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Browsing named entities in a specific section of Oliver Otis Howard, Autobiography of Oliver Otis Howard, major general , United States army : volume 2. Search the whole document.

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United States (United States) (search for this): chapter 2.16
s minor justice was administered by these Bureau courts constituted wholly or partially from officers or agents of the Bureau; but everywhere when practicable we associated civilians with our officials. By orders, the power as to punishment was limited to not exceed $100 fine, or thirty days imprisonment. All cases of capital crimes, felonies, or questions relating to titles to real estate were referred to some State court, if such existed where the case occurred, or to a court of the United States, or to military commissions. These lesser bureau courts were often necessary for the protection of negroes against small personal persecutions and the hostility of white juries. The higher courts of a State, though not admitting the testimony of people of color, were usually fair. As soon as the military occupation of the South had been completed, provost courts, a military substitute for civil courts in unoccupied territory, were established here and there in each State. We gl
Georgia (Georgia, United States) (search for this): chapter 2.16
ould have done elsewhere, treated the workmen well, and paid promptly. In South Carolina and Georgia the first results of free labor efforts were not so encouraging. I wrote after a visit to Charon trying to cooperate, more complete order and confidence would come, and that the arrival in Georgia of General Davis Tillson, the new acting assistant commissioner, in the month of September had ons, especially touching the settlement of land and labor. He and the department commander for Georgia began and continued to work heartily together, and, but for the extreme poverty in some sectionvery quarter of Alabama. There were, however, a few exceptions on the borders of Tennessee and Georgia. A similar course was tried in Mississippi, but the results, owing to the strong indigenous onable measure of justice. Following Alabama, General Tillson tried the civil magistrates of Georgia under similar directions and restriction as in Alabama. He was reassured by a prompt cooperati
Tennessee (Tennessee, United States) (search for this): chapter 2.16
ployers and employed. Old contracts were happily fulfilled and new ones extensively made for the ensuing season. General Fisk, the assistant commissioner for Tennessee and Kentucky, at first found his most pressing duty to disseminate the indigent masses of refugees and freedmen that the war had brought together. In both States he had, in his efforts among the planters, remarkable success. Tennessee had early found a renewal of public confidence, and the planters of that State had quickly absorbed the labor found in their midst. General Sprague in Missouri and Arkansas, too, except in impoverished districts, had readily found employment for workingmo's testimony in the Southern courts. Excellent reports soon came from nearly every quarter of Alabama. There were, however, a few exceptions on the borders of Tennessee and Georgia. A similar course was tried in Mississippi, but the results, owing to the strong indigenous prejudice against negroes as witnesses, were not very
Maryland (Maryland, United States) (search for this): chapter 2.16
port, and then sent them there. Industrial farms and industrial schools, established by the benevolent societies, helped absorb this class. Government farms, those that had been set apart or allotted, served the purpose in various places from Maryland to Louisiana to distribute and absorb the surplus population. Yet, after all such provision, we found many authentic complaints of idleness for which no remedy seemed to exist. At last I urged for such freedmen the use of the vagrant laws whand indirectly under our charge. From time to time as he needed them he called for medical assistants and they were promptly furnished. By the middle of August he had seventeen such assistants from the army, covering the whole territory from Maryland to Louisiana. The last of November he wrote: Although the Bureau has not yet reached the remote sections of the South, already forty-two hospitals with accommodations for 4,500 patients are in operation and facilities are afforded for the treat
Charlotteville (New York, United States) (search for this): chapter 2.16
influencing the South in its transition into the new order of things. In land and labor matters the Bureau found existing conditions the settlement of which would brook no delay if we were to prevent race wars or starvation; but under the title of justice was the first active endeavor to put the colored man or woman on a permanent basis on a higher plane. Here is the way the process began: Quite early in my administration as commissioner I paid a visit to Virginia, and not far from Charlotteville met a small assembly of planters. Some of them said they could not work negroes when free. Others asked what was to hinder men from running off and leaving a crop half gathered? The most of them appeared quite in despair how to make or execute contracts with exslaves. After having drawn out quite generally an expression of opinion and feeling on their part, I addressed them: Gentlemen, no one of us alone is responsible for emancipation. The negro is free. This is a fact. Now cann
