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Peking (China) (search for this): chapter 16
t in 1793, to be sent out with Lord Macartney on his embassy to China, as a present to the emperor of the Celestial Flowery Land. It was said to have been ample and scrupulously correct. Whether the English and French mashed it when they sacked Pekin, about seventy years afterward, we do not know. In the lower planetarium (Fig. 3791), the globe representing the sun is supported on a central shaft, around which are arranged a series of sleeves, corresponding in number to the planets of the now in use in China are of similar form to our own. The works of Gotama, under the title of Verbal instructions, are published by the Chinese government in four languages, — Thibetan, Mongol, Mantchou, and Chinese, — from the Imperial press at Pekin, in 800 large volumes. The name of this founder of Buddhism was Arddha Chiddi. He was born about 1700 B. C., at Capila, near Nepaul. This religion now embraces Ceylon, Tartary, Thibet, China, Japan, and Burmah. He changed his name to Gotama,
Lima, Ohio (Ohio, United States) (search for this): chapter 16
hic letter of the same size throughout. They printed but few copies at once, for 200 or 300 were then esteemed a large edition. Catchwords at the foot of pages were first used at Venice by Vindeline de Spori. They have but lately been abolished. Signatures to sheets were used by Zorat in Milan in 1470. The first press in America was in Mexico. The Manual for adults was printed on it in 1550 by Juan Cromberger, who was probably the first printer in America. The second press was at Lima, in 1586. The press at Cambridge, Massachusetts, was established in January, 1639, by Stephen Daye. It still exists as the University press, and at that establishment this Dictionary has the honor to be set up. The Faculty of Harvard College was censor till 1662, when licensers of the press were appointed. In 1755 the press was free. A Psalter in the English and Indian languages was printed at the University press in 1709. A printing-press was established in New London, Conn., in 1709;
Vienna (Wien, Austria) (search for this): chapter 16
d'entrecolles remarks, is steatite; which is a compound of silica and magnesia. We cannot go into all the particulars of the history of the art, nor describe the ingredients and compositions of the porcelains of China, Dresden, Sevres, Berlin, Vienna, Bohemia, but must refer our readers to Birch's History of ancient pottery (1858): Marryat's History of Pottery and Porcelain, Medieval and Modern (1857); and Brogniart's Arts Ceramiques. Por′ce-lain-cem′ent. Stir plaster of Paris into a thterial, supported by cross-bars; the upper partition supports a cup which is intended to break the force of the current of water. Press′ure-forg′ing. A method of forging and swaging metals by hydraulic pressure. At the State Railway Works, Vienna, two presses capable of giving respectively 1,500 and 600 tons pressure are employed. Heated ingots of Bessemer steel, weighing 2,030 pounds, are placed under a hammer-like head attached to the piston and gradually squeezed into the form of bar
Castile, N. Y. (New York, United States) (search for this): chapter 16
t day in the greater part of Europe, as may be seen by a comparison of the plows in Fig. 3821. h is an ancient plow copied from Niebuhr, and is stated by him to be similar to the implement used to this day in Egypt and Arabia With such tools, it was no wonder that Rome and Constantinople depended upon the alluvial valley of Egypt. i j are two wheeled-plows from Caylus's collection of Greek antiquities, and k is from an ancient Sicilian medal illustrated by Lasteyrie. l is a modern plow of Castile, and m is the plow now used in Sicily. It is hardly as good a one as that shown at k, which is a plow of the Greek occupation over 2,000 years since, before Syracuse fell under the attack of Marcellus, 212 B. C. It still lacks the mold-board. n shows the modern Roman plow, with a broad flat share. The diverging wings form a wedge which divides and turns over the soil to some extent. The plowman stands on the rear portion of the sill-piece and holds on by the post, adding his weight to i
Williamsburg (Virginia, United States) (search for this): chapter 16
and at that establishment this Dictionary has the honor to be set up. The Faculty of Harvard College was censor till 1662, when licensers of the press were appointed. In 1755 the press was free. A Psalter in the English and Indian languages was printed at the University press in 1709. A printing-press was established in New London, Conn., in 1709; the first printing-press in Turkey was brought from Paris by Mohammed Effendi, in 1721; the first press in Annapolis, Md., was in 1726; Williamsburg, Va., 1729; Charleston, S. C., 1730; Newport, R. I., 1732; Halifax, N. S., 1751; Newbern, N. C., 1755; Portsmouth, N. H., 1756; Savannah, Ga., 1763; Quebec, Canada, 1764. The first press west of the Alleghany range was in Cincinnati, 1793. The first press west of the Mississippi, in St. Louis, 1808. Stereotyping was invented by William Ged of Edinburgh, in 1725; inking-rollers, by Nicholson; composition inking-rollers, by Donkin and Bacon of London, in 1813. The Roman alphabet is us
