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Peru (Peru) (search for this): chapter 9
proper position of B′ at the right of the portion B, which is a plan of the machinery at the head of the incline. The steam cylinders are 32 inches in diameter, and 7 feet stroke. The drums make 32 revolutions in a minute, the velocity of the rope being 1,400 feet per minute. Some magnificent engineering works are to be found among the mountain regions of the world, where the grades are ascended by inclined planes. Among these may be cited some on the Callao, Lima, and Oroya Railway in Peru. The annexed engraving shows portions at Surco, the Parac, and San Bartolome, respectively. They are not air lines by any means. The grades are from 2 1/2 to 4 per cent (211 feet to the mile); curves are limited to 400 feet radius. Plan of inclined planes on the Callao, Lima, and Oroya Railway, Peru. Mr. Meiggs is doing a great work. The western slope of the Andes at this point has no timber, nor for fifty miles on the east side. Oroya is thirty miles east of the summit tunnel,
North America (search for this): chapter 9
ect, the principal object being to obtain an inextinguishable composition for charging shells, to be ignited either by time-fuse or by percussion. The only shells of the incendiary kind generally recognized in modern warfare are carcasses (which see). In-cer′tum. A form of masonry made of a facing of square stones of irregular sizes and a filling of rubble. Rubble-work. See masonry. Inch. The 1/36 of a yard; the 1/12 of a foot. The yard is the standard in England and in North America. See unit. In′cli-na-tion. （Compass.) One of the three elements of magnetic force which are registered at the observatories. The other elements are the declination and absolute intensity. The inclination or dip is the vertical angle of a freely suspended needle which it makes with the horizon. It has a general dependence upon the latitude, but varies from local causes. See Dippingneedle. Inclin-a-to′ri-um. The dipping-needle invented by Norman, of London. See dip
Kidderminster (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 9
of burning pitch, so as to give it a carbonaceous coating, the purpose of which is to prevent the adherence of the cast-steel thereto. The operation of pouring the metal is called teaming; the ingot is turned out while yet red-hot, and is rolled into the shape required. In′grain. A yarn or fabric dyed with fast colors before manufacture. In′grain Car′pet. A carpet manufactured from wool or woolen dyed in the grain (before manufacture). These carpets are known as Scotch or Kidderminster, from the country and town where they are so extensively manufactured; also as two-ply or three-ply, according to the number of webs of which the fabric is composed. See two-ply carpet. In′grain-car′pet loom. A loom in which two or more shuttles, one for the ground and the other for the figure, are employed. Ingrain-carpet loom. In Bigelow's (Fig. 2675) the two, after being thrown, are received in horizontal boxes on each side of the frame, and a third series, containin
Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania, United States) (search for this): chapter 9
he Pennsylvania Railroad by Hollidaysburg, the reader may have noticed and admired the inclined planes by which the summit and several other gradients were ascended; stationary engines at the summit of each grade hoisting or lowering the cars by means of ropes. The London and Blackwall Railway was operated in a similar manner, though the road was about level. The Portage Railway formerly occupied a nearly central position on the main line of the Pennsylvania Canal, between Columbia and Pittsburg, and extended from Hollidaysburg, on the eastern base, to Johnstown on the western base of the Alleghany Mountains, a distance of thirty-six miles; the total rise and fall on the whole length of the line being 2,571.19 feet. Of this hight, 2,007.02 feet were overcome by means of ten inclined planes, and 564.17 feet by the slight inclinations given to the parts of the railway which extend between these planes. The distance from Hollidaysburg to the summit-level is about ten miles, and the
Japan (Japan) (search for this): chapter 9
two months time decant into bottles and cork. A drop or two of creosote or essential oil of cloves will prevent molding, or, as Dr. Gale remarked to an astounded Indianian, will prevent the deposition of the ova of infusoria animalculae. He might have added, and the sporadic growth of thallogenic cryptogams. Such would probably be fatal to the fungi; the mere definition settled our brother from Indiana. The addition of sugar to ink prevents sudden drying and makes copying ink. Japan ink: Ribaucourt's recipe: aleppo galls, 8 ounces; logwood, 4 ounces; sulphate of iron, 4 ounces; gum-arabic, 3 ounces; sulphate of copper, 1 ounce; sugar candy, 1 ounce. The galls and logwood to be boiled in twelve pounds of soft water until reduced to six pounds. Strain, and add the other ingredients. The ink dries with a gloss; hence its name. Desormeaux recommends that the sulphate of iron be calcined to whiteness; coarse brown sugar instead of sugar candy; 1/4 ounce of acetate of
