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H. Wager Halleck , A. M. , Lieut. of Engineers, U. S. Army ., Elements of Military Art and Science; or, Course of Instruction in Strategy, Fortification, Tactis of Battles &c., Embracing the Duties of Staff, Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery and Engineers. Adapted to the Use of Volunteers and Militia., Chapter 7: sea-coast defences..—Brief description of our maritime fortifications, with an Examination of the several Contests that have taken place between ships and forts, including the attack on San Juan d'ulloa, and on St. Jean d'acre (search)
to the English coast, without meeting with any opposition from the superior British fleet which had been sent out, under Sir John Norris, on purpose to intercept them. The landing of the troops was prevented by a storm, which drove the fleet back upon the coast of France to seek shelter. In 1755, a French fleet of twenty-five sail of the line, and many smaller vessels, sailed from Brest for America. Nine of these soon afterwards returned to France, and the others proceeded to the gulf of St. Lawrence. An English fleet of seventeen sail of the line and some frigates ates had been sent out to intercept them; hut the two fleets passed each other in a thick fog, and all the French vessels except two reached Quebec in safety. In 1759, a French fleet, blockaded in the port of Dunkirk by a British force under Commodore Bogs, seizing upon a favorable opportunity, escaped from the enemy, attacked the coast of Scotland, made a descent upon Carrickfergus, and cruised about till February,
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), America, discoverers of. (search)
Gaspard Cortereal, a skilful navigator, with two caravels on a voyage of discovery towards the same region. He saw Labrador, and possibly Newfoundland. and went up the coast almost to Hudson Bay: and it is believed that he discovered the Gulf of St. Lawrence. In 1504 Columbus, in a fourth voyage to America. sailed with four caravels through the Gulf of Mexico, in search of a passage to India, and discovered Central America. In 1506 John Denys, of Honfleur, explored the Gulf of St. Lawrence.Gulf of St. Lawrence. Two years later Thomas Aubert, a pilot of Dieppe, visited, it is believed, the island of Cape Breton, and gave it its name. He carried some of the natives with him to France. In 1518 the Baron de Leri, preparatory to the settlement of a colony on Sable Island, left some cattle there, whose progeny, four-score years afterwards. gave food to unfortunate persons left on the island by the Marquis de la Rochee. Six years later, Juan Ponce de Leon, an old Spanish nobleman, sailed from Porto Rico,
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Cables, Ocean (search)
s Content, Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, in the summer of 1873, and a few months later the Brazilian telegraph cable was laid from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to a bay on the coast of Portugal. In 1874 the Direct United States Cable Company was formed and laid a line from Ballenskilligs Bay, Ireland, to Rye, N. H., via Nova Scotia. The same year a sixth line across the Atlantic was laid from Ireland to Newfoundland. Another French line was laid from Brest to St. Pierre, an island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in 1880. The companies owning all these lines having formed a combination and pooled their receipts, to keep up rates on the transmission of messages, a competing company was formed by James Gordon Bennett and John W. Mackay. This laid in 1884-85 two lines from Ireland to Nova Scotia, having also a connecting line from Ireland to France. In 1900 plans were perfected for a Pacific cable, to extend from San Francisco to Honolulu, thence to Wake Island, Guam Island, and Manila, all U
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Cabot 1476-1557 (search)
on of John Cabot, was born in Bristol, England, in 1477. As his name appears in the petition of his father to Henry VII. for the patent above mentioned, it is believed that he accompanied his father in the voyage described below. Sebastian died in London in 1557. The latest evidence shows that John and probably his son Sebastian sailed from Bristol, May, 1497, discovered in June what was supposed to be the Chinese coast, and returned in July. In April, 1498, they Map of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, after charts made by Sebastian Cabot. sailed again from Bristol; on this voyage John died and Sebastian succeeded to the command. The place of the landfall is uncertain; probably Labrador and Prince Edward Island were reached. A common account is that he was stopped by the icepack in Davis Strait. Then he sailed southwest, and discovered the shores of Labrador, or, possibly, the northern shore of Newfoundland. Turning northward, he traversed the coast of the continent almost to
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Canada (search)
