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Voltaire (search for this): chapter 1
sting on a standing military force. Still surrounded by danger, his inflexible and uncontrolled will stamped the impress of harshness even on his necessary policy, of tyranny on his errors of judgment, and of rapine and violence on his measures for aggrandizement. Yet Prussia, which was the favorite disciple of Luther and the child of the Reformation, while it held the sword upright, bore with every creed and set reason free. It offered a shelter to Rousseau, and called in D'Alembert and Voltaire as its guests; it set Semler to hold the Bible itself under the light of criticism; it breathed into the boldly thoughtful Lessing widest hopes for the education of the race to a universal brotherhood on earth; it gave its youth to the teachings of Immanuel Kant, who, for power of analysis and universality, was inferior to none since Aristotle. An army and a treasure do not constitute a power, said Vergennes; but Prussia had also philosophic liberty. All freedom of mind in Germany hailed
Ernst (search for this): chapter 1
he service of the state and of themselves, but as merchantable property which might be transferred to others—made up for the small extent of their dominions by an excess of self-adulation; though, after all, as was said of them by one of the greatest German poets, who was ready to praise merit wherever found, they were but demi-men, who, in perfectly serious stupidity, thought themselves beings of a higher nature than we. Klopstock: Firstenlob. Halbmenschen, die sich, in vollem, dummen Ernst fur hohere Wesen halten als uns. But their pride was a pride which licked the dust, for almost all of them chap. I.} 1763. were venal and pensionary. The authority is an English Lord Chancellor, speaking his mind to an English Duke. Hardwicke to Newcastle, 10th Sept., 1751; in Coxe's Pelham Administration, II. 410. Almost all the princes of Europe are become venal and pensionary. The United Provinces of the Netherlands, the forerunner of nations in religious tolerance, were, from t
Gouvernement Charles (search for this): chapter 1
es had ceased to be assembled, the government was that of absolute monarchy, controlled by no national representation, or independent judiciary, or political institution. The royal power, says its apologist and admirer, Sans representation nationale dune, sans aucun corps ou institution politique quelconque qui putle controler, le pouvoir royal tournoit inajestueusernent dans l'orbite de ses facult;s illimitees. Al'aspect d'un tel bonheur, qui auroit pu croire, &c., &c. Muriel: Gouvernement de Charles III. Roi d'espagne. Introduction, 9. moved majestically in the orbit of its unlimited faculties. The individual to whom these prerogatives were confided, was the bigoted, ignorant, kindly Charles III. A fond husband, a gentle master, really wishing well to his subjects, he had never read a book, not even in his boyhood with his teachers. He indulged systematically his passion for the chase, crossing half his kingdom to hunt a wolf; and chronicling his achievements as a sportsma
Au Roi (search for this): chapter 1
assembled, the government was that of absolute monarchy, controlled by no national representation, or independent judiciary, or political institution. The royal power, says its apologist and admirer, Sans representation nationale dune, sans aucun corps ou institution politique quelconque qui putle controler, le pouvoir royal tournoit inajestueusernent dans l'orbite de ses facult;s illimitees. Al'aspect d'un tel bonheur, qui auroit pu croire, &c., &c. Muriel: Gouvernement de Charles III. Roi d'espagne. Introduction, 9. moved majestically in the orbit of its unlimited faculties. The individual to whom these prerogatives were confided, was the bigoted, ignorant, kindly Charles III. A fond husband, a gentle master, really wishing well to his subjects, he had never read a book, not even in his boyhood with his teachers. He indulged systematically his passion for the chase, crossing half his kingdom to hunt a wolf; and chronicling his achievements as a sportsman. He kept near his
Kaiser (search for this): chapter 1
s. chap. I.} 1763 As a reformer, he therefore failed in every part of his dominions; and as he brought no enduring good to Hungary, but rather an example of violating its constitution, so we shall find the Austrian court the only great European power which, both as an ally of England and an enemy to republics, remained inflexibly opposed to America. Yet the efforts of Joseph the Second, ill-judged and vain as they were, illustrate the universality of the new influence. Klopstock: An den Kaiser, Werke, II. 51. The German empire, of which he was so soon to be the head, was the creature and the symbol of the Middle Ages. Its life was gone. The forms of liberty were there, but the substance had perished under the baleful excess of aristocracy. The emperor was an elective officer, but his constituents were only princes. Of the nine electors, three were Roman Catholic Archbishops, owing their rank to the choice of others; but their constituents were of the unmixed nobility, to w
