A.how? Il.1.123, etc.; sts. to express displeasure, 4.26, S.OT391, Ph.1031, Tr.192; to express astonishment or doubt, π. εἶπας; A.Pers.798, S.El.407, etc.; π. λέγεις; Id.Ph.1407; π. φῄς; A.Ag.268, E.El.575; π. τοῦτ᾽ ἔλεξας; A.Pers.793; π. τοῦτ᾽ εἶπες αὖ; Pl.Plt.309c; also π. μὴ φῶμεν . . ; surely we must, Id.Tht.161e.
b. in dialogue, to ask explanation, with a repetition of a word used by the previous speaker, δίκαια— Answ. π. δίκαια; S.OC832; μὴ δίκαιος ὤν—Answ. π. μὴ δίκαιος; Id.Tr.412; συμβολάς—Answ. π. συμβολάς; Alex.143; πῶς alone, how so, π., ὅς γε . . ; S.Ph.1386.
2. with a second interrog. in the same clause, π. ἐκ τίνος νεώς ποτε . . ἥκετε; how and by what ship . .? E.Hel.1543; τί τἀμὰ—π. ἔχει—θεσπίσματα; ib.873; π. τί τοῦτο λέγεις; how say you and what? Pl.Ti.22b, cf. Tht.146d, 208e, etc.
3. c. gen. modi, π. ἀγῶνος ἥκομεν; how are we come off in it? E.El. 751; “π. ἔχει πλήθους ἐπισκοπεῖ” Pl.Grg.451c.
4. with Verbs of selling, how? at what price? π. ὁ σῖτος ὤνιος; Ar.Ach.758, cf. Eq. 480; τὰ δ᾽ ἄλφιθ᾽ ὑμῖν π. ἐπώλουν;—Answ. “τεττάρων δραχμῶν . . τὸν κόφινον” Stratt.13.
II. with other Particles, π. ἂν . .; π. κε(ν) . . ; how possibly . .? π. ἂν ἔπειτ᾽ ἀπὸ σεῖο . . λιποίμην οἶος; Il.9.437, cf. Od. 1.65, etc.; π. ἂν γένοιτ᾽ ἂν . . ποδῶν ἔκμακτρον; E.El.534: so with indic., Il.22.202, E.Alc.96 (lyr.), etc.
b. in Trag., π. ἄν c. opt. is freq. used to express a wish, O how might it be? i.e. would that it might . .! π. ἂν θάνοιμι; π. ἂν ὀλοίμην; etc., S.Aj.388 (lyr.), E.Supp. 796 (lyr.), cf. Hipp.208 (anap.), 345; rare in Com., Ar.Th.22 (a trace of this usage appears in Hom., Od.15.195): in later Prose, π. ἂν γένοιτο ἑσπέρα; LXX De.28.67; also with aor. subj. (without ἄν), π. κοιμηθῶ; M.Ant.9.40; π. μή μοι μέγας λέων ἐπιφανῇ; Arr.Epict.4.10.10; with pres., π. μὴ χρῄζω; M.Ant.l.c.
3. π. γὰρ . . ; also in reply, as if something had gone before, [that cannot be], for how can . .? Il.1.123, Od.10.337, etc.; π. γὰρ κάτοιδα; S. Ph.250, cf. 1383; v. infr. 111.1.
4. π. δὲ . . ; to introduce a strong objection, π. δὲ σὺ νῦν μέμονας, κύον ἀδδεές . . ; Il.21.481, cf. Od.18.31; δόξει δὲ π.; A.Pr.261.
5. π. δή; how in the world? π. δὴ φῂς πολέμοιο μεθιέμεν; Il.4.351, cf. 18.364, A.Ag.543, etc.; also π. γὰρ δή . . ; Od.16.70; π. δῆτα . . ; A.Ag.622,1211, Ar.Nu.79, etc.
6. π. καὶ . . ; just how . .? E.Hec.515, Ph.1354, etc.; π. δὲ καὶ . . ; A.Pers. 721, v. καί B.6; but καὶ π . . . ; to introduce an objection, E.Ph.1348, v. καί A. 11.2: hence καὶ π.; alone, but how? impossible! Pl.Alc.1.134c, Tht.163d, etc.
7. π. οὐ . . ; how not so . .? i.e. surely it is so . . , π. οὐ δεινὰ εἴργασθε; Th.3.66, cf. Ar.Nu.398, D.18.273.
8. π. οὖν . . ; like π. ἄρα . . ; A.Supp.297,340, S.OT568, etc.; π. ἂν οὖν . . with opt., A.Pers.243, E.IT98.
III. πῶς folld. by several of the abovenamed Particles is freq. used in elliptical sentences, as,
1. π. γάρ; inserted parenthet. in a negative sentence, for how is it possible? how can or could it be? hence in emphatic denial, κἀγὼ μὲν οὐκ ἔδρασα, τοῦτ᾽ ἐπίσταμαι, οὐδ᾽ αὖ σύ: π. γάρ; Id.El.911; οὐκ ἀπορῶν (π. γάρ;)“, ὅς γε . . ” D.18.312, cf. 21.217, Pl.Sph.263c, etc.; οὐδ᾽ ἐπὶ τὴν ἑστίαν καταφυγών (π. γὰρ ἄν;)“, ὅστις . . ” Lys.1.27; π. γὰρ οὔ; how can it but be? i.e. it must be so, A.Ch.754, S.El.1307, Pl.Tht.160c, al.; π. γάρ; (sc. ἄλλως ἔχει) is so used in S.Aj.279.
3. π. δ᾽ οὔ; like π. γὰρ οὔ; (v. supr. 1), Pl.Tht.153b, R. 457a; π. δ᾽ οὐχί; S.OT1015, Ar.Pax 1027; parenthetically, S.OT 567; π. δ᾽ οὐκ ἄν . . ; A.Pr.759.
5. π. δοκεῖς; parenthet., in conversation, how think you? hence (losing all interrog. force),= λίαν, wonderfully, Ar.Pl.742, Nu.881, Ach.24; also “π. οἴει σφόδρα” Id.Ra.54; cf. “δοκέω” 1.2.