uenot refugee, received a royal commission from King Charles I. to seize the French forts in Acadia (q. v.), and on the river St. Lawrence. With a dozen ships he overcame the small French force at Port Royal, and took possession of Acadia in 1629. Later in the summer he entered the St. Lawrence, burned the hamlet of Tadousac, at the mouth of the Saguenay, and sent a summons for the surrender of Quebec. It was refused, and Kirk resolved to starve out the garrison. He cruised in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and captured the transports conveying winter provisions for Quebec. The sufferings there were intense, but they endured them until August the next year, when, English ships-of-war, under a brother of Admiral Kirk, appearing before Quebec, instead of the expected supply-ships, the place was surrendered, and the inhabitants, not more than 100 in all, were saved from starvation. By a treaty, Canada was restored to the French in 1632. In the early history of the colony, the governor
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Cape Breton (search)
Cape Breton A large island at the entrance of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and separated from Nova Scotia by the narrow strait of Canso; discovered by Cabot, 1497. The French fortress Louisburg (q. v.) was situated on this island. This was taken by the New England troops in 1745. Island ceded to England, Feb. 10, 1763; incorporated with Nova Scotia, 1819. Population, 1891, 86,914.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Cartier, Jacques 1494-1555 (search)
country in the name of his king, and erected a cross, upon which he hung the arms of France. Turning southward, he followed the west coast of Newfoundland to Cape Race. Then he explored the Bay of Chaleurs, landed in Gaspe Bay, held friendly intercourse with the natives, and induced a chief to allow two of his sons to go with him to France, promising to return them the next year. There, also, he planted a cross with the French arms upon it, and, sailing thence northeast across the Gulf of St. Lawrence, entered the branch of the St. Lawrence River north of Anticosti Island. Unconscious of having discovered a magnificent river, he turned and sailed for France to avoid the autumn storms, and arrived at St. Malo on Sept. 5, 1534. Encouraged by the success of this voyage, the King placed Cartier in command of three ships, which left St. Malo at the middle of May, 1535, bearing some of the young nobility of France. Separated by storms, they met at the appointed rendezvous, in the St
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Cortereal, Gasper 1500- (search)
r 1500- Portuguese navigator; born in Lisbon; was in the service of the King of Portugal when, in 1500, he left the mouth of the Tagus with two ships well equipped at his own cost and proceeded to make discoveries in the Northwest. Cortereal was a gentleman of enterprising and determined character, who had been reared in the household of the Portuguese monarch and had an ardent thirst for glory. He first touched, it is believed, the northern shores of Newfoundland, discovered the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and sailed along the coast of the American continent to lat. 60°, and named the neighboring coast Labrador. Cabot had visited that coast two years before, but did not land; Cortereal landed in several places, and gave purely Portuguese names to localities. The natives appearing to him rugged and strong and capital material for slaves, he seized fifty of them, and, carrying them to Portugal, made a profitable sale of his captives. The profits of this voyage excited the cupidity of
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), De Monts, Sieur (Pierre De Gast) (search)
De Monts, Sieur (Pierre De Gast) was a wealthy Huguenot, who was commissioned viceroy of New France, with full powers to settle and rule in a region extending over six degrees of latitude, from Cape May to Quebec. The domain was named Cadie in the charter (see Acadia). Vested with the monopoly of the fur-trade in the region of the river and gulf of St. Lawrence, they attempted to make a settlement on the former. Making arrangements with Champlain as chief navigator, De Monts sailed from France in March, 1604, with four ships, well manned, accompanied by his bosom friend, the Baron de Poutrincourt, and Pont-Greve as his lieutenants; and finding the St. Lawrence icebound, on his arrival early in April, he determined to make a settlement farther to the southward. The ships also bore a goodly company of Protestant and Roman Catholic emigrants, with soldiers, artisans, and convicts. There were several Jesuits in the company. Passing around Cape Breton and the peninsula of Nova S
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Douglas, Sir Charles, 1776-1789 (search)
Douglas, Sir Charles, 1776-1789 Naval officer; born in Scotland; joined the British navy; was placed in command of the fleet sent to the Gulf of St. Lawrence at the beginning of the Revolutionary War. Early in 1776 he relieved Quebec, then under siege by the Americans, after a difficult voyage through the drifting ice of the river. He introduced locks in lieu of matches for firing guns on board ships; and was promoted rear-admiral in 1787. He died in 1789. Douglas, Stephen Arnold
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