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Woodville (Mississippi, United States) (search for this): chapter 16
eers and the surfaces to which they are glued. The width of plane-irons varies according to kind. Modeling-planes3/16-1 1/2 inches. Smoothing-planes1 3/4-2 3/8 inches. Rabbet-planes3/8-2 inches. Jack-planes2-2 1/4 inches. Panel-planes2 1/2 inches. Trying-planes2 1/8-2 1/2 inches. Long-planes2 5/8 inches. Jointer-planes2 3/4 inches. Cooper's jointer-planes3 1/2-3 3/4 inches. Plane-guide. （Joinery.) An adjustable attachment used in beveling the edges or ends of plank. Woodville's (Fig. 3785) is secured to the stock A by screws D, passing through slots in the plate B hinged to the plate G, which rests on the face of the board; the desired inchnation is given to the sole of the plane by the screw H working through the threaded nut I, and held by the jam-nut J K. Plane-guide. Plane-i′ron. The cutting-iron inserted in a plane-stock and fastened by a wedge. Names indicate structure or function, as — Plane-iron. Double plane-iron. Break-iron. Top<
Wenham (Massachusetts, United States) (search for this): chapter 16
nt, and serves to reflect and condense the light on an object upon the stage when it cannot be illuminated by the mirror; it is movable, so that the light may be thrown on the object at different angles, that it may be more perfectly examined. Wenham's (c) is designed to divide the cone of rays proceeding from the objective, so that the magnified image may be viewed by both eyes. The prism is so placed in the tube that the pencil striking its lower surface undergoes little or no refraction. er eye; by this arrangement the rays passing through the left half of the objective are transmitted to the right eye, and those from the right half to the left eye. Prisms. a, Nachet's erecting-prism. b, Amici's illuminating-prism. c, Wenham's binocular prism. d, Arrangement of prisms in spectroscope eye-piece. By placing two prisms in reverse positions, the light decomposed by one is recomposed by the other, so as to exhibit a white beam. When two or more are so arranged that
Gubbio (Italy) (search for this): chapter 16
d about 900 B. C., but how long the plates had been engraved is another matter. Pliny mentions sheets of lead and tablets, and refers to their use in the remote past. The Romans also used ivory tablets named libri eborci or libri elephantini, and Ulpian states that the transactions of the great were usually in a black color on ivory. A number of engraved bronze tablets of Rome and Carthage are now in the British Museum. Eight bronze tablets were found in a subterraneous cabinet at Gubbio, Italy, in 1444. Seven of them bore inscriptions in Latin and one in Etruscan. The civil, criminal, and ceremonial laws of the Greeks were engraved on bronze tables. The speech of Claudius, on the same alloy, is preserved in the town hall of Lyons, France. The pacts between the Romans, Spartans, and Jews were written on brass. In many cabinets in Europe are discharges of Roman soldiers written on copper plates. The laws of the twelve tables at Rome were inscribed on oaken boards; then tr
Fulton, N. Y. (New York, United States) (search for this): chapter 16
the horizontal steam-cylinders having piston-rods proceeding from each end, and having cross-heads from which connecting rods reach to the paddle-wheel shafts. 2. a. Buchanan's parallel float-wheel. The floats are attached to horizontal shafts which have their bearings in the radial arms. On the axis of each paddle is an arm from which a rod proceeds to an eccentric on the paddle-wheel shaft. The effect is to keep the floats vertical at all points of their revolution. Machinery of Fulton's steamboat Clermont (1807). In Galloway's patent of 1829 the revolution of the wheel causes an eccentric collar to rotate by the action of arms, and the radius rods cause each paddle to oscillate on its axis so as to enter and leave the water obliquely. In Oldham's improvement in 1827, the angle of the paddles is constantly varying, being vertical only at the point of greatest submergence, and horizontal at the point of greatest elevation. The change of position is accomplished by t
Fort Pierre (South Dakota, United States) (search for this): chapter 16
e fastened by screwclamps in a light frame, and used for piercing gold and silver smiths' works. Holes are drilled in the plate and the saw introduced; being then secured in the frame, the blade is reciprocated and caused to follow the lines of the templet or those which are inscribed thereon. A buhl-saw. Piercing-saw. Pier-elle′. A mass of stones filling a ditch and covered with clay. Pier-glass. A large looking-glass between windows, frequently standing on a pier-table. Pierre per-due′. A foundation formed of masses of stone thrown in at random, as in the construction of the Plymouth Breakwater, the Rip Raps, the foundation of Fort Sumter, and many other public works in various countries. Pi-e′tra Du′ra. A species of inlaid work composed of hard stones, such as agate, jasper, chalcedony, carnelian, and lapis-lazuli, set in a slab of marble, generally black. The marble is worked to a thickness not much exceeding the eighth of an inch; the design is drawn
Hatfield (Massachusetts, United States) (search for this): chapter 16
