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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), A. (search)
lly in vogue in the plains of Shinar and Egypt, and in China and certain portions of North America inhabited by the Puebla Indians. If well burned, the clay forever loses its plasticity, and cannot again be reduced to a mortar. If it be merely dried, it will assume its original condition, as it came from the pug-mill. Such has lately (1871) been the experience of the Chinese in the vicinity of the Hoang-ho, whose houses of adobes are reduced to mud-heaps by the overflow of the river. Mr. Tomlinson, C. E., of London, has treated this matter more fully than any other author writing in our language, and he says: The first action of heat is to drive off hygrometric water; the clay then becomes dry, but is not chemically changed, it does not cease to be plastic. On continuing to raise the heat, the chemically combined water is separated, and the clay undergoes a molecular change which prevents it from taking up water again except mechanically. With the loss of this chemically combine
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), B. (search)
ght lines or curves. Tools for block-letter cutting-machine. Fig. 725 shows various forms of cutters, some of which are designed for making any number of circles of uniform diameter, and others for clearing out the wood from those parts not designed to show in printing. Block-mak′ing ma-chine′. The first set of machinery for making blocks for tackle was the invention of the elder Brunel, and was constructed by Maudslay. The invention of the ingenious American mechanic, as Mr. Tomlinson calls him, was endorsed by General Bentham, the Inspector-General of Naval Works, and sanctioned by the Lords of the Admiralty in a remarkably short space of time, — one year. The work on the machinery was commenced in 1802, and was finished in 1808. The machines were set up in Portsmouth Dock-yard, and a duplicate set was made for Chatham Dock-yard, to be used in case of accident, but has not been needed. For twenty-five years the machines required no essential repairs. the cost was<
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), G. (search)
n impalpable powder and mixed with the flour. Also a French plan, in which grinding is dispensed with; the wheat being decorticated, macerated, and crushed by rollers into a dough fit for baking. The first steam flouring-mill in England, perhaps in the world, was the Albion, erected at the Southwark end of Blackfriars' Bridge, London, in 1783. The best-appointed grinding-mill in England is said to be the City FlourMill of London. Its capacity and arrangement are thus described by Mr. Tomlinson : — The mill, which is fire-proof, is 260 feet in length and 60 in width. There are thirty-two pairs of stones all furnished with the blowing-apparatus, the runner of each pair being worked by a strap. A long horizontal trunk placed above the millstones is supplied with condensed air by means of a powerful fan. From this trunk proceeds a smaller trunk obliquely into the casing of each pair of millstones, and when the blast has served its purpose it escapes up another oblique trun
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), M. (search)
hlorate of potash made into a paste with gumwater, and ignited by drawing between the surfaces a folded piece of sand-paper. The Congreve next appeared, in which phosphorus was substituted for sulphide of antimony. In March, 1842, Reuben Partridge patented a machine for making splints. 1845, Schrotter of Vienna discovered amorphous or allotropic phosphorus, which rendered the manufacture less unhealthy, and the matches less dangerous. The process of manufacture is, according to Tomlinson, as follows: — Thick pine planks are cut into blocks by a circular saw, and these are divided into splints by a series of lancets in a reciprocating frame, which score the face of the block to a certain depth. A scytheshaped knife, cutting the whole width of the block, then swings round and severs the row of splints. This produces square matches. Circular matches are made by pressing the block against a plate having circular perforations, the interspaces between which are beveled s
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
an expensive kind of pump. It was called by him a water-commanding engine ; and Watt's engine was denominated by him a fire-engine. Upon this question of names Tomlinson very justly remarks:— If the name fire-engine had been retained, we should not have had to consider the absurd questions about superseding steam. Steam is noso requires a more perfect packing, and lubrication of the surfaces is more imperative with dry air than with wet steam, as well as being less readily effected. Tomlinson well states that a liquid expanding into an air has immense advantages over a body retaining either state unchanged. The change of state always involves aa over the Englishmen. But Desaguliers misses the point. Papin and Savery had carried the work beyond all previous attainments, and then came Newcomen, who, as Tomlinson remarks, brought the steam-engine to the general form and properties it has retained to this day, insomuch that there is not a single change introduced by him wh
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), T. (search)
o from one third to one half; besides, should the silvering become tarnished, it can be removed by solution, and replaced without the necessity of regrinding the speculum. The following remarks on the apertures and powers of telescopes, by Mr. Tomlinson, will be interesting:— The largest achromatic telescopes, such as those at Dorpat and Kensington, have each a clear opening of 13 inches, while that of Lord Rosse's reflector is 6 feet. Taking the diameter of the pupil of the eye at 1/8ific difference between the action of the throstle and the mule is that the former has a continuous action, drawing, twisting, and twisting, while the mule has an alternate action, drawing and twisting, and then winding. It is thus stated by Tomlinson:— The mule having made a definite length of yarn, the operation of spinning is suspended while the yarn is being wound up on bobbins or spindles. In the throstle the yarn is both spun and wound at the same time. The throstle-yarn is smoo