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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), B. (search)
eld in coal-tar, 1849. The latter was fatally burned while experimenting with it in 1855. Aniline is produced from it, and is the source of the celebrated modern dyes, mauve, magenta, etc. Berga-mot. （Fabric.) A coarse tapestry, said to have been first made at Bergamo, Italy. It is composed of flocks of wool, hair, silk, cotton, or hemp. Berlin. （Vehicle.) A species of four-wheeled carriage having a sheltered seat behind the body and separate from it. Introduced previous to 1673 by Philip de Chiese, of Piedmont, in the service of William, Elector of Brandenburgh Berme. 1. (Fortification.) A narrow, level space at the foot of the exterior slope of a parapet, to keep the crumbling of the parapet from falling into the ditch. See abattis. 2. (Engineering.) A ledge or bench on the side or at the foot of a bank, parapet, or cutting, to catch earth that may roll down the slope or to strengthen the bank. In canals, it is a ledge on the opposite side to th
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), G. (search)
e but few glass windows in private dwellings. Talc, isinglass, horn, oiled paper, and thinly shaved leather were generally used instead of glass throughout the civilized world. Blue glass, colored by the addition of cobalt to the frit, was discovered about 1550 by Christopher Schurer of Platten, Bohemia. Glass was imported into England, A. D. 1177; the manufacture was established in that country, 1557. In Savoy, the same year. Plate-glass was made at Lambeth by Venetian artists, 1673. The British Plate-Glass Company was established 1773. An active manufactory of glass exists at Hebron, in the land of Palestine,—the same Hebron where is the cave of Machpelah, bought by Abraham for a sum of money of Ephron, one of the sons of Heth. The tombs are preserved in rigid seclusion from Jew and Christian; of the latter, not one lives in the town of 5,000 people. Dr. Thomson gives an account of it in his work, The land and the book, but could not reach the vault. The manu
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
he paper is removed by washing, and the cameo thus obtained is placed in the bath for the deposition of an intaglio for the printer. Plate-glass. Plates of glass covered with tinfoil, for mirrors, were made in Venice during the sixteenth century, but the invention of casting glass to form plates is due to Abraham Thevart. In the year 1688, plates 84 × 50 inches were cast by his process at St. Gobin, in Picardy. A plate-glass manufactory on a small scale was established at Lambeth in 1673, but the manufacture does not appear to have flourished in England until it was undertaken by the British Plate-Glass Company, chartered by act of Parliament in 1773. Their works at Ravenshead, Lancashire, are still in operation. The ingredients and their proportions, employed in making plate-glass, are kept secret as far as possible by the manufacturers. The following is given as one of the formulas: Silica, 78 parts; potash, 2; soda, 13; lime, 5; alumina, 2. The materials, in a comm