due to the quality of the ore, and the remarkable size of the blocks resulting is due to the skill of the workmen, the extent of the furnace, and the power and manageability of the machinery. The establishment of F Krupp, at Essen, Prussia manufactured, in 1873, 150,000,000 lbs of cast-steel, against 130,000 000 in 1870; 8,810 workmen, and engines amounting to 9,595 horsepower, are employed. 528 furnaces for smelti