Cronstadt (Russia) (search for this): chapter 9
ame, upon the front side of which is affixed a cutting-edge of steel. From the forward end a tongue projects, and from the rear a guiding-pole with a bent knee, composed of a metallic rod that runs upon the ice. A wide board is adjusted to the front side of the frame for removing snow. Ice-locomotive. Ice-lo-co-mo′tive. A traction engine for running on ice; one constructed by Messrs. Neilson of Glasgow, and employed for conveying passengers and freight between St. Petersburg and Cronstadt, has two driving-wheels five feet in diameter and studded with spikes. The front part rests on a sledge, which is swiveled and may be turned by the wheel, which has an endless screw working a pinion that turns a segment rack attached to the sledbody. The cylinders are 10 inches in diameter and 22 inches stroke. The weight of the engine is 12 tons, and it attains a speed of 18 miles an hour. Ice-mak′ing. Evaporation, radiation, liquefaction, and sudden reduction of pressure, are
Gloucestershire (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 9
forge was established at Bath, in the vicinity of iron and wood. During the Roman occupation of England, some of the richest beds of iron ore were worked, and the debris and cinders yet exist in immense beds to testify to two facts: one, that the amount of material worked was very great; the other, that the plans adopted were wasteful, as it has since been found profitable to work the cinder over again. During the Saxon occupation the furnaces were still in blast, especially in Gloucestershire. The early Norman sovereigns were so intent upon skinning the Jews and the Saxons, that it became dangerous to succeed in any business, success being an invitation to the barons to plunder. Accordingly, we find in the time of King John that iron and steel were imported from Germany. The business lumbered along for some centuries, the government tinkering at it now and again, the exportation being prohibited in the fourteenth century, and the importation of iron in the fifteenth c
Sheffield (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 9
white material. See ivory, artificial. I′vo-ry. Specifically, the material constituting the tusk of the elephant. In a more general sense the term includes the tusks of the walrus, narwhal, and even the teeth of some other cetacea. The African ivory is preferred to the Asiatic; it has a greater proportion of animal matter, and is less liable to discoloration. Animal matter.Earthy matter. African ivory5150 Asiatic ivory3850 The consumption of elephants' tusks in Sheffield, England, is about 45,000 per annum; and, allowing for the occasional finding of shed tusks, and those of elephants found dead, it is estimated that 20,000 are slaughtered yearly to supply this city of cutlers. Ivory is rendered flexible by steeping in a solution of hydrochloric acid. This extracts the phosphate of lime and gives flexibility to the ivory, without impairing its form. Tubes and probes of this material have been made, and the partial hardness which occurs on drying may be rem
Bombay (Maharashtra, India) (search for this): chapter 9
d the Rhone glacier, Canton Valais, Switzerland. The winding road is shown in the view, climbing up a spur of the mountain, which is immediately west of Mt. St. Gothard. See also views in Lippincott's magazine, Vol. VIII. p. 324; and London Engineer, Vol. XXXII., 1871, p. 233. The longest inclined plane on an artificial road is said to be that from Lima to Callao, which is about 6 miles, and has a descent of 511 feet, or about 1 in 60. The ascent from the Konkan, or flat country of Bombay, by the Western Ghauts to the table-land of the Deccan, is known as the Bhore Ghaut incline, in which the railway rises from the plain 2,000 feet in a series of steps 16 miles in length. The Righi Railway in Switzerland rises by a locomotive of peculiar form 1,170 feet in traversing 4,700. The boiler, furnace, and carriage are inclined so as to present a level floor on the slope. The inclined plane or railway of Mt. Washington is familiar to many tourists. In this connection the fo
Karnak (Egypt) (search for this): chapter 9
contains 53 per cent of iron. The sites are in the vicinity of Mt. Sinai, and it is proposed to work over the debris of the former workings. Of the first use of iron in Egypt, Wilkinson says, we have no certain record. His surprise at the execution of the sculptures is very natural, but he does not appear to have estimated the character of the alloys of copper and tin, some of which are very hard. (See alloy; bronze.) Belzoni discovered an iron sickle-blade beneath a granite sphinx at Karnak. Colonel Vyce found an iron blade imbedded in the great pyramid. Layard found a steel cross-cut saw, and other articles of iron, at Nimroud; the saw is now in the British Museum. The butchers of Thebes and Memphis had steels slung from their belts. At Babylon the stones of the bridge across the Euphrates, built by Nitocris, were cramped by bands of iron set in lead. Thucydides says the blocks of the walls of the Pireus were fastened in the same way. Theseus, who ascended the throne of A
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