Coxe (search for this): chapter 1
merit wherever found, they were but demi-men, who, in perfectly serious stupidity, thought themselves beings of a higher nature than we. Klopstock: Firstenlob. Halbmenschen, die sich, in vollem, dummen Ernst fur hohere Wesen halten als uns. But their pride was a pride which licked the dust, for almost all of them chap. I.} 1763. were venal and pensionary. The authority is an English Lord Chancellor, speaking his mind to an English Duke. Hardwicke to Newcastle, 10th Sept., 1751; in Coxe's Pelham Administration, II. 410. Almost all the princes of Europe are become venal and pensionary. The United Provinces of the Netherlands, the forerunner of nations in religious tolerance, were, from the origin of their confederacy, the natural friends of intellectual freedom. Here thought ranged through the wide domain of speculative reason. Here the literary fugitive found an asylum, and the boldest writings, which in other countries circulated by stealth, were openly published to t
Catholics (search for this): chapter 1
Hubertsburg as its own victory. I. F. Fries: Geschichte der Philosophie, II. 495. In every question of public law, Frederic, though full of respect for the rights of possession, continuing to noble birth its prescriptive posts and almost leaving his people divided into castes, made the welfare chap. I.} 1763. of the kingdom paramount to privilege. He challenged justice under the law for the humblest against the highest. He among Protestants set the bright pattern of the equality of Catholics in worship and in civil condition. To heal the conflict of franchises in the several provinces of his realm, he planned a general code, of which the faults are chiefly due to the narrowness of the lawyers of his day. His ear was open to the sorrows of the poor and the complaint of the crushed; and as in time of war he shared peril and want with the common soldier, in peace the peasant that knocked at his palace gate was welcome to a hearing. I love the lineage of heroes, he would say, bu
Konig (search for this): chapter 1
ds, bearing only two per cent. interest, rose considerably above par. Ever the champions of the freedom of the seas, at the time of their greatest naval power, they had in their treaty of 1674 with England, embodied the safety of neutrals in time of war, limiting contraband articles of trade, and making goods on shipboard as safe as the ships that bore them. But the accession of the Stadtholder, Offenbar war's aber der Republik nicht vortheilhaft, dass ihr General-Capitain zugleich auch Konig in England war. Spittler's Europaische Staaten—Geschichte, i. 564, 565. William chap. I.} 1763 of Orange to the throne of England was fatal to the political weight of the Netherlands. From the rival of England they became her ally, and almost her subordinate; and guided by her policy, they exhausted their means in land forces and barriers against France, leaving their navy to decline, and their fleets to disappear from the ocean. Hence arose the factions by which their counsels were distr
September 10th, 1751 AD (search for this): chapter 1
eady to praise merit wherever found, they were but demi-men, who, in perfectly serious stupidity, thought themselves beings of a higher nature than we. Klopstock: Firstenlob. Halbmenschen, die sich, in vollem, dummen Ernst fur hohere Wesen halten als uns. But their pride was a pride which licked the dust, for almost all of them chap. I.} 1763. were venal and pensionary. The authority is an English Lord Chancellor, speaking his mind to an English Duke. Hardwicke to Newcastle, 10th Sept., 1751; in Coxe's Pelham Administration, II. 410. Almost all the princes of Europe are become venal and pensionary. The United Provinces of the Netherlands, the forerunner of nations in religious tolerance, were, from the origin of their confederacy, the natural friends of intellectual freedom. Here thought ranged through the wide domain of speculative reason. Here the literary fugitive found an asylum, and the boldest writings, which in other countries circulated by stealth, were openly
1674 AD (search for this): chapter 1
of mercantile policy was liberal beyond that of every nation in Europe. Even their colonial ports were less closely shut against the traffic with other countries. This freedom bore its fruits: they became wealthy beyond compare, reduced their debt, and were able so to improve their finances, that their funds, bearing only two per cent. interest, rose considerably above par. Ever the champions of the freedom of the seas, at the time of their greatest naval power, they had in their treaty of 1674 with England, embodied the safety of neutrals in time of war, limiting contraband articles of trade, and making goods on shipboard as safe as the ships that bore them. But the accession of the Stadtholder, Offenbar war's aber der Republik nicht vortheilhaft, dass ihr General-Capitain zugleich auch Konig in England war. Spittler's Europaische Staaten—Geschichte, i. 564, 565. William chap. I.} 1763 of Orange to the throne of England was fatal to the political weight of the Netherlands. F
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