Hoboken (New Jersey, United States) (search for this): chapter 16
ngine and working in the space between the twin boats. Fulton's and Bell's steamboats had side paddle-wheels, as also the Savannah, 1819, Enterprise, 1825, Great Western and Sirius, 1838. The Great Britain, 1843, had a screw, and after this the screw became common. See paddle-wheel. The term propeller is usually applied to the longitudinal revolving shaft with vanes or wings, and more specifically known as the screw-propeller. The first use of the propeller was by Stevens, of Hoboken, who used twin-bladed screws in 1804. See screw-propeller. The bladed screw-propeller was brought forward by Ericsson in 1836, and the spiral screw in the dead-wood was patented by F. P. Smith. Captain Robert F. Stockton, United States Navy, and Francis B. Ogden, of New Jersey, became interested in Ericsson's invention, and the propeller Francis B. Ogden was launched on the Thames, and made trips as early as May 28, 1837. An iron vessel, the Robert F. Stockton, fitted with a screwp
Nuremberg (Bavaria, Germany) (search for this): chapter 16
hen subject to England, dated 1330. It has been claimed that linen paper was made in England as early as 1330, though it is supposed that no linen paper was made in Italy previous to 1367. In 1390, Ulman Strother established a paper-mill at Nuremberg in Bavaria, operated by two rollers, which set in motion eighteen stampers. This indicates the process of pulping the fiber by beating, which continued in use for nearly four centuries. This was the first paper-mill known to have been establisleep for a century, which might be a long sleep for anything else, but is for an invention only a reasonable nap. Sixteen or seventeen centuries elapsed between the double-cylinder fire-engine of Ctesibus of Alexandria and the similar engine of Nuremberg. The aeolipile of Hero is substantially analogous to the water-wheel of the worthy Dr. Barker, who left us a century back or thereabout, except that the fluid agent of one is steam and of the other water. The principle is the same, and the tur
Rotherham (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 16
ers and Holland gave to England much of her husbandry and gardening knowledge, field, kitchen, and ornamental. Blythe's Improver improved, published in 1652, has allusions to the subject. Lummis, in 1720, imported plows from Holland. James Small of Berwickshire, Scotland, made plows and wrote treatises on the subject, 1784. He made cast-iron mold-boards and wroughtiron shares, and introduced the draft-chain. He made shares of cast-iron in 1785. The importation of what is known as the Rotherham plow was the immediate cause of the improvement in plows which dates from the middle of the last century. Whether this name is derived from Rotterdam cannot now be determined The American plow, during the colonial period, was of wood, the mold-board being covered with sheet-iron or plates made by hammering out old horseshoes. Jefferson studied and wrote on the subject, to determine the proper shape of the mold-board. He treated it as consisting of a lifting and an upsetting wedge, wi
Aquae Sulis (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 16
, which is known as hard plate when used in this connection. See under the following heads: — Addressing-machine.Knotter. Antiquarian paper.Label. Ass.Lace. Atlas-paper.Laid-paper. Autographic paper.Letter-clip. Bark-paper.Letter-file. Bath note-paper.Letter-paper. Beating-engine.Letter-stamping machine. Bill-holder.Lifter. Billet-note.Linen-paper. Binder's board.Lithographic paper. Blotter.Littress. Blotting-paper.Mailing-machine. Board.Manilla-paper. Bond-paper.Map and charof which is connected with a casing fitted with a slide-valve, so that it acts alternately for exhaust and delivery. The two cylinders b b communicate by a pipe c at bottom. Pneu-mat′ic Le′ver. （Music.) A device invented by Barker of Bath, England, in which the elasticity of the air itself is made to overcome the resistance of the valve. The valve, being kept to its seat by a spring and the pressure of the air in the wind-chest, requires a certain expenditure of force to withdraw it
Sweden (Sweden) (search for this): chapter 16
room here, it appears that the ancient Egyptian, Etruscan, Syrian, and Greek plows were equal to the modern plows of the South of France, part of Austria, Poland, Sweden, Spain, Turkey, Persia, Arabia, India, Ceylon, and China. The last thirty years may have worked a partial change, but not sufficient to invalidate the general trlse given to a column of water by pneumatic pressure. A device in which air instead of water is the transmitting medium was patented in 1868 by Count Sparre of Sweden. The transmitting apparatus consists of a drum covered by an elastic diaphragm a, to which an impulse is communicated by a disk d at the inner end of a plunger eerials. The differences in the details of the various apparatus have certain advantages and disadvantages which do not alter the main conditions. Fry's process (Swedish) consists in boiling the wood in water or alkalies, under pressure of steam of from five to six atmospheres. It can only be applied to sawdust, and requires much
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