South Carolina (South Carolina, United States) (search for this): chapter 2.16
t majority of freedmen were already well at work. Partnerships and joint stock companies with capital had come in and greatly helped us. They hired the men as they would have done elsewhere, treated the workmen well, and paid promptly. In South Carolina and Georgia the first results of free labor efforts were not so encouraging. I wrote after a visit to Charleston that, as the department commander and assistant commissioner were both at Charleston trying to cooperate, more complete order ar similar directions and restriction as in Alabama. He was reassured by a prompt cooperation and pleased with the action everywhere taken. He felt that if we trusted the Southern white people more, they would be disposed to do right. For South Carolina General Meade, the Military Division commander, forestalling action by the Bureau, had arranged with the provisional governor for that State that all freedmen's cases should be brought before his provost courts. This was well enough generall
North Carolina (North Carolina, United States) (search for this): chapter 2.16
ty to have some security for the laborer to remain the year out, and the need of each freedman to have some guaranty for his wages rendered it easier for the Bureau agent to introduce written contracts. Certainly this was true wherever sufficient daylight had penetrated to make men see that slavery really had been abolished. Vigilance and effort the first season gave good results in those communities in which the people most quickly recognized the negro as a free man. In Virginia and North Carolina the vast majority of freedmen were already well at work. Partnerships and joint stock companies with capital had come in and greatly helped us. They hired the men as they would have done elsewhere, treated the workmen well, and paid promptly. In South Carolina and Georgia the first results of free labor efforts were not so encouraging. I wrote after a visit to Charleston that, as the department commander and assistant commissioner were both at Charleston trying to cooperate, more co
Arkansas (Arkansas, United States) (search for this): chapter 2.16
ates he had, in his efforts among the planters, remarkable success. Tennessee had early found a renewal of public confidence, and the planters of that State had quickly absorbed the labor found in their midst. General Sprague in Missouri and Arkansas, too, except in impoverished districts, had readily found employment for workingmen, white or black. By the close of 1865, he believed that the active demand for labor was in a great measure settling the condition of society. The negroes wereing the cotton fields, having employment and good wages. The contracts made were for the most part carried out. Sprague, of a manly and popular turn himself, had secured the cooperation of the military commanders and the provisional governor of Arkansas of recent appointment. Missouri was better off; she had become a free State with fairly good laws protecting the rights of the freedmen just enacted; so that the operations of the Bureau almost ceased there. In the District of Columbia and v
Missouri (Missouri, United States) (search for this): chapter 2.16
. In both States he had, in his efforts among the planters, remarkable success. Tennessee had early found a renewal of public confidence, and the planters of that State had quickly absorbed the labor found in their midst. General Sprague in Missouri and Arkansas, too, except in impoverished districts, had readily found employment for workingmen, white or black. By the close of 1865, he believed that the active demand for labor was in a great measure settling the condition of society. Theloyment and good wages. The contracts made were for the most part carried out. Sprague, of a manly and popular turn himself, had secured the cooperation of the military commanders and the provisional governor of Arkansas of recent appointment. Missouri was better off; she had become a free State with fairly good laws protecting the rights of the freedmen just enacted; so that the operations of the Bureau almost ceased there. In the District of Columbia and vicinity, where masses of freedmen
Louisiana (Louisiana, United States) (search for this): chapter 2.16
under compulsion. One prominent gentleman came all the way from Louisiana to Washington. He had been delegated by a score or more of plant allotted, served the purpose in various places from Maryland to Louisiana to distribute and absorb the surplus population. Yet, after als in advance of other States. It appeared by all accounts from Louisiana that the system of free labor was also succeeding there, especialdice against negroes as witnesses, were not very encouraging. In Louisiana suits and testimonies were quickly allowed under the State governants from the army, covering the whole territory from Maryland to Louisiana. The last of November he wrote: Although the Bureau has not yet help from the assistant commissioner. For a time, there were in Louisiana two other asylums, one that had been in existence before 1865 andby the colored people themselves. The assistant commissioner for Louisiana speedily united these two and put them under the management of th
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