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Athens (Greece) (search for this): chapter 28
promise to add to the two obols another obol. Both of these two leaders were afterwards condemned to death; for even though the multitude may be utterly deceived, subsequently it usually hates those who have led it to do anything improper. From Cleon onward the leadership of the People was handed on in an unbroken line by the men most willing to play a bold part and to gratify the many with an eye to immediate popularity. And it is thought that the best of the politicians at Athens after those of early times were Nicias, Thucydides and Theramenes. As to Nicias and Thucydides, almost everybody agrees that they were not only honorable gentlemen but also statesmanlike and patriotic servants of the whole state, but about Theramenes, owing to the confused nature of the constitutional changes that took place in his time, the verdict is a matter of dispute. However, the view of writers not making mere incidental references is that he was not a destroyer of all governments,
Persia (Iran) (search for this): chapter 29
In the period of the war therefore, so long as fortunes were evenly balanced, they continued to preserve the democracy. But when after the occurrence of the disaster in Sicily the Lacedaemonian side became very strong owing to the alliance with the king of Persia, they were compelled to overthrow the democracy and set up the government of the Four Hundred, Melobius making the speech on behalf of the resolutionOr 'before the resolution.' but Pythodorus of the deme Anaphlystus having drafted the motion, and the acquiescence of the mass of the citizens being chiefly due to the belief that the king would help them more in the war if they limited their constitution. The resolution of Pythodorus was as follows: 'That in addition to the ten Preliminary CouncillorsThe ten commissioners appointed at Athens after the Sicilian disaster to deal with the emergency (Thuc. 8.I), and later instructed to reform the constitution (Thuc. 67.). already existing the people choose twenty
Sicily (Italy) (search for this): chapter 29
In the period of the war therefore, so long as fortunes were evenly balanced, they continued to preserve the democracy. But when after the occurrence of the disaster in Sicily the Lacedaemonian side became very strong owing to the alliance with the king of Persia, they were compelled to overthrow the democracy and set up the government of the Four Hundred, Melobius making the speech on behalf of the resolutionOr 'before the resolution.' but Pythodorus of the deme Anaphlystus having drafted the motion, and the acquiescence of the mass of the citizens being chiefly due to the belief that the king would help them more in the war if they limited their constitution. The resolution of Pythodorus was as follows: 'That in addition to the ten Preliminary CouncillorsThe ten commissioners appointed at Athens after the Sicilian disaster to deal with the emergency (Thuc. 8.I), and later instructed to reform the constitution (Thuc. 67.). already existing the people choose twenty
Athens (Greece) (search for this): chapter 29
nd set up the government of the Four Hundred, Melobius making the speech on behalf of the resolutionOr 'before the resolution.' but Pythodorus of the deme Anaphlystus having drafted the motion, and the acquiescence of the mass of the citizens being chiefly due to the belief that the king would help them more in the war if they limited their constitution. The resolution of Pythodorus was as follows: 'That in addition to the ten Preliminary CouncillorsThe ten commissioners appointed at Athens after the Sicilian disaster to deal with the emergency (Thuc. 8.I), and later instructed to reform the constitution (Thuc. 67.). already existing the people choose twenty others from those over forty years of age, and that these, after taking a solemn oath to draft whatever measures they think best for the state, shall draft measures for the public safety; and that it be open to any other person also that wishes, to frame proposals, in order that they may choose the one that is best o
Athens (Greece) (search for this): chapter 30
afted these proposals; and these being ratified, the Five Thousand elected a hundred of their members as a committee to draw up the constitution. This committee drew up and published the following resolutions: 'The Council to consist of members over thirty years of age holding office for a year and drawing no pay; these members to include the Generals, the Nine Archons, the Sacred Remembrancer,The secretary or registrar who with the actual representative, the Pylagoras, was sent by Athens, as by the other members, to the Amphictyonic Council. the Company-commanders,See Aristot. Ath. Pol. 61.3. Officers of the Horse,See Aristot. Ath. Pol. 4. Officers of TribesSee Aristot. Ath. Pol. 5. and officers in command of the Guards,See Aristot. Ath. Pol. 24.3. the Treasurers of the Sacred Funds of the GoddessAthena. and the ten Treasurers of the other gods, the Greek Treasurers,This contradicts the end of the section, and the text seems to be corrupt. and twenty Treasurers of all the se
Delos (Greece) (search for this): chapter 30
xt seems to be corrupt. and twenty Treasurers of all the secular funds as well, who shall manage them,This clause seems to be interpolated from below. and Sacrificial Officers and Superintendents, ten of each; and the Council to elect all of these from a larger preliminary list of candidates proposed by it from its members at the time, but all other offices to be elected by lot and not from the Council; and the Greek TreasurersThe managers of the funds paid as tribute by the Confederacy of Delos. that are to manage the funds not to be members of the Council. And four Councils to be formed for the future from persons of the stated age, and a division of these selected by lot to officiate, but the others also to be included in each such selection. And the Hundred Men to divide themselves and the othersi.e. the rest of the Five Thousand. into four divisions as nearly equal as possible, and to cast lots among them, and those on whom the lot falls to form the Council for a year.