olly or in part with a second coating of colored pulp, and embossed or otherwise ornamented by stamps, swaging, or perforation. See paper-molding. Pa′per-box ma-chine′. A machine for making boxes from the roll or from blanks of paper. Hatfield's machine, March 8, 1870, is designed for attaching the bottoms to cylindrical paper-box bodies previously formed by another machine. The shaft a is hollow, and through it works a spindle, operated by means of a hand-lever c, and carrying a fixom the driving-shaft. The boxes are carried around by the endless chain until they successively arrive in a sufficiently dry condition at a point over an aperture, where they are forced out of the molds by a vertically reciprocating plunger w Hatfield's paper-box machine. Jaeger's paper-box machine. Foster, March 19, 1867. For making match and other tubular boxes. The previously cut blanks are fed upward by a follower, and pushed forward by a reciprocating feed-bar into the flaring mo
Boston (Massachusetts, United States) (search for this): chapter 16
from webs of paper without the slightest loss of stock; while Snow also produces by a novel machine nearly all of the combined cloth and paper used in the collar trade at the present time. The principal manufactories are at Springfield and Boston, Mass., New York, and Philadelphia. Paper-coloring machine. Pa′per-col′or-ing ma-chine′. One in which the paper is fed in sheets between colorrollers which give it a coat of color. The example has an upper reservoir for the coloring mattessie du Motay, Albert, Edwards, and others, inasmuch as he really printed from an organic deposit which lay between the ink and the stone. See photo-mechanical printing; carbon-print; gelatine process; Heliotype. 3. Cutting and Bradford, Boston, Mass., patented a process in England, February 23, 1858, and in the United States, March 16, 1858, which consisted in coating a stone with a solution of gum and bichromate of potash, with an addition of sugar; drying the same and exposing under a t<
Melbourne (Victoria, Australia) (search for this): chapter 16
daguerreotype and the negative-collodion process illustrate this phenomenon. The production of the picture in both cases is by true development, — a term often used, but not applicable in its proper and restricted sense to the bringing out of the picture after the exposure of an asphaltum surface, or of a piece of sensitized carbon tissue. A simple solvent acts in both these cases as the agent for removing the unaffected parts. (Contributed to this work by Mr. J. W. Osborne, late of Melbourne, Australia, and now of Washington, D. C.) The first daguerreotype portrait from life was taken by Professor John W. Draper, in 1839. An announcement was made of it in the London and Edinburgh philosophical magazine, in March, 1840. A full account of the operation was subsequently published in the same journal. The first daguerreotype view taken in America was by Professor John W. Draper, and was a view of the Church of the Messiah, taken from a window of the New York City University. Profe
Hartford (Connecticut, United States) (search for this): chapter 16
indicates the process of pulping the fiber by beating, which continued in use for nearly four centuries. This was the first paper-mill known to have been established in Germany, and is said to have been the first in Europe for manufacturing paper from linen rags. In 1498, an entry appears among the privy expenses of Henry VII. for a reward given to the paper-mill, 16 s. 8 d. This is probably the papermill mentioned by Wynkin de Worde, the father of English typography. It was located at Hartford, and the water-mark he employed was a star within a double circle. The jug or pot was a favorite water-mark about the middle of the fifteenth century, preceding the fool's cap, which has given its name to the largest size of writing-paper now in common use. About 1540, it appears that Henry VIII. of England, to show his animosity to the Pope, with whom he had then quarreled, used for his private correspondence a paper of which the water-mark was a hog with a miter. The barbarous law
Charleston (South Carolina, United States) (search for this): chapter 16
this Dictionary has the honor to be set up. The Faculty of Harvard College was censor till 1662, when licensers of the press were appointed. In 1755 the press was free. A Psalter in the English and Indian languages was printed at the University press in 1709. A printing-press was established in New London, Conn., in 1709; the first printing-press in Turkey was brought from Paris by Mohammed Effendi, in 1721; the first press in Annapolis, Md., was in 1726; Williamsburg, Va., 1729; Charleston, S. C., 1730; Newport, R. I., 1732; Halifax, N. S., 1751; Newbern, N. C., 1755; Portsmouth, N. H., 1756; Savannah, Ga., 1763; Quebec, Canada, 1764. The first press west of the Alleghany range was in Cincinnati, 1793. The first press west of the Mississippi, in St. Louis, 1808. Stereotyping was invented by William Ged of Edinburgh, in 1725; inking-rollers, by Nicholson; composition inking-rollers, by Donkin and Bacon of London, in 1813. The Roman alphabet is used for the body of printe
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