Athens (Greece) (search for this): chapter 32
while the Four Hundred came into office on Thargelion the 21st; and the Council elected by lot was due to enter office on Scirophorion the 14.The three dates are about May 31, June 7, and June 30. In this way therefore the oligarchy was set up, in the archonship of Callias, about a hundred years after the expulsion of the tyrants, the chief movers having been Peisander, Antiphon and Theramenes, men of good birth and of distinguished reputation for wisdom and judgement. But when this constitution had been set up, the Five Thousand were only nominally chosen, but the Four Hundred with the aid of the Ten with autocratic powersThe Ten Generals, see Aristot. Ath. Pol. 31.2. entered the Council-chamber and governed the state. They also sent envoys to the Lacedaemonians and proposed to conclude peace on terms of uti possidetis; but the Lacedaemonians would not consent unless Athens would also relinquish the empire of the sea, so that they finally abandoned the project.
Euboea (Greece) (search for this): chapter 33
sted perhaps four months, for two of which Mnesilochus was archon, in the year of the archonship of Theopompus, who received the office for the remaining ten months. But when they had been worsted in the naval battle off Eretria and the whole of Euboea except Oreum had revolted, they were more distressed at the misfortune than by any previous disaster (for they were actually getting more support from Euboea than from Attica), and they dissolved the Four Hundred and handed over affairs to the FiEuboea than from Attica), and they dissolved the Four Hundred and handed over affairs to the Five Thousand that were on the armed roll,Cf. Aristot. Ath. Pol. 4.2, Aristot. Ath. Pol. 29.5. having passed by vote a resolution that no office should receive pay. The persons chiefly responsible for the dissolution were Aristocrates and Theramenes, who disapproved of the proceedings of the Four Hundred; for they did everything on their own responsibility and referred nothing to the Five Thousand. But Athens seems to have been well governed during this critical period, although a war was
Athens (Greece) (search for this): chapter 33
, in the year of the archonship of Theopompus, who received the office for the remaining ten months. But when they had been worsted in the naval battle off Eretria and the whole of Euboea except Oreum had revolted, they were more distressed at the misfortune than by any previous disaster (for they were actually getting more support from Euboea than from Attica), and they dissolved the Four Hundred and handed over affairs to the Five Thousand that were on the armed roll,Cf. Aristot. Ath. Pol. 4.2, Aristot. Ath. Pol. 29.5. having passed by vote a resolution that no office should receive pay. The persons chiefly responsible for the dissolution were Aristocrates and Theramenes, who disapproved of the proceedings of the Four Hundred; for they did everything on their own responsibility and referred nothing to the Five Thousand. But Athens seems to have been well governed during this critical period, although a war was going on and the government was confined to the armed roll.
Eretria (Greece) (search for this): chapter 33
The constitution of the Four Hundred lasted perhaps four months, for two of which Mnesilochus was archon, in the year of the archonship of Theopompus, who received the office for the remaining ten months. But when they had been worsted in the naval battle off Eretria and the whole of Euboea except Oreum had revolted, they were more distressed at the misfortune than by any previous disaster (for they were actually getting more support from Euboea than from Attica), and they dissolved the Four Hundred and handed over affairs to the Five Thousand that were on the armed roll,Cf. Aristot. Ath. Pol. 4.2, Aristot. Ath. Pol. 29.5. having passed by vote a resolution that no office should receive pay. The persons chiefly responsible for the dissolution were Aristocrates and Theramenes, who disapproved of the proceedings of the Four Hundred; for they did everything on their own responsibility and referred nothing to the Five Thousand. But Athens seems to have